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    EXPERIMENT 4.4 (A), 4.4 (B), 4.4 (C)

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    Ariana

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    EXPERIMENT 4.4 (A), 4.4 (B), 4.4 (C)

    Uploaded by

    Ariana
    2 views5 pages

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    EXPERIMENT 4.4(a), 4.4(b), 4.4(c)

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    2 views5 pages

    EXPERIMENT 4.4 (A), 4.4 (B), 4.4 (C)

    Uploaded by

    Ariana

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 5

    EXPERIMENT 4.

    4 (a): BOYLE’S LAW


    Inference: Volume of gas influences pressure of gas
    Hypothesis: The smaller the volume of gas, the higher the gas pressure
    Aim: To determine the relationship between volume and pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature
    Variables: (a) Manipulated variable: Volume, V
    (b) Responding variable: Pressure, P
    (c) Constant variable: Temperature and mass of air
    Apparatus: 50 ml syringe, rubber tube, Bourdon gauge
    Procedure:
    1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram.

    2. Adjust the piston so that the volume of air in the syringe is 50 ml. Then, connect the end of the syringe to a
    pressure gauge.
    3. Take initial readings of the volume and pressure of the air in the syringe. Record the readings in Table.
    4. Push the piston slowly until the volume of air in the syringe becomes 40 ml. Take the reading of the air
    pressure and record it in the table.
    5. Repeat step 4 with volumes 30 ml, 20 ml and 10 ml. Record all pressure, P in Table.
    6. Plot graph P against 1/ V

    Result:
    Initial reading of bourdon gauge, P1 = 100 kPa
    1 Reading of Bourdon Pressure, P /kPa
    Volume, V /ml / ml-1 gauge, P2/ kPa P = P2 – P1
    𝑉
    10
    20
    30
    40
    50

    Precaution:
    1. Make sure the eye position is perpendicular to reading of Bourdon gauge to avoid parallax error.
    2. The rubber tube was greased and tightened to prevent leakage of air from the syringe
    EXPERIMENT 4.4 (b): GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
    Inference: Temperature of gas influences pressure of gas
    Hypothesis: The higher the temperature, the higher the gas pressure

    Aim: To determine the relationship between temperature and pressure for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume

    Variables:

    (a) Manipulated variable: Temperature, θ

    (b) Responding variable: Pressure, P

    (c) Constant variable: Volume and mass of air

    Apparatus: Round-bottom flask, large beaker, thermometer, pressure gauge, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, tripod
    stand, stirrer, retort stand and wooden block

    Materials: Water and ice

    Procedure:

    1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram.

    2. Heat the water slowly and stir it continuously until the temperature of the water reaches 20 °C.
    3. Take the reading of the air pressure, P inside the flask. Record the reading in Table.
    4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with temperatures 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C.
    5. Record all readings of air pressure, P in Table.
    6. Plot a graph of pressure, P against temperature, T (range of T = –300°C to 100°C).
    7. Extrapolate the graph until P = 0 kPa. Determine the temperature when P = 0 kPa.
    Result:

    Temperature, T/ °C Pressure, P /kPa

    30 111
    40 115
    50 118
    60 121
    70 125

    Analysis of data:
    From the graph, when P = 0 kPa, the value of T is…………..

    Precaution:
    1. Make sure the eye position is perpendicular to reading of Bourdon gauge to avoid parallax error.
    2. The rubber tube was fixed tightly to prevent leakage of gas.
    EXPERIMENT 4.4 (c): CHARLES’ LAW

    Inference: Temperature of a gas influences the volume of gas


    Hypothesis: The higher the temperature, the larger the volume of gas
    Aim: To determine the relationship between temperature and volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure
    Variables:
    (a) Manipulated variable: Temperature, θ
    (b) Responding variable: Volume, V represented by length of column of air, L in capillary tube
    (c) Constant variable: Pressure and mass of air
    Apparatus: Capillary tube containing air trapped by a column of mercury, 500 ml beaker, thermometer, ruler,
    Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, stirrer and retort stand
    Materials: Water, ice and rubber band

    Procedure:
    1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram.

    mercury

    2. Heat the water slowly and stir it continuously until the temperature of the water reaches 20°C.
    3. Take the reading of the column of air, L in the capillary tube. Record the reading in Table.
    4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for temperatures 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C.
    5. Record all lengths of column of air, L in Table.
    6. Plot graph of L against T (range of T-axis = –300°C to 100°C)
    7. Extrapolate graph of L against θ until V = 0 cm.
    Result:

    Temperature, T/ °C Length of air column, L /cm

    20
    30
    40
    50
    60

    Analysis of data:
    From the graph, when L = 0 cm, the value of T is…………..

    Precaution:
    1. Make sure the eye position is perpendicular to reading of thermometer to avoid parallax error.
    2. Stir the liquid constantly, so the temperature rises evenly.

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