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Navigating Geopolitical Crossroads: Middle Eastern Influence on Pakistan's

Foreign Policy

Research Proposal · April 2024

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31419.63522

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Navigating Geopolitical Crossroads: Middle Eastern Influence on
Pakistan’s Foreign Policy

Abstract
This study explains how the foreign policy of Pakistan is influenced by the Middle Eastern
region. Economic ties, energy security, and regional stability play pivotal roles. Pakistan
relies on remittances from its expatriates in Gulf countries and depends on Middle Eastern oil
and gas supplies. Balancing relations with Saudi Arabia and Iran remains a challenge due to
their divergent interests and regional rivalries. The ongoing conflicts in the Middle East
directly impact Pakistan’s strategic considerations and diplomatic engagements. The study
includes a qualitative research methodology which focuses on three main objectives i.e. to
analyse the historical alliances, examine sectarian dynamics and assess economic and security
implications.

Key words
Pakistan | Middle East | Foreign policy | Geopolitics | Strategic alliances | Saudi Arab | Iran |
Regional stability | Global realignment | Economic interdependencies | Security dynamics

Introduction
In the intricate tapestry of global affairs, Pakistan stands at a pivotal juncture—a nation
shaped by its geography, history, and the ever-shifting currents of international relations.
Nestled between South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, Pakistan’s foreign policy
choices are not merely pragmatic decisions; they are the threads that weave its destiny. The
Middle East, with its rich historical legacies, oil wealth, and complex web of alliances, exerts
an undeniable gravitational pull on Pakistan. From the bustling bazaars of Karachi to the
diplomatic corridors of Islamabad, the echoes of Riyadh, Tehran, and Abu Dhabi resonate.
Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and other Gulf states have been steadfast allies of
Pakistan. Their economic largesse, security cooperation, and shared cultural ties have forged
enduring bonds. Yet, these alliances come with strings attached—sometimes geopolitical,
sometimes sectarian. The petrodollars that flow into Pakistan’s coffers also carry
expectations, nudging foreign policy decisions. As alliances shift—Israel’s rapprochement
with Gulf nations, Iran’s nuclear deal, and the evolving US role—Pakistan recalibrates. The
Middle East is no longer a monolith; it’s a kaleidoscope of interests. Pakistan’s diplomats
must pivot, adapt, and safeguard national interests in this dynamic landscape. Middle Eastern
influence on Pakistan’s foreign policy is both a boon and a challenge. It’s a delicate
dance—one that requires astute diplomacy, historical awareness, and a keen eye on the
horizon. As the world watches, Pakistan treads the tightrope, balancing tradition with
pragmatism, sovereignty with interdependence.

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Objectives
1. Analyze Historical Alliances: Investigate the historical alliances between Pakistan
and Middle Eastern countries, focusing on key partnerships, diplomatic exchanges,
and shared interests. Understand how these relationships have shaped Pakistan’s
foreign policy decisions over time.
2. Examine Sectarian Dynamics: Explore the impact of sectarian tensions within the
Middle East on Pakistan’s foreign policy. Investigate instances where Pakistan has
navigated its own Shia-Sunni divide while maintaining relations with Saudi Arabia,
Iran, and other regional players.
3. Assess Economic and Security Implications: Evaluate the economic
interdependencies and security imperatives arising from Pakistan’s engagement with
Middle Eastern nations. Consider trade agreements, energy cooperation, and the role
of non-state actors in shaping Pakistan’s strategic choices.

Research Methodology
The research methodology used in this study was designed to comprehensively investigate
the impact of Middle Eastern policies on Pakistan’s foreign policy. The primary aim was to
investigate and understand how Middle Eastern nations influence Pakistan as a state in global
politics.

1- Research Design
Qualitative methods were used to gain in-depth insights into the complexities of Middle
Eastern influence on Pakistan’s foreign policy. Main focus was on understanding the context,
motivations and perceptions. Official documents, policy statements and historical records
related to Pakistan’s foreign policy were studied and analysed. Treaties, agreements and
diplomatic correspondence between the two regions were also examined. To get the intricate
details and reviews of different experts, scholarly articles and books were studied. Multiple
data sources were used in this research to enhance the validity. All the findings were
cross-checked to ensure a better consistency in the research.

2- Limitations
Despite the comprehensive approach, certain limitations may have been inherent in the
research. The generalizability of findings may have been restricted due to the specific focus
on certain emerging issues and challenges. Additionally, the rapidly evolving nature of global
politics may have introduced temporal limitations, and the study's scope may not have
covered all emerging challenges and opportunities in depth. It is also recognized that
individual perspectives may also vary in this study’s regard.

1.1 Historical Alliances and Economic Ties

There have been centuries-long ties between Pakistan and the Middle East. This relationship
started with the Arab invasion of Sindh in 712 CE. The civilization of the regions that make

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up Pakistan was greatly affected by Iranian and Arab-Islamic cultures (Pakistan and the
Middle East, n.d.). Muslims in independent India continued to have close relations with
countries in the Middle East. They identified themselves as the free Muslim world's
representatives with Egypt, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan.
Indian Muslims strongly backed causes in the Middle East during the 18th, 19th, and early
20th centuries, including opposing British occupation in Egypt, opposing Russian attacks on
Iran, and promoting the rights of Palestine (Qureshi, 1966, 156-166). They looked to other
Muslim countries for cooperation during India's independence movement. Their support for
anti-imperialist activities stemmed from their strong religious convictions and their view of
Islam as a unifying factor. Despite the constraints imposed by British colonial control, they
made material and moral contributions to causes in the Middle East. The subcontinent's
Muslims had to deal with Hindu prejudice and constant dread of Hindu dominance. Their
identity began to depend heavily on their faith. They wanted to work together with the
Muslim world at large and they valued free Muslim nations. On the other hand, Middle
Eastern Muslims placed greater importance on nationalism, Arab solidarity, and regional
cooperation than on a pan-Islamic strategy. Their politics were less influenced by religion and
more centred on their own national interests (Qureshi, 1966, 156-166).
During the period from 1947 to 1954, Pakistan’s economic relations with Middle Eastern
countries faced challenges due to pre-independence ties. Pakistan continued to trade primarily
with Western nations, maintaining economic links established before its independence.
Despite its close proximity, Pakistan's trade during this time did not focus much on the
Middle East. Over the years, economic ties evolved. The Middle East became a significant
source of financial and monetary support for Pakistan. Pakistan's economy greatly benefited
from the remittances sent home by Pakistani expats who were employed in Middle Eastern
nations (Tariq, 2021). Over the years, economic ties evolved. The Middle East became a
significant source of financial and monetary support for Pakistan. The economic landscape
between Pakistan and the Middle East has been altered by shifting priorities and geopolitical
dynamics, notwithstanding historical linkages.

1.2 Sectarian Complexities and Regional Stability

Pakistan, a country with a predominantly Sunni Muslim population, grapples with the
complexities of its internal Shia-Sunni divide. This sectarian tension is further influenced by
Middle Eastern dynamics, particularly the longstanding rivalry between Saudi Arabia and
Iran (Rathore, 2017). Pakistan’s Shia-Sunni divide has deep historical roots. While Sunnis
constitute the majority, Shias have a significant presence, especially in regions like
Gilgit-Baltistan and parts of Punjab. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 intensified sectarian
tensions globally. Pakistan, with its geographical proximity to Iran, felt the impact acutely.
The revolution inspired Shia activism and heightened Sunni-Shia polarisation (Panda, 2019,
7). Both Saudi Arabia and Iran seek to influence Pakistan’s sectarian landscape. Saudi Arabia
has historically maintained close ties with Pakistan. The two countries share religious,
economic, and strategic interests. Pakistan has contributed troops to Saudi-led military
coalitions, emphasising its commitment to Sunni solidarity (Panda, 2019, 4). Iran seeks to
exert influence in the region. The Iran-Pakistan border region (Balochistan) is sensitive, and
Iran has concerns about Sunni extremist groups operating there. Pakistan maintains
diplomatic channels with Iran, emphasising its neutrality in regional conflicts (Panda, 2019,

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7). Pakistan’s foreign policy walks a tightrope. It seeks to maintain cordial relations with both
Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Pakistan’s military and economic ties with Saudi Arabia are crucial. The two countries
collaborate on defence, trade, and energy. However, Pakistan’s neutrality in the Yemen
conflict strained relations when Saudi Arabia requested Pakistani troops’ deployment
(Rathore, 2017). Pakistan maintains diplomatic channels with Iran, emphasising its neutrality
in regional conflicts. Balancing economic interests with sectarian and geopolitical realities is
a constant struggle. Saudi Arabia provides financial aid to Pakistan, while Iran offers energy
cooperation. Pakistan’s economic challenges influence its choices. Balancing economic
interests with sectarian and geopolitical realities is a delicate task (Panda, 2019, 5,8).

1.3 Energy Cooperation and Energy Security

Middle Eastern countries play a crucial role in Pakistan’s energy security, contributing
significantly to the country’s energy needs. These countries have shown tremendous interest
in Pakistan’s security and economic development. Pakistan's excess labour found an
appealing market in the Gulf region due to the significant growth in oil profits (Pakistan and
the Middle East, n.d.). UAE companies are investing in renewable energy projects across all
four provinces of Pakistan. Pakistan faces acute electricity shortages, especially during
sizzling summers. The partnership seeks to use renewable energy sources to overcome this
energy gap (Pakistan, UAE Sign Renewable Energy Deal, 2017).
Pakistan also plans to create an energy corridor with the nations of the Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC). These strategic accords enhance the stability and prosperity of the region in
addition to Pakistan. They promote economic growth, diversify energy sources, and improve
religious tourism, all of which strengthen Pakistan's energy security (Hashim, 2017).
Developing policies and moving the country toward renewable energy sources are essential
steps toward sustainable development.

1.4 Global Realignment and Shifting Alliances

The Middle East has witnessed significant shifts in alliances over the past decade, with one
notable development being the Israel-Gulf rapprochement. These changes have implications
for regional stability, security, and economic cooperation. Additionally, Pakistan, as a key
player in the region, has adjusted its foreign policy in response to these evolving geopolitical
dynamics.

1.4.1 Israel-Gulf Rapprochement: The Abraham Accords

The Abraham Accords, signed in September 2020, marked a historic normalisation of
relations between Israel, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Bahrain. Since then, Israel
and the UAE have rapidly evolved their bilateral ties, leading to several significant
developments:
● Normalisation has elevated the international and regional standing of both Israel and
the UAE.

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● Economic exchanges, technological cooperation, and strategic prospects for defence

cooperation have all been made possible by it (Vakil & Quilliam, 2023).
● The accords facilitated increased levels of diplomatic engagement across the Middle
East.
● The broader impact of this rapprochement is demonstrated by multilateral initiatives
like the Israel-Lebanon Maritime Agreement, the Negev conference, and the Baghdad
summits (Vakil & Quilliam, 2023).
The United States aims to create an integrated regional security framework among its allies.
This goal revolves around defence cooperation and trust-building, and the Israel-UAE
partnership is vital to achieving these goals.

1.4.2 Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Adjustments

Pakistan, as a middle power, has recalibrated its foreign policy in response to these changing
dynamics. It has shifted its focus from traditional geo-politics to geo-economics. The nation
understands the significance of peace, economic expansion, and regional connection in
determining its foreign policy. Pakistan seeks to leverage its strategic location as a bridge
between South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. The China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC) exemplifies this shift. CPEC, a flagship project under China’s Belt and
Road Initiative, aims to enhance regional connectivity, trade, and energy cooperation. By
prioritising economic development, Pakistan contributes to regional stability and prosperity.
Pakistan maintains positive relations with both Iran and Russia. Despite historical tensions,
these countries share common interests in regional stability, economic cooperation, and
energy projects. Pakistan’s collaboration with Iran on the Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline and its
engagement with Russia in various forums demonstrate its commitment to pragmatic
diplomacy. These partnerships contribute to energy security and regional balance (Ali, 2022).
Similarly Pakistan maintains a delicate balance in its relations with Washington and Riyadh.
While addressing security concerns, Pakistan emphasises economic cooperation and regional
stability. The U.S. remains an important partner in counterterrorism efforts, economic
assistance, and diplomatic engagement. Similarly, Saudi Arabia’s economic investments and
cultural ties contribute to Pakistan’s stability (Ali, 2022).
In a rapidly changing Middle Eastern landscape, Pakistan’s foreign policy choices reflect a
nuanced understanding of regional dynamics. By prioritising economic growth, connectivity,
and peace, Pakistan contributes to stability while navigating complex geopolitical terrains. As
the region continues to evolve, Pakistan’s role as a responsible actor remains pivotal, shaping
the future of South Asia and beyond (Mahesar & Hameed, 2016).

1.5 Challenges and Opportunities

1.5.1 Challenges

Pakistan contends with internal political divisions, which hinder its ability to maintain a
coherent foreign policy. A stable government is essential for consistent diplomatic
engagement and strategic decision-making . Additionally, the escalation of sectarian tensions

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and the presence of extremist groups pose significant security challenges. Balancing regional
interests with counterterrorism efforts requires finesse (Khan, 2022). The longstanding
Kashmir dispute with India continues to strain bilateral relations, influencing Pakistan’s
interactions with Middle Eastern nations that share vested interests in the region (Nasar,
2023). Simultaneously, Pakistan must navigate the growing defence cooperation between the
United States and India, strategically safeguarding its own interests amidst evolving
geopolitical dynamics.Furthermore, Pakistan faces international scrutiny due to concerns
related to money laundering and terror financing. Addressing the requirements set by the
Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is crucial to maintaining its international credibility (Zia,
2018, 10). Negative perceptions also impact Pakistan’s global standing, underscoring the
need for concerted efforts to improve its image and enhance effectiveness in diplomatic
endeavours.

1.5.2 Opportunities

Pakistan plays a crucial role in facilitating Afghan peace talks, which are essential for
promoting stability in the region. Recognizing that a stable Afghanistan is vital for regional
security and connectivity, Pakistan’s efforts are instrumental (Kazmi, 2015). Additionally, the
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) offers significant economic opportunities while
strengthening Pakistan’s strategic partnership with China. This initiative not only improves
regional connectivity and trade routes but also contributes to economic growth and
development (Zia, 2018, 12). Furthermore, Pakistan can leverage its relationships with
Middle Eastern nations for mutual economic cooperation, emphasising the importance of a
balanced approach that ensures reciprocal benefits. Moreover, by enhancing ties with Russia,
Pakistan diversifies its partnerships, promising cooperation in sectors like energy, defence,
and regional stability (Yousaf & Tabassum, 2003, 03). A stable government and sound
economic policies are essential for attracting foreign investment, which, in turn, fosters
economic growth and enhances Pakistan’s global influence. All things considered, these
endeavours demonstrate Pakistan's aggressive involvement in reshaping the geopolitical
environment of South Asia and beyond. (Taylor, 2021)

Conclusion

In conclusion, Pakistan’s foreign policy is intricately woven into the fabric of Middle Eastern
geopolitics. The region presents both challenges and opportunities for Pakistan. While
internal political divisions and security threats persist, Pakistan’s geo-economic approach,
exemplified by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), offers promise. Balancing
relations with Middle Eastern countries, navigating the US-India nexus, and addressing
international scrutiny are critical tasks. Pakistan’s role in Afghan peace efforts and its
strategic partnerships underscore its significance in shaping regional stability. As the Middle
East continues to evolve, Pakistan’s pragmatic diplomacy, economic growth, and
commitment to peace remain essential for safeguarding its interests and contributing to global
harmony.

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Recommendations

Pakistan’s engagement with Middle Eastern countries transcends conventional alliances,

emphasising a balanced strategy that fosters mutually beneficial relationships. Leveraging its
historical role, Pakistan has the potential to facilitate dialogue between Middle Eastern
nations, contributing to regional stability and cooperation. Collaborating with oil-producing
Middle Eastern countries is critical for Pakistan’s energy security and diversification efforts,
ensuring a stable and sustainable energy supply. Extending the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC) to the Middle East offers an opportunity for enhanced connectivity and
economic cooperation, strengthening ties between the regions. Furthermore, fostering
people-to-people exchanges and cultural ties is paramount for enhancing diplomatic relations
and promoting mutual understanding. Pakistan’s commitment to neutrality in Middle Eastern
sectarian tensions preserves its diplomatic credibility. Engaging with think tanks and experts
through Track II diplomacy channels can further enhance Pakistan’s diplomatic efforts in the
region. Additionally, supporting refugees and participating in humanitarian initiatives
demonstrate Pakistan’s solidarity with the Middle East, reinforcing its dedication to regional
stability and cooperation. These proactive diplomatic approaches underscore Pakistan’s role
in fostering positive relationships and contributing to peace and prosperity in the Middle East
and beyond.

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