Introduction

One of energy can be obtained from the other form

with the help of converters. Converters that are
used to continuously translate electrical input to
mechanical output or vice versa are called electric
machines.

The process of translation is known as

electromechanical energy conversion.

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 Electrical Mechanical
system Electric Machine system

e, i T, n

Motor
Energy flow
Generator

•An electrical machine is link between an electrical

system and a mechanical system.
•Conversion from mechanical to electrical: generator
•Conversion from electrical to mechanical: motor

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 Electrical
Machines

DC AC
machine machine

Synchronous Induction
machine machine

•Machines are called AC machines (generators or motors) if

the electrical system is AC.
•DC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical system is
DC.

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 Electrical Coupling Mechanical
system magnetic system
fields
e, i T, n

Two electromagnetic phenomena in the electric machines:

•When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in
the conductor.
•When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,
the conductor experiences a mechanical force.

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 Electric Machines
Basic Structure

•The structure of an electric machine

has two major components, stator
and rotor, separated by the air gap.

• Stator:
Does not move and normally is the
outer frame of the machine.

• Rotor:
Is free to move and normally is the
inner part of the machine.
•Both rotor and stator are made of
ferromagnetic materials.

5
 DC Machines
Construction

6
 Induction Machines
Construction

7
 Synchronous Machines
Construction

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 Induction Machines

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 Induction Machine
• The induction machine is the most rugged and the
most widely used machine in industry.
• Both stator and rotor winding carry alternating
currents.
• The alternating current (ac) is supplied to the
stator winding directly and to the rotor winding by
induction – hence the name induction machine.
• Application (1f): washing machines, refrigerators,
blenders, juice mixers, stereo turntables, etc.
• 2f induction motors are used primarily as
servomotors in a control system.
• Application 3f: pumps, fans, compressors, paper
mills, textile mills, etc.

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 Induction Motors
• The single-phase
induction motor is
the most frequently
used motor in the
world
• Most appliances,
such as washing
machines and
refrigerators, use a
single-phase
induction machine
• Highly reliable and
economical

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 Induction Motors
• For industrial
applications, the
three-phase
induction motor is
used to drive
machines
• Large three-phase
induction motor.
(Courtesy Siemens).

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 Induction Machine
Construction of Induction Motor
• General
•The induction machine is used as
the most common motors in
different applications.
•It has a stator and a rotor like other
type of motors.
•2 different type of rotors:
1-squirrel-cage winding,
2-Wound-rotor
•Both three-phase and single-phase A typical motor consists of two parts:
motors are widely used. 1-An outside stationary stator having coils
supplied with AC current to produce a
•Majority of the motors used by rotating magnetic field,
industry are squirrel-cage 2-An inside rotor attached to the output
induction motors shaft that is given a torque by the
rotating field.

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 Induction Motor
• Basic principles: Induction motor components.
• •An AC current is applied in the
stator armature which generates a
flux in the stator magnetic circuit.
• •This flux induces an emf in the
conducting bars of rotor as they are
“cut” by the flux while the magnet
is being moved (E = BVL (Faraday’s
Law))
• •A current flows in the rotor circuit
due to the induced emf, which in
term produces a force, (F = BIL ) can
be changed to the torque as the
output.

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 Induction Motor

• Stator construction
• –The stator of an induction Single-phase stator with windings.
motor is laminated iron core
with slots similar to a stator of a
synchronous machine
• –Coils are placed in the slots to
form a three or single phase
winding.

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 Induction Motors Magnetic Circuit

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 Squirrel-cage Rotor

• Rotor is from laminated iron core

with slots.
• Metal (Aluminum) bars are
molded in the slots instead of a
winding.
• Two rings short circuits the
bars.–Most of single phase
induction motors have
Squirrel-Cage rotor.
• One or 2 fans are attached to the
shaft in the sides of rotor to cool
the circuit.

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 Induction Motor
Compared to squirrel cage rotors, wound
• It is usually for large 3 phase rotor motors are expensive and
induction motors. require maintenance of the slip rings
• •Rotor has a winding the same as and brushes, so it is not so common in
stator and the end of each phase is industry applications
connected to a slip ring.
• •Three brushes contact the three •Wound rotor induction motor was the
slip-rings to three connected standard form for variable speed
control before the advent of motor
resistances (3-phase Y) for reduction
of starting current and speed control.

Rotor of a large
induction motor.
(Courtesy Siemens).

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 Synchronous
Speed

120f
ns =
p

ns = synchronous speed [r/min]

f = frequency of supply [hertz/Hz]
P = total of magnetic pole

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 Slip and Slip Speed

The slip s of an induction motor is the difference between the

synchronous speed and the rotor speed, expressed as a
Percent (per unit) of synchronous speed

The per-unit slip is given by the equation

ns - n r S = slip
S= ns = synchronous speed [r/min]
ns nr = rotor speed [r/min]

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 Double Revolving Field Theory:::

o However, if the rotor is given an initial rotation in either direction, the torque
due to the rotating field acting in the direction of initial rotation coil will be
more than that due to the other rotating field and the motor will develop a
net positive torque in the same direction as the initial rotation.
o Thus the motor will keep running in the direction of initial rotation.
o According to this theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved into two
rotating components which rotate in opposite directions and each having
magnitude as half of the maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity.
o In case of single phase induction motors, the stator winding produces an
alternating magnetic field having maximum magnitude of Φ1m.
o According to double revolving field theory, consider the two components of
the stator flux, each having magnitude half of maximum magnitude of stator
flux i.e. (Φ1m/2). Both these components are rotating in opposite directions at
the synchronous speed Ns which is dependent on frequency and stator poles.
o Let Φf is forward component rotating in anticlockwise direction while Φb is
the backward component rotating in clockwise direction. The resultant of
these two components at any instant gives the instantaneous value of the
stator flux at the instant. So resultant of these two is the original stator flux.
 fig shows the stator flux and its two components Φf and Φb. At start both the
components are shown opposite to each other in the Fig.1(a). Thus the resultant
ΦR = 0. This is nothing but the instantaneous value of the stator flux at start. After
90o , as shown in the Fig. 1(b), the two components are rotated in such a way that
both are pointing in the same direction. Hence the resultant ΦR is the algebraic
sum of the magnitudes of the two components. So ΦR = (Φ1m/2) + (Φ1m/2) =Φ1m.
This is nothing but the instantaneous value of the stator flux at θ = 90o as shown in
the Fig 1(c). Thus continuous rotation of the two components gives the original
alternating stator flux.

Both the components are rotating and hence get cut by the motor conductors.
Due to cutting of flux, e.m.f. gets induced in rotor which circulates rotor current.
The rotor current produces rotor flux. This flux interacts with forward component
Φf to produce a torque in one particular direction say anticlockwise direction.
While rotor flux interacts with backward component Φb to produce a torque in the
clockwise direction. So if anticlockwise torque is positive then clockwise torque is
negative.

At start these two torque are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Each
torque tries to rotate the rotor in its own direction. Thus net torque experienced
by the rotor is zero at start. And hence the single phase induction motors are not
self starting.
 Starting methods:::
o single-phase capacitor-start motors
o capacitor-run motors
o split-phase motors
o shaded-pole motors
o small polyphase induction motors.
Capacitor start induction motor:::
Capacitor run motors:::
Split phase motor:::
Shaded pole motors:::