V. STEEL FALCON Pt. 2

F.A.L.
CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN 2 – COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Prepared by: Engr. Francis Arjay Pastores Luz
When steel is used as material for compression member, the section required is usually small resulting to a slender
member. This makes the steel compression member susceptible to “flexural buckling”.
TYPES OF COLUMNS
Based on Length
1. Short Columns – the failure will be crushing without buckling
2. Intermediate Columns – some of the points will yield and the member will fail by a combination of yielding and
buckling.
3. Long Columns – the member will buckle without reaching the proportional limit. The longer the column is, the
larger chance that it will buckle and the smaller load it can support. The tendency to buckle is measured through
𝐿
the slenderness ratio ( 𝑟𝑒 )of the member. And as the slenderness ratio increases, the capacity of the column
decreases.
Euler Buckling Formula

Critical Axial Compression
π2 EI
Pcr =
(kL)2
Critical Compressive Stress:

π2 E
Fcr =
kL 2
(r)
Where:
k = effective length factor
kL = Le = effective length
I
r = √A = radius of gyration
kL
r
= largest slenderness ratio
Table 2.1 – TYPICAL VALUES FOR k
Buckled shape of column

is shown by dashed line
Theoretical k value 0.50 0.70 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

Recommended design
value for k when ideal 0.65 0.80 1.0 1.2 2.0 2.0
conditions are
approximated
Rotation fixed ; Translation fixed
End Condition Rotation free ; Translation fixed
Rotation fixed ; Translation free
Rotation free ; Translation free
F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928
NSCP 2015 Provision for axially loaded compression member

LRFD: Pu = ϕPn = 0.90Fcr (Ag )
Pn
ASD: Pa = = 0.60Fcr (Ag )
ϕ
The nominal compressive strength, Pn

Pn = Fcr (Ag )
E
Cc = 4.71√
Fy
A. Intermediate Column:
kL
when ≤ Cc (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ≥ 0.44𝐹𝑦 )
r
𝐅𝐲
( )
𝐅𝐜𝐫 = [𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖 𝐅𝐞 ] 𝐅
𝐲
B. Long Column:
kL
when > Cc (𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 < 0.44𝐹𝑦 )
r
𝐅𝐜𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝐅𝐞
π2 E
where: Fe =
kL 2
(r)
User Note:
𝑘𝐿
a. When ≤ 25, the column is classified as short and the nominal load 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 .
𝑟
b. For members designed on the basis of compression, the slenderness ratio kL/r should not exceed 200.
Graph 3.2 – Strength of a compression member based on NSCP 2015 with Cc = 133.76
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928
LECTURE PROBLEMS
First Part: Review of the Basic Structural Concept from Strength of Materials
PROBLEM 1: A rectangular steel column is 50mm x 100mm in cross section. Use Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200,000 MPa
and k = 1.0
a. Determine the mode of failure of the compression member if it is 2 m long.
b. Determine the mode of failure of the compression member it it is 0.5 m long.
c. Determine the allowable axial load for a factor of safety of 2.0 if the column is 2 m long.
d. Determine the allowable axial load for a factor of safety of 2.0 if the column is 0.5 m long.
PRACTICE: A wide flange section for a 4.5 m long column (hinged at both ends) has the following properties:
A = 13500 mm2 E = 200 GPa
Ix = 1200 x 106 mm4 Iy = 150 x 106 mm4
Determine the Euler critical load of the column. Ans. 14,621.64 kN
PROBLEM 3: Two C310 x 45 channels are used as column. The column is 12 m high, latticed together so they have
equal moments of inertia about the principal axes. Assumed both ends are pinned and proportional limit is 240 MPa
and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 200GPa.
Properties of C310 X 45
A = 5690 mm2 x = 17mm
Ix = 67.3 x 106 mm4 Iy = 2.12 x 106 mm4
a. Compute the distance back to back of channels.

b. Compute the minimum length of a column having this section.
c. What safe load will the column carry with a factor of safety 2.5?
Solution:
a. Compute the distance back to back of channels.
Ix = Iy
b 2
2(67.3 x 106 ) = 2 [2.12 x 106 + 5690 (17 + ) ]
2
𝐛 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦
b. Compute the minimum length of a column having this section.
2(67.3 x 106 )
ry = rx = √ = 108.76 mm
2(5690)
To get the minimum length

σcr = fs
2
π (200,000)
2 = 240 MPa
1.0(L)
[108.76]
L = 9863.44 mm
c. What safe load will the column carry with a factor of safety 2.5?
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928
π2 E π2 (200,000)
σcr = = = 162.15 MPa
kL 2 1.0(12,000) 2
(r) [ 108.76 ]
Since σcr > Fy , yielding occurs first before buckling.

σstrength σcr 162.15
σallowable = = = = 64.86 MPa
F. S. F. S. 2.5
Pallowable = σallowable (Ag ) = 64.86(5,690)(2) = 𝟕𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐍
Second Part: Using NSCP 2015 Provisions for Axially Loaded Columns
(Members Prone to Flexural Buckling)
PROBLEM 4: A W8x35 steel column has an unsupported height of 8 m. Using A 36 steel with Fy = 248 MPa and E =
200,000 MPa. Compute the allowable axial load 𝑃𝑎 (𝐴𝑆𝐷) and ultimate axial load 𝑃𝑢 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) that the column could carry:
a. if both ends are fixed.
b. if both ends are pinned.
c. if one end is fixed and the other end is pinned.
Properties of W8x35:
A = 6645.15 mm2
Ix = 52.45 x 106 mm4
Iy = 17.69 x 106 mm4
rx = 88.9 mm
ry = 51.56 mm
PROBLEM 5: Similar to May 2015 CE Board. Built-up column 10-m long consists of W350x90 with two 12x350 plates
welded to form a box section. With respect to x-axis column is fixed and with respect to y-axis, column is braced at mid-height.
Properties of WF section:
A = 11,540 mm2
Ix = 2.66x108 mm4
Iy = 0.44x108 mm4
bf = 250 mm
t f = 16 mm
t w = 10 mm
Fy = 248 MPa
a. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to x-axis.
b. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to y-axis.
c. Compute the axial load capacity, 𝑃𝑎 (𝐴𝑆𝐷).

V. STEEL FALCON Pt. 2

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F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN 2 – COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Euler Buckling Formula

Critical Compressive Stress:

Table 2.1 – TYPICAL VALUES FOR k

Buckled shape of column

Theoretical k value 0.50 0.70 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

NSCP 2015 Provision for axially loaded compression member

The nominal compressive strength, Pn

a. Compute the distance back to back of channels.

b. Compute the minimum length of a column having this section.

To get the minimum length

Since σcr > Fy , yielding occurs first before buckling.

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