Science 4th Quarter Reviewer

SCIENCE 9 FOURTH QUARTER REVIEWER
What is Motion?
- Motion is the action of changing location or position.

- Motion is the change with time of the position and orientation of a body.
1. SPEED – is the rate at which an object is moving along a path; scalar quantity
2. VELOCITY – is the rate and direction of an object’s movement; vector quantity
SCALAR QUANTITY (a quantity that is fully described by a magnitude or numerical value alone ex: 10m/s
VECTOR QUANTITY (a quantity that is fully described by magnitude and direction
3. DISTANCE – how much ground an object has covered during it motion; scalar quantity
4. DISPLACEMENT – how far out of place an object is or the object’s overall change in position; vector quantity
5. TIME – how long it took the object from one position to another; scalar quantity
6. ACCELERATION – rate at which velocity changes with time, in terms of both speed and direction; vector quantity
7. GRAVITY- is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center.
When is an object in a UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION?

- A body is said to have uniform acceleration if it maintains a constant change in its velocity in each time interval along a straight line.
VARIABLES UNIT
vi = initial velocity m/s
vf = final velocity m/s
a = acceleration m/s²
Δd = displacement m
Δt = change in time s
Free Fall Acceleration

 Earth gravity provides a constant acceleration. Most important case of constant acceleration.
 Free-fall acceleration is independent of mass.
 Direction: always downward, so ag is negative if we define “up” as positive,
a = -g = -9.8 m/s2
In general, a uniformly accelerated motion is the one in which the acceleration of a body throughout the motion is uniform. It can be observed in
either vertical or horizontal dimension and in two dimensions.
WHAT IS PROJECTILE MOTION?

- A combination of uniform motion along the horizontal and the motion of a free falling body along the vertical. It is an intance of uniformly
accelerated motion in two dimentions.
-Projectile motion consists of horizontal and vertical motion working independently.
 Projectile- an object undergoing a projectile

 Trajectory- the pabolic path taken by a projectile.
 The trajectory of a thrown basketball follows a special type of arch-shaped curve called a PARABOLA.
 Angle (Ɵ)- a numerical values in degrees (°) expressing the orientation of the projectile to be thrown or projected
 Range- the distance a projectile travels horizontally
The horizontal motion remains constant because there is no external force acting on it this results to constant horizontal velocity whereas the vertical
motion is increasing because of the gravity.
*When we drop a ball from a height we know that its speed increases as it falls.
The increase in speed is due to the acceleration gravity, g = -9.8 m/sec2.
MOMENTUM is a quantity defined as the product of the mass and velocity of an object. Momentum is a vector quantity, possessing a direction as
well as a magnitude. Mass in motion
Where:
m is the mass of the moving object in kilogram (kg)
v is the velocity of the moving object in meter per second (m/s)
p is the momentum in kilogram • meter per second (kg•m/s)
 All objects have mass; so if an object is moving, then it has momentum - it has its mass in motion.
 The amount of momentum which an object has is dependent upon two variables: in mass & velocity
 For stationary/ not moving objects where velocity is zero, the momentum is also zero.
IMPULSE
When the object slows down or moves faster, the velocity also decreases or increases. The change in the velocity and mass of an object
changes its momentum. Changing in momentum is called IMPULSE
Impulse = Change in momentum I =Δp p=mv
 To change the momentum of an object a force is needed.

 The force (F) is multiplied by the time of contact (t).
Impulse equation I=Ft I=Ft=mv
Force equation F=mv
t
 The SI unit for impulse (I) is Newton-second (Ns) or kilogram-meter per second (kg • m/s).
Conservation of Momentum
The total momentum of all objects interacting with one another remains constant regardless of the nature of the forces between the
objects.
Law of Conservation
In a closed and isolated system, the total momentum of the objects before and after the collision are equal.
COLLISIONS
Change in momentum is caused by collisions.
Collision is an encounter between two bodies resulting in exchange of impulse and momentum.
a. Elastic Collision- one in which the total kinetic energy of the system does not change and colliding objects bounce off after collision.
Example :( billiard, bowling)
b. Inelastic collision- one in which the total kinetic energy of the system changes (converted to some other form of energy). Objects that stick
together after collision is said to be perfectly inelastic. Example: (car collision and they stick together)
 Inelastic- total kinetic energy of the system changes –converted into heat or other forms like binding energy, sound energy, light (spark)
and etc
Net Momentum = Net Momentum

(Before Collision (After Collision)
MECHANICAL ENERGY- It consists of two types of energy - the kinetic energy (energy of motion) and the potential energy (stored energy of
position).
POTENTIAL ENERGY- Energy stored in an object because of its position. It has the “potential” to cause change.
A. Gravitational Potential Energy- is the energy possessed by an object because of its location or position
B. Elastic Potential Energy- is the energy stored in a stretched or compressed elastic material such as spring.
 The Potential Energy of an object is greater if the position of the object is higher. The object has the potential to cause more change.
 The more mass an object has, the more potential energy it has because it has the “potential” to cause more change.
The Basics of Potential Energy
 Potential Energy is stored energy.

 Potential Energy is greater if the position of an object is higher.
 Potential energy increases as the mass of an object increases.
 𝑃𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
where:
PE grav = gravitational potential energy
m = mass of object
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height or elevation difference
1
𝑃𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠 = kx ²
2
Where:
PE elas = elastic potential energy
k = spring constant
x = compression or extension length
KINETIC ENERGY- is the energy an object has due to motion
The Basics of Kinetic Energy
 Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion.

 Kinetic energy increases as an object moves faster.
 Kinetic energy increases as the mass of an object increases.
Where:
KE=Kinetic Energy 1 2
KE= m v
m= mass 2
v=velocity of object
Energy transformation, also known as energy conversion, is the process of changing energy from one form to another. In physics, energy is a
quantity that provides the capacity to perform work or moving or provides heat.

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SCIENCE 9 FOURTH QUARTER REVIEWER

- Motion is the action of changing location or position.

When is an object in a UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION?

Free Fall Acceleration

WHAT IS PROJECTILE MOTION?

 Projectile- an object undergoing a projectile

Impulse = Change in momentum I =Δp p=mv

 To change the momentum of an object a force is needed.

Net Momentum = Net Momentum

The Basics of Potential Energy

 Potential Energy is stored energy.

KINETIC ENERGY- is the energy an object has due to motion

The Basics of Kinetic Energy

 Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion.

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