Force and Laws of Motion

Chapter 1.
Motion
1. Define circular motion

The motion of an object around a circular path is called circular motion. The circular motion is of
two types. Uniform and non uniform circular motion.
2. Define uniform circular motion
The motion of an object in a circular path with constant speed is called uniform circular motion.
circular motion of an object is accelerated because its direction of motion changes continuously
although its speed is constant.
The speed, v = 2πr/t
3. Give examples of uniform circular motion
The motion of the moon and the earth, a satellite in a circular orbit around the earth. A cyclist on
a circular track at constant speed
4. Give examples of non uniform circular motion
A car travelling on a circular track, an athlete running on a circular path,merry go round
Chapter 2. Force and laws of motion

1. What change will force bring in a body?
Force can bring following changes in the body:
It can change the speed of a body.
It can change the direction of motion of a body,
It can change the shape and size of the body
It can change the state of rest or state of uniform motion of a body.
2. What is balanced force?
When forces acting on a body from the opposite directions do not change the state of rest or of
motion of an object, such forces are called balanced forces.
3. What is inertia?
The natural tendency of an object to resist a change in their state of rest or of uniform motion is
called inertia.
Types of inertia:
Inertia of rest: The object at rest will continue to remain at rest unless acted upon by an external
unbalanced force.
Example
• When we shake the branch of a tree vigorously, leaves fall down.
• If we want to remove the dust from carpet we beat the carpet so that dust fall down.
Inertia of motion: The object in the state of uniform motion will continue to remain in motion
with same speed and direction unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
• When we are travelling in a vehicle and sudden brakes are applied, we tend to fall forward.
4. Name the factor on which the inertia of the body depends.
Answer: Inertia of a body depends upon the mass of the body.
5. Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously shake its
branch.
It is due to inertia of rest. When the tree’s branch is shaken vigorously the branch attain motion
but the leaves stay at rest. Due to the inertia of rest, the leaves tend to remain in its position and
hence detaches from the tree to fall down.
6. Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus brakes to a stop and fall
backwards when it accelerates from rest?
When a moving bus brakes-to a stop: When the bus is moving, our body is also in motion, but
due to sudden brakes, the lower part of our body comes to rest as soon as the bus stops. But the
upper part of our body continues to be in motion and hence we fall in forward direction due to
inertia of motion.
When the bus accelerates from rest we fall backwards: When the bus is stationary our body is at
rest but when the bus accelerates, the lower part of our body being in contact with the floor of
the bus comes in motion, but the upper part of our body remains at rest due to inertia of rest.
Hence, we fall in backward direction.
7. When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it. Explain.
The carpet with dust is in state of rest. When it is beaten with a stick the carpet is set in motion,
but the dust particles remain at rest. Due to inertia of rest the dust particles retain their position
of rest and falls down due to gravity.
8. When a motorcar makes a sharp turn at a high speed, we tend to get thrown to one side.
Explain why?
It is due to law of inertia of direction. When we are sitting in car moving in straight line, we tend
to continue in our straight-line motion. But when an unbalanced force is applied by the engine to
change the direction of motion of the motorcar. We slip to one side of the seat due to the inertia
of our body.
9. Explain why it is dangerous to jump out of a moving bus.

While moving in a bus our body is in motion. On jumping out of a moving bus our feet touch the
ground and come to rest. While the upper part of our body stays in motion and moves forward
due to inertia of motion and hence, we can fall in forward direction.
Hence, to avoid this we need to run forward in the direction of the bus.
10. How are safety belts helpful in preventing any accidents?
Answer: While we are travelling in a moving car, our body remains in the state of rest with
respect to the seat. But when driver applies sudden breaks or stops the car our body tends to
continue in the same state of motion because of its inertia. Therefore, this sudden break may
cause injury to us by impact or collision. Hence, safety belt exerts a force on our body to make
the forward motion slower.
11. Define one Newton.
A force of one Newton produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 on an object of mass 1 kg.
1 N = 1 kg m/s2
12. What is momentum?
The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity and has the same direction
as that of the velocity. The S. I. unit is kg m/s. (p = mv)
13. Name two factors which determine the momentum of a body
Two factors on which momentum of a body depend is mass and velocity. Momentum is directly
proportional to the mass and velocity of the body.
14. What decides the rate of change of momentum of an object?
The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in
the direction of force.
15. How does a karate player break a slab of ice with a single blow?
Answer: A karate player applied the blow with large velocity in a very short interval of time on
the ice slab which therefore exerts large amount of force on it and suddenly breaks the ice slab.
16. State newtons second law of motion
The second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is
proportional to the applied force in the direction of force.
17. Derive an expression for force from newtons second law of motion
Consider an object of mass, m is moving along a straight line with an initial velocity, u. It is
uniformly accelerated to velocity, v in time, t by the application of a constant force, F
The initial and final momentum of the object will be p 1 = mu and
p2 = mv respectively
The change in momentum = p2 – p1
=mv – mu
=m × (v – u).
The rate of change of momentum =m(v-u)/t
According to Newton’s second law of motion
the applied force, F ∝ m(v-u)/t
F =km (v- u)/t
=kma
Here a = (v – u)/t is the acceleration, which is the rate of change of velocity. The quantity, k is a
constant of proportionality. TheSI units of mass and acceleration are kg and m s-2 respectively.
The unit of force is so chosen that the value of the constant, k becomes one
18. Define force. What is its SI unit.
Force is an external agent capable of changing a body’s state of rest or motion. It has a
magnitude and a direction. The SI unit of force is Newton.
19. State Newtons third law of motion
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The action and reaction
always act on two different objects, simultaneously
20. When a force acting on a body has equal and opposite reaction, then why should the
body move at all.
The action and reaction act on different bodies. Therefore, the body moves under the action
of the acting force.
21. Why can a small mass such as a bullet kill a person when fired from a gun?
It is so because even if the mass of the bullet is small, it moves out of the gun with a very
high velocity, due to which the momentum produced is high (p = mv). This high momentum
of the bullet kills a person.
22. Describe our walking in terms of Newton’s third law of motion.
When we walk on the ground or road, our foot pushes the ground backward (action) and
the ground pushes our foot forward (reaction). Thus, the forward reaction exerted by the
ground on our foot makes us walk forward.
23.Water sprinklers used for grass lawns begins to rotate as soon as the water is supplied.
Explain the principle on which it works.
The working of the rotation of sprinkler is based on the third law of motion. As the water comes
out of the nozzle of the sprinkler, an equal and opposite reaction force comes into play. So
the sprinkler starts rotating
24.Give few examples of Newton’s third law of motion
Jet aeroplanes and rockets work on the principle of the third law of motion.
In this case, the hot gases come out of a nozzle with great force, i.e., action and the rocket
moves with high speed upwards as a reaction.
If we fill a balloon with air and hold it with its mouth downwards, then when release the
balloon, the air rushes out vertically downwards (action). The balloon moves vertically
upwards (reaction).
25.Why does an athlete put some sands or cushion on the ground while high jumping?
When a high jumper falls on a soft landing site (such as cushion or a heap of sand), then the
jumper takes a longer time to come to stop. The rate of change of momentum of athlete is
less due to which a smaller stopping force acts on the athlete. And the athlete does not get
hurt. Thus, the cushion or sand, being soft, reduces the athlete’s momentum more gently. If
however, a high jumping athlete falls from a height on to hard ground, then his momentum
will be reduced to zero in a very short time. The rate of change of momentum will be large
due to which a large opposing force will act on the athlete. This can cause serious injuries to
the athlete.
26.Why does a gun recoil?
When a bullet is fired from a gun, it exerts a forward force on the bullet and the bullet
exerts an equal and opposite force on the gun. Due to high mass of the gun, it moves a little
distance backward and gives backward jerk to shoulder of the gunman.
.

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Chapter 1.

1. Define circular motion

Chapter 2. Force and laws of motion

9. Explain why it is dangerous to jump out of a moving bus.

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