Agoncillo_Imagination in History

-Imagination is important in writing history

-to employ historical imagination based on what sources allow
-to be free with imagination means creative fiction
-History is more than simply facts, but also a recreation of events based on what historian believes based on experience an
sources
-history can be written if the historian is able to visualize the events in question
-Interpretation as a tool
-not everything is recorded; written History is very incomplete
-documents don’t tell everything + come with risks
-Historian must truly understand how a man would think to fully recapture event
-There can be 2 or more interpretations
-people have different viewpoints and the like
-No person has right to claim validity, since validity depends on time period
-Interpolation: insertion of statements between those made by authorities or sources
-insert own interpretation using historical imagination, which are implied by sources
-can only work if historian already has prior knowledge of events

Rizal Preface Sucesos

- “Before proceeding to unfold the other successive pictures before your eyes, the necessity of first making known to you th
past in order that you may be able to judge better the presents and to measure the road traversed during the three centurie
-Rizal does not wish to changes Morga’s work, except for minor grammar fixes to fit modern times,
-the goal is to spark an interest about learning the more about the past, to then fix the mistakes made and misinformation s

Schumacher_The Historians Task in the Philippines-1

-“One must unveil that history which had been hidden from the eyes of Filipinos by neglect or distortion”
-To show that Spanish rule failed to fulfill promises of progress, to a point of retrogression
-3 goals capable of achievement by history
1. Understanding of Past
2.Cultivation of National Identity
3.Inspiration of the Future

-The new Sucesos proves too much

-Rizal is still a self-trained part time historian(as he admitted to Ferdinand Blumentritt)
-Spanish Rule wasn't complete failure

Recovering the Past

- Much can be learned about Filipino life back then by reading between the lives of Spanish Documents
-much was indirectly said about the lives of Filipinos in which missionaries succeeded/failed to convert

The Formative century

-Most research has been put toward revolutionary and american colonial periods of Philippine History
“The problem is not what has been done, but what has not been done.”

Method In History
-The historian is the interpreter of the sources
-may brings his/her viewpoints, biases and prejudices
*one must remove himself if there are biases
-The method is to base himself on facts, as well as make claims based on the facts
-a need to explain the bridge between the claim and the source
-Sources come from government offices, memoirs, letters
-Others include books or prayer,s folk art
-they tell about perception of world and how they think
-depends on if historian can make right questions
-”It is in knowing how to put questions to a document and knowing what questions to put that the historians point of view m
a difference”
-“History never delivers ready-made answers”

Nationalist History
-a nationalist history is expected from every Filipino Historian who loves his country
-Nationalist history has done the opposite of promoting the national cause
-Pedro Paterno
-believed that all good things from 19th Century Filipino society was because of mythical spiritual qualities of the Filipino
-Jose Marco
-Wrote Povedano and Pavon manuscripts, Code of Kalantiyaw
-accepted as official historical documents, despite many inaccuracies
*Code of Kalantiyaw was exposed in 1968 by William Henry Scott, yet still republished in textbooks
-La Loba Negra - an account of Fr. Jose Burgos’ Trial
-filled with forgery and faked accounts for the sake of nationalism
-Nationalist History is only for building national identity
-only provides one specific perspective on real complex issues as Spanish obscurantism and American imperialism
-not everyone thinks like this
-”A truly Filipino History, it is said, cannot but be a history of the Filipino masses and their struggles”
-Method to make real history
-needs a preliminary hypothesis
-hypothesis must encompass all the facts and must adjust if it doesn't
-true “people's history” must see filipinos as primary agents, not as oppressed objects
-filipinos have come together to fight injustices by invaders
-trues people’s history doesn't treat people as an abstraction manipulated by deterministic forces
-a truly nationalistic history will try to understand all aspects of the experience of all the Filipinos
-it will acknowledge what is harmful and what isnt
-Historical research and writing should aim to undergird the formation of a society that provides justice and
participation to every Filipino

Age of Enlightenment
-more worldly than spiritual
*Rationality did not stop discrimination
-shift in how we see daily life
-Old ideas subject to rational investigation to check validity
-new developments arising
-Europeans exposed to many different cultures
-such as tea, coffee, chocolate and tobacco made abundant to many
-exposed new ideas to new people, led to experimentation
-”Tea and Coffee brought sobriety and civility to everyday life in europe”
-Enlightenment salons: where aristocrats discuss about trending topics, fashion trends, new philosophers
-Call to abolish slavery and advocate for freedom
-Equiano
-kidnapped from nigeria and enslaved
-exposed inhumane tortures of slavery
-promotes Enlightenment freedom
-Adam Smith
-states make money by taking it from others
-advocated from manufacturing, division of labor, and free trade
-Free market: one can work with others on basis of own self interest, where in sum of all self inte
can lead to harmony
-urged concern for well-being of society; there are harms in laissez-faire
-opposed absolutism
-Montesqieu
-”the Persian Letters”
-both europeans and easterners are imperfect
-Voltaire
-Makes fun of rulers and politicians
-valued honesty and living simple lives(cultivating their gardens)
-People should embrace enlightenment values:Honesty,Openness, Inquisitiveness
-we did not live in the best world

Rosseau
-Emile: To live the best life is one without pretentious airs, a natural life
-middle class values: hardwork, practicality, domesticity(for women)
-The Social Contract:One must agree to the general will of society for a nation to be formed, yet individual is important

Kant
-Human mind has categories of understanding which lead to rational judgment
-think of yourself, not old ideas

Ocampo-Rizal's Morga and Views of Philippine History

Philippine History
-Antonio Morga, born 1559 in Seville
-put in charge of a Spanish fleet vs the Dutch in 1600
-Transferred to Mexico after cowardly behavior toward the Dutch
*Beat up his daughter cause he wanted to marry a guy from a lower social standing
-Wrote Sucesos to make up for mistake against the Dutch
-first seven chapters are about political events from first 11 governor-generals
-Relative disregard for Rizal’s footnotes on the Sucesos
-a dated secondary source, when scholars prefer primary sources
-banned in the Philippines in late nineteenth century
-written in Spanish, so only the elite can read, not the masses
*Rizal did not change anything from the Sucesos, only added footnotes
-Rizal was said to be rewriting history
-Rewriting history of country as it contradicts previous Spanish Chronicles
-One of the first to write the history of the FIlipino
-first historical work about Philippines written by a FIlipino
-Filipinos have yet to consider themselves a nation at the time
-past as a tool to understand the present and to confront the future
-Rizal goes to the British Museum to learn more about history
-Goal: to present a new edition to the public

Rizal’s choice of Morga

-Sucesos is a rare book(originally published in Mexico in 1609) as there are less than 30 copies
-Morga was a layman, not a religous chronicler
-focused on the people rather than religous history
-Morga was more trustworthy and objective
-religious figures often talk about their achievements/edify their readers by distorting events
-religious chroniclers had many biased/racist accounts
-Morga was actually more sympathetic to FIlipinos compared to others
-He was a major actor in the events he talks of
-Philippines would have been better off without Spain
-Philippines had thriving culture before Spain

-2 types of annotations
-historical annotations - corrections/amplifications
-anticlerical annotations
-Republicans blamed priests for social ills
-Rizal's own experiences with agrarian disputes with Dominicans
*Rizal had a soft spot for Jesuits, as many leaders of the revolution came from Jesuit schools

Rizal’s Interpretation of History

 -Rizal’s version of Pre-Spanish Philippines has flaws
-to claim so much from so little
-Rizal used much interpolation
1.Pre-Spanish Filipinos had a writing system
-Filipinos had a writing system, but Rizal was wrong when he said there was a lot of literature at the time
-Abundance of oral literature
-Actually preserved by the friars
2.Pre-Spanish Filipinos had advanced knowledge of metallurgy
Ex. Panday Pira was a metal worker, but only Rizal said he was a Cannonmaker
-There were transcriptions that refute Rizal’s claims
-Portuguese taught Filipinos how to make cannons
-Filipinos used metal, but not to the extent Rizal said it was(only small versions called lantakas)
3.Pre-Spanish Filipinos had a ship building system
-no mention of 2,000 ton boats Rizal claimed

Rizal’s Annotations
-Use history and Historical Revision to create Filipino sense of identity/consciousness
-Blumentritt was one of the first to criticize Rizal
-Rizal does not take into account different standards
-Rizal should not blame religion for abuses, but the priests themselves
-Ambiguity between scholarly work and propaganda
-Too historical to be a propaganda, too biased to be a historical work

Rizal’s Scholarship
-Rizal does not take criticism well due over-sensitivity resulting from patriot
-He attacked a journalist, de los Reyes, by claiming that his one source was not enough to Rizal’s many sources
-claimed de los Reyes wanted to “Iloconize” the country
-Rizal input excessive patriotism
-True purpose was to make countrymen think correctly
-use of history due to patriotism
-project correct image of the indio

An Indio viewpoint

Schumacher Rizal in the Context of Nineteenth-Century Philippines

-Rizal’s status only came from his words, but not thoughts that were influenced by socio-political factors of his time
-”veneration without understanding” = no veneration

-Nationalist movement was not possible without economic boom

-growth of export economy meant increasing prosperity to middle and upper classes
-Those in agriculture of rice,sugars,abaca profited most due to growing population needing rice
-Due to increase in land value, there were disputes between friars inquilinos over right to own haciendas
-traditional methods vs more efficient methods

Political Developments
-Colonial policies gave economic prosperity, yet hindered further development

-There was instability in Spain’s government, as it was filled with graft and corruption
-Liberal and Conservative parties incapable of running a nation
-no consistent policies that can solve problems
-Philippines as “dumping ground for party-hangers”
-New government meant new politicians grabbing Filipino money before they were ousted
-Purpose was to make money, not actually govern and develop
-inability to provide basic needs of public works, schools, peace, order
-Guardia Civil abused power
-Modernization was penalized by tax system
-Tariffs forced Filipinos to buy spanish textiles, rather than cheaper British ones
-Reforms were not coming

Cultural Developments
-Emergence of Nationalism came from cultural development that was result of rapid spread of education in 1860
-allowed liberal and progressive ideas to spread to middle and low class

-Jesuits returned in 1859 with new ideas and methods

-Ateneo Municipal, open to Filipinos and Spanish
-Taught multiple languages(Latin, Spanish, Greek, French, English) and Natural Sciences
-*Normal School was also run by Jesuits

-Served as possible hindrance toward Spanish Rule as student from Normal School were hated by many priests
-dangerous to learn Spanish
*Secondary Schools really awoke nationalism
-Rizal credited Ateneo for “opening eyes of intelligence”
-His fifth year was said to “greatly develop patriotic sentiments”
-Teachings of literature, science, philosophy undermined Spanish Colonialism

-Filipinos in Spain is how nationalism really developed

-freedom in Spain , vs slavery in their country
-witnessed Spain’s corruption, meaning Philippines would have to look to themselves for a solution

-Sparked Interest in learning about Filipino history

-German and other European universities taught modern historical method in looking at European and other
countries’ history
-Rizal inspired by Burgos to look back at the past
Religious Developments
-Growth of education was growth of illustrados
-Goal: Filipinos are considered equal to Spain
-antifriar/anticlerical/anti-Catholic beliefs
-Reason:abuses from friars or influence of Spanish anticlericalism
-Friar’s ideas are against modernization
-Religion as a reason for Spanish mainstay
-important need to support friars due to loyalty to Spain, and high influence on Filipinos
-Ordinary Filipinos who stayed in the country viewed friars highly
-led to opposition of Revolution
-Loving Spain and Friars = Heaven

*Burgos’ influence on Rizal

-the reason as to why Rizal contributed to the Revolution
-Burgos’ manifesto defends Filipino secular priests, plus challenges Filipino inferiority
-Burgos’ efforts are clear assertion of equality between Spanish and Filipinos, despite not aiming for separation
-Propaganda movement is heir to the Secularization Movement

Secularization Movement
-Lack of Friars meant trusting churches to Filipino priests until there was enough supply
-Suspicion that the Filipino priests may advocate liberation from Spain

The Modernizers
-Desired new modern developments for the country
-modern legal system
-modern liberties: freedom of press,speech, association, worship
-made up of criollos, Spanish born in Philippines
-Antifriar beliefs
-ended after the outbreak of the Cavite Mutiny, where GomBurZa died, and others escaped to Guam
-came back to fight against Americans
*some stayed in other countries given presence of liberal reforms there and not in philippines
-Government believed that Filipino priests were soul of Philippine Revolution

Main Currents of the Nationalist Movement

1.Reformist
-Most thinking Filipinos and some Spanish
-basic needs weren’t meant be Spanish Government
-some friars also wanted reforms since sometimes they saw injustices from government
-changed when antifriar beliefs were spreading
2. Liberal
-aspirations of Filipino activists
-safeguards of personal liberties
 -”essential component to any progress” -Rizal
-meant being anticlerical(ecclesiastical power may be obstacle to progress)
-main desire: Modernization
-focused mainly on economic reforms, not much so the country
3. Anticlerical
4.Strictly Nationalist
-goal was for an independent Philippines
*Currents can overlap(Some nationalists are liberal)

Dela Costa-Nascent Philippine Nationalism

-Cavite mutiny led to exile of many(some to Hong Kong, some to Spain)
-Those in Spain were free to express their opinions about treatment of Philippines
-liberal persuasion
-writing books, speeches, articles

-Gregorio Sanciano y Goson, a lawyer

-A law for equality amongst Spaniards, yet those from Philippines are discriminated against
-while landowners did not have to pay property tax, they still did
-indios were said to be insolent, yet they were naturally disadvantaged by the colonial system

-Graciano Lopez-Jaena, native of iloilo

-came to Spain to study medicine, yet devoted life to propaganda movement
-Principal organizer for La Solideridad and first editor
- Backwardness of Philippines is because of governments’ repression rather than stimulation
The deplorable situation:
-government blows things out of proportion
-many failed promises
-Clergy taught catechism, not arts, trades, nor Spanish
-Filipinos only had access to lower levels of government
-The solution: give Filipinos access to liberal freedoms(seen above)
-Filipinos should trade with each other
-Natural right to use land how we want

-Marcelo H. Del Pilar,native of bulacan

- Studied law in UST
-conflict with local priests since they were opposed to liberalism
-edited local newspaper in Tagalog and active fund-collector
-Obstacle to progress was Spanish regular clergy
-prevention of liberal reforms
-Only solution was to remove friars altogether peacefully
-open to separation from Spain, if liberal reforms were not possible

-Jose Rizal, native of Laguna

-principle protagonist of the movement
 -got his BA in ADMU, and medical studies in UST and Madrid
-wrote many articles for La Solidaridad + Noli + Fili
-Also believed in government’s repression
-to keep Filipinos ignorant(people eventually found ways to counter:self instruction and travel)
-to keep Filipinos poor(Rich actually wanted peace,since they were most affected by civil-disobedience)
*Riches make men cautious, poor makes radical ideas
-to prevent increase in numbers(they somehow increased anyway)
-by dividing them against themselves(sending filipino troops to other regions meant intermingling)
-change was inevitable, and can be directed
-Filipinos had their own culture before Spain came, so what if they didn't?
-Filipinos abandoned this culture because of Spain
-Filipinos did not yet know nationality, so they never revolted
-Big change came from psychological factors
-Filipinos originally treated as subjects, now as inferiors
-Spanish wounded Filipino’s amor propio(self esteem)
-Nationalism was founded since everybody was affected
-May lead to revolution if Spain sticks to their repressive policies(peaceful to violent)
-Only way for change is separation from Spain
-costs blood and treasure
-destroy relationship between Philippines and Spain, which could have been mutually beneficial
-Filipinos must be equal to Spainiards to be loyal(impossible yet ultimate goal)
-Filipinos are also to blame for their state(we let ourselves be slaves)
-require a lot of self-discipline to be able to have freedom and its responsibilities

-Important Virtues
-economia:max benefit with limited resources
-transigencia: willingness to compromise on what can be adjusted(spirit of give and take)
-democracy: collective agreement to find best course of action

*Rizal overrated Spain's effect on old culture(it was not destroyed that easily)
-Filipinos initially accepted Spanish culture
-Spanish colonial rule led to our discovery of Nationalism

La Solidaridad and Journalism in the Philippines

Introduction
-1868 Revolution started modernization
-1868 -1874 period led to a democratic state
-1868: Decree for Freedom of Press was passed(yet not extended to the Philippines)
-Many newspapers were published in this time
-”The influence of American historical studies and research, and
the scarce level of interest which the Philippines have enjoyed
 in Spain’s historical studies, have resulted in a generalized lack of knowledge regarding publications in the Filipino
. Press during those years, and to an excessive importance given to La Solidaridad”
-La Solideridad has an important role in the Revolution
-minimization of Spain’s reform policies; establishment of Spanish regime policies

Historical Context
-Opening to foreign trade and Capital Investment contained many benefits
-many mixed race families
-indios in the middle/elite class
-some Filipinos able to travel to foreign countries to study(the Illustrados)
-Illustrados learned about equality seen in foreign countries
-dissolution of authority of Spain
-realized Filipino’s unfair treatment by Spain
-Goal: reform for equality
-Illustrados settled in Madrid since Madrid was a political hub

-Advocacies of Illustrados
-Address several concerns:
1.Formal representation in Cortes
2.Significant Reforms
3.Limit power of the Friars
-Implementation: publish newspapers, hold public hearings, establish associations

-Early days
-The Spanish Filipino Circle(1882 - 1883): A Social Club
-Magazine: Revista del Círculo Hispano-Filipino
-did not do enough to expose inequalities
-Spanish-Filipino Association(1888 - )
-featured three sections:
Political, headed by Del Pilar;
Literary, whose editor was Mariano Ponce;
Sports, under Tomás Arejola
-Advocacy supported by Spanish Republican Press from Barcelona and Madrid
-Filipino representatives in Cortes was actively discussed and supported

Press in the Philippines in the days of Rizal

-Strict Censorship at the time to control populace (Reglamento de Asuntos de Imprenta (1857-1890)
-100 different publications about mostly liberal/conservative political parties
-Gullon Law: Flexibility toward application of Press Regulations
-By 1896, Filipinos were very aware of the political scene
*Overvalue of La Solidaridad in contributions to criticism
- 2 types: Philippines should have Cortes Representation(+), Philippines should not have Cortes Representation(-)
1.Diariong Tagalog, first published in Manila in 1882
-influential on Rizal and La Solidaridad
 -first bilingual Spanish-Filipino newspaper
-Director: Francisco Calvo y Muñoz
-Filipino and Spanish ideals brought together
2. La Opinion(1887 - )
-Director: Carlos Penaranda, Civil Director: Benigno Quiroga
-originally mostly news oriented than political , more literary than news oriented
-Eventually Quiroga added sections about political opinions, religious orders, brief news items,etc
-Caused public scandals due to slowly expanding to politics
-contained both Spanish and Filipino aspects
-first to speak out against friars and become first political daily
-Ended when Retana and Camilo Millan spread Anti-Filipino content into La Opinion, which lost subscribers

3.La Espana Oriental

-Founders: Manuel Scheidnagel then Juan Atayde, Chief Editor: Wenceslao Retana
-avoid politics, instead originally spread Spanish propaganda
-Director: Jose Maria Perez Rubio
-criticized religious orders and how they educate
-turned the daily from pro-Spain to pro-Filipino

4. La Voz de Espana
-mainly reactionary papers
-strongly opposed to Filipino representation in the Cortes

5.El Ilocano
-Director: Isabelo de los Reyes
-conspirator, progressive, defender of political rights
-First truly Filipino newspaper
-bilingual(Spanish and Illocano)
-a clear desire for equal rights
-criticisms of press censorship

6.El Resumen
-appeared one year after La Solidaridad
-nationalist agenda
-Founders: Pascual Poblete and Baldomero Hanzanas
-articles were all anonymous editorials under the name Juan Tatoo
-content about varying Filipino issues
-Ideology: for Philippines to be part of Spain, for the sake of equal rights
La Solidaridad(1888 - 1895)

-President : Galicano Apacible

-Vice President: Lopez-Jaena
-Manuel Santa Maria as Secretary
-Ponce as Treasurer
-Jose M. Panganiban as Auditor
-Rizal as President Ad Honorem
-Director of Newspaper: Lopez Jaena then Marcelo Del Pillar
-Based in Barcelona, then Madrid since thats where the Hispano-Filipina Association was
- May have been directed toward a Spanish Audience
-Not so different from other Spanish publications
-fiercely criticized the power held by clergies
-2 Stages
1.1889-1890 | Period of Rizal’s Contributions
-First Article: Written by Lopez-Jaena and Del Pillar about how the existing system made by friars does not work for tea
Spanish
-Rizal’s first article “Los Viajes”:critique of Spanish Government
-Modern Societies came from traveling while young
-older societies will be replaced by a younger one containing the knowledge of the old
-Spain is one of those “older societies”
-Rizal’s “La verdad para todos” (Truth for all)
-plea to those who defend racism and the friar’s power
-friars only intend to keep indios ignorant
-Filipinos need equal rights to keep serving and loving Spain
-Rizal’s Excmo
-critique to Vincente Barrantes’ anti-Filipino Claims
-Filipinas dentro de cien años (“The Philippines in a Hundred Years’ Time”)
-warning to Spanish government that Filipinoes will eventually separate from Spain if theres no reforms
-Spanish Government should implement reforms Filipinos need(i.e. Equal rights)
-Gregorio Sanciano’s “La indolencia del indio”
-denouncing Spain for racism against indios(indios as lazy, dumb, and stupid)
-Rizal: indolence comes from lack of stimulus and vitality
-A change in the system would give reason for people to work(implementation of liberty, education,etc.)
-Filipinas en el Congreso
-plead for freedom of Press + gratitude to Francicso Munoz for submitting a request for Cortes representation
2. 1891 - 1895 | End Times
-Tensions between Del Pillar, Lopez-Jaena,Rizal
-Rizal refused to attend a banquet, which Del Pillar was not pleased with
-Del Pillar and Rizal both wished to lead both the Colony and Newspaper
-Rizal wished to formally unite the colony and make a formal leader, which Del Pillar disagreed with
-Rizal leaves after this due to deep resentment
-each wanted to be their own leaders, leading them to different paths
-Lopez-Jaena leaves in 1893 since he was a major contributor to other publications
-Lopez-Jaena: members of La-Solidaridad dont know how to sacrifice themselves
-Publication of La Política de España en Filipinas to undermine La Solidaridad
-Director: Pablo Feced
-combat against anti-Spanish beliefs in Filipino Colony
-Belief that Spanish Government was in the process of assimilating Filipinos
-Last Article:Cronica
-”Faced with the obstacles which reactionary persecution has recently placed against the free circulation
this magazine in the Philippines we have reached a point where we must temporarily cease publication.”

Histo online session 16/03/2024

Marcelo Del Pillar
 -argued to have bigger impact on Filipinos as he wrote to the masses in Filipino
-ideas could be easily understood by many(ideas can be physically seen within society)
-Rizal mostly wrote in Spanish, which was only understood by elite, not commoners
-The idea that knowledge can only be spread explicitly and directly
-Ignores the fact that knowledge can be spread indirectly through conduits
-Rizals ideas got translated into a more understandable format

The Luna Brothers(Antonio and Juan)

Juan Luna
-painter by profession, also a writer for La Solideridad
-Joined a prestigious painting tournament that allowed almost any entrant to join(amateur painters,
etc.) with F.R. Hidalgo
-both were underdogs as the tournament stacked with the best of painters + style of painting needed
was western style(Europeans are favored)
-Luna won first place, Hidalgo won second, an a European won third
-them winning the tournament shattered the notion that we are inferior to the Europeans
-1st place: Spolarium: a room beneath the coliseum filled with the dead/dying bodies of
gladiators
-2nd Christian virgins shown to the masses: slave market

*Rizal gave a speech at Luna and Hidalgo’s celebration party, which highlights how if we were given
equality with spaniards, we could do great things together

Histo Online 20/04/2024

Argument against Constantino’s claim that Rizal is America Sponsored
-Does not reveal the whole truth:sin of omission
-Rizal usually appointed a club/org president/officer/leader as a new member
-not a “nobody” as Constantino claimed
-President of the Spanish Filipino Association
-President of the La Solidaridad
-Founded the La Liga Filipina
-Andres Bonifacio sent his best spy, Pio Valenzuela(a doctor), to infiltrate Dapitan to seek advice from Riizal
-went as a patient, as the governor general allowed Rizal to have a clinic
-Rizal refused invitation of recruitment nor giving his blessing
-Bonifacio held a meeting about it, and elected Rizal named him honorary president
-used has a password for secret meetings
-Emilio Aguinaldo’s first proclamation was to make December 30 Rizal day in 1898, years before America
made pro-Rizal laws in 1902
-The same proclamation ordered the hoisting of the Filipino flag at half mast and the closing of all
offices of government for the whole day.
 -information was withheld by Constantino because it ruins his first argument
-his readers are the ordinary people who won't fact check given his reputation as one of the
best
Constantino’s second argument: Rizal rejected the revolution
*Marxists view the world as: you are a friend or foe
-to them, they dislike Rizal since they say he was just a normal Reformer and Pacifist,but not
Revolutionary
-Revolution means violence and war
-Not everybody sees the world like a Marxist; no definite definitions for everything, even for Revolution
-A Peaceful Revolution can happen
-Rizal was in fact a revolutionary because if one CAREFULLY READS his writings, it is evident that he
believed in the inevitability of Philippine separation from Spain.
-Marxists focused on public pronouncements, this does not reveal everything
-The reason why nationalist historians are unable to see this is because of their “failure to distinguish
between what Rizal (and other Filipinos who shared his ideas) were able to say PUBLICLY and what they felt
PRIVATELY”.

Celarent_The Noli and Fili

-Fiction and Biography as a form of social analysis
-both focus on an individual in a local world
-used as political intervention
-hides the special forces and connections that individuals don't have
-able to present reality/provide experience and insight
-one cannot check for viability and correctness
-Scientific social analysis can find what the individual cannot
-social categories, or social groups, or even social properties
-social process happens from experiences(found in the individual), not in abstractions

Rizal’s Origin
-born in 1872 from Calamba Laguna
-Rizal = alternate old family name
-Spanish, Chinese, Philippine, Japanese roots
-Family was of high status
-grandfathers had local government positions
-father was planter and tenant farmer for Dominicans
-Rizal’s mother was imprisoned, and eventually lost house and land
-First degree:Manila’s Jesuit School
-Studied medicine and writing in UST(Advisor: Antonio Rivera)
-Went to Europe(Madrid) at behest of Rivera and brother
-began writing Noli, expatriate political groups
-Came back to his book causing a craze
-assigned a bodyguard to know more about him
-vigorous protests from attacked groups
 -new stage of land lawsuit
-Rizal left after a year
-wrote Sucesos
-Began writing Fili
-went to Barcelona to spread propaganda
-studied in Paris, which racialized political beliefs
-Rizal came back in 1891
-family was exiled to Hong Kong
-negotiated with British for Philippine colonies in Borneo
-Rizal gets sent to Dapitan
-established a clinic
-KKK was made because some were inspired by Rizal
-offered to assist in Cuban-Spanish war
-died in december since authorities thought he was part of KKK

Rizal’s Impact
-”Tagalog Christ”
-invaluable to new generation
-used by Americans to pacify country
-People do not forget their differences because of the facts they
read, but rather read their differences into those facts themselves.

Noli Me Tangere
-Ibarra as Rizal’s Self Insert(Philippines from Illustrados POV)
-tween gothicism, didacticism, parody, allegory, and—occasionally—straight narration.
-Biblical allusions and local references

El Filibusterismo
-more consistent tone(gothic and parody)
-new focus on students dissatisfaction in new system(what Ibarra wants)

Rizal’s Social Analysis

-nearly half the chapters are to describe Philippine society
-both novels are allegories of social life
-main characters are representations for social positions
-not much character analysis/context
-only students(from El Fili) are most realistic
-women represent different parts of society
-elite women are distinct, whilst poor are all uniformly noble and oppressed
-different types of characters
-faintly or overtly ridiculous in some way(they are shown from male POV)
-creation of stock characters(purpose is to contradict Ibarra’s view of Philippines)
-Don Anatasio(philosopher)
-Elias(prophet and revolutionary)
 -evil clerics
-systematic conspirators and oppressors
-ethnographic social analysis
-chapters talking about culture(festivals, processions, meetings)
-negatives ceremonies:arrests, conspiracies, meetings(done by priests, civil guard)
-Novels are intense positioned
-explicit representations of how Rizal immediate perceptions
-They are thus doubly ethnographic—first in their own would-be ethnography of the Philippines
of their day and second in their exposition of that ethnography from a particular point of view.
-Commercial agriculture
-history is experienced in a particular time/place
-most important force:organized religion
-economies of salvation
-friars are corrupt, evil
-Ibarra believes in faith, Simoun does not
-Noli:Christlike Ibarra
-El Fili: God’s justice and consequences of not believing
Veneration without Understanding
-Rizal and the Revolution
-Refuses to align himself with the revolution
-Revolution was wrong, but we cant stop, or Rizal was wrong yet we cant disown him
-Rizal is “traitor-like” for his refusal, yet he is the national hero
-we only have surface knowledge of Rizal
-Present has been distorted by faulty knowledge of the Past
-unraveling the past means confronting the present as a future
-disregard of some heroes
-revision of our understanding of History and role of the individual
-history has a succession of exploits of eminent personalities

-American-Sponsored Hero
-favored a hero who would not go against American policy
-He was dead before American occupation(no anti-american quotations)
-Symbol of Spanish occupation(remove attention from new American occupants)
-Rizal was a middle class(Americans cultivating this class for leadership)
-Presence of “Rizal Cult”
-Rizal has attributes to obtain immortality
-downplay of his weaknesses
-Minimizing other important figures to elevate Rizal
-Aguinaldo:too militant
-Bonifacio:too radical
-Mabini:unregenerate
-Gov William Taft suggests we need a National Hero
-Act 137 - Naming of Rizal province for the “most illustrious Filipino”
-Act 243 - erection of Rizal monument
 -Act 345 - Rizal Day - December 30
-”Cameron Forbes:”American administration has lent every assistance”
-”Rizal never advocated independence nor armed resistance”
-Role of Heroes
-Even if there was no Rizal, others who have risen
-it would only slow down liberation, yet same result achieved
-he is a hero because he was able to see the problems and discern the needs
-consciously articulating unconscious course of events
-he is not a hero because he failed to stop/alter course of events

-Innovation and Change

-Rizal lived in a period of great economic change
-improvement of communications and infrastructure
-Ideological framework
-focus on mestizo culture
-discontent comes from view of a new world of affluence:equality with Spaniards
-initial phases of nationalist consciousness:equality on economic level
-start of anti–clericalism
-Rizal fulfilled function of the illustrado
-voicing his goals of reforms
-equated class interest with people’s welfare
-doing so made him Spanish before Filipino(affection for Spain over revolution)
-Goal: assimilation into Spanish province
-led to the opposite
-development of national consciousness

-Rizal contributed much to growth of national consciousness

-development of nationhood(indio to Filipino)

-Concept of Filipino Nationhood

-Not yet distinguished what is a true Filipino and incipient Filipino
-not aware of what a “Filipino is”
-True Filipino: striving for decolonization and independence
-”Filipino” originally referred to spaniards born in the Philippines
-”indio” refers to native Filipinos, then turned into a badge of honor by Rizal
-they proved their equality with Spainiards in culture and property

-The Limited Filipinos”

-users of the term “Filipino” were limited in education and in property
-for those who spoke in the name of the people, but were not of the people
-must go through decolonization to become a true Filipino
 -Rizal was disconnected from Filipinos since he was an illustrado
-underestimated the talents of the working class
-freedom is to be deserved, liberty is not independence
-people need education before independence
-liberty = rich people prospering
-Rizal wanted us to wait for when Spain would abandon us
-one must realize people have a right to be free
-potential comes from ourselves, people are educated in the learning process

-Precursors of Mendicancy(begging)
-the propagandists chose Spain as the battleground rather than helping the people
-education as a right to speak for the people, elitist leadership
-illustrados were part of Hizpanized part of the country

-Ilustrados and Indios

-the KKK was the people's movement based on the people’s confidence and will
-their contribution was ideas for the people to use as weapons
-Rizal as a consciousness that did not have a movement

Blind Adoration
-hero worship is historical and critical
-to not be critical is distorting the meaning of a hero's life and encourage cult-like beliefs
-Rizal as an evolving personality in an evolving historical period

Limitations of Rizal
-Rizal’s ideas only apply to his time
-some of his criticisms apply to modern life, but only carry-overs of his time
Schumacher_The Noli Me Tangere as Catalyst of Revolution
-Noli meant Rizal advocating for Revolution since Spain gave us no choice
-Noli is the first step toward revolution
-Rizal lost hope in 1886
-Failure to distinct what he felt privately and publicly
-failure to see Noil within context of his personal correspondence
-Failure to see as part of a plan
-Noli and Susecos and El Fili as direction for Philippines to take for independance
-Rizal was seen as reformist, not revolutionary(an attempt to falsify Rizal’s insight)
-Amado Guerrero : Rizal failed to state need for revolution
-Renato Constantino: Rizal was delimited by class position; he was reformist to the end
-Retana: denied Rizal was a enemy of Spain
-Taft and Forbes: Rizal urged reform from within(publicity, public education, appeal to public conscience)

Noli as Charter of Nationalism

-Spain’s memory would remain forever -Rizal(in a speech praising Juan Luna and F.R. Hidalgo)
-what can Spain do toward an ununified country
 -separation is possible, not inevitable
-Rizal starts to write Noli
-he must write for his countrymen
-”I must wake from its slumber the spirit of my country” -Rizal
-to show them an example of how to fight against Spain?
-inspire writers to present the cause to Europe
-seeks reforms from Filipinos, not Spaniards
-calls on Filipinos to appreciate the country, to gain self-confidence, to assert equality
-make aware of even Filipino failures + Spanish abuses
-Ideal is to have peaceful reforms, but it is a dream
-”it will never come…Spain will never learn from her earlier colonies”
-”Spain can still win the Philippines, if only Spain was more reasonable”
-Noli is not meant to glorify Philippines
-sound nationalism is based on analysis and understanding of situation

Noli and Fili: Action with Vision

-Noli was not meant to stand alone
-Noli was meant to open up the possibility by making people aware, Susecos was made for people to
judge the present with knowledge of the past
*Rizal initially wanted a historical book, decided to write an analysis instead
-El Fili was meant to chart the course for the Future
-Simoun’s solution:armed violence
-Rizal’s rejected solution
-Ibarra opted for violence, but Elias(the revolutionary) told him to pursue peace
-The people were not ready for revolution
-Ibarra’s Ideal as Simoun: stimulating injustice whilst encouraging violent uprising
-Failed because God would not let him use hate to end hate
-Padre Florentino: nonviolent resistance
-the only way to follow
-the vision Rizal trusts people to follow
-”hate only creates monsters, only love can work wonders”
-freedom wont come from violence
-Filipinos must actively endure to resist evil
-“When people rise to this height, God provides the weapon, and the idols fall”
-”Our misfortunes are our own fault… if Spain were to see us less tolerant of tyranny,
Spain would be the first to give us freedom”
-”whoever submits to tyranny, love its”
-armed revolution will lead to more bloodshed
-goal is for people willing to shed blood for country and freedom, not shedding blood of
others

Rizal: Reformist or Revolutionary

-Rizal’s idea of revolution relevant today
-EDSA revolution
 -Rizal’s ideas were not said to be practical
-Marcelo Del Pilar's critique toward Rizal
-Rizal stressed how ideas put in writing must be put in action
-”The help we can give them is our lives in our country”
-”The field of battle is in the Philippines”
-Rizal starts La Liga to deserve freedom for Philippines
-the call for national unity, economic and educational reforms, taking freedom for ourselves
-when Filipinos are united, tyrants will fall
Conclusion
-Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan led to 2 factions
-those still in support of the peaceful vision
-KKK
-Rizal advocated for the long preparation
-Rizal refused to take part in Bonifacio’s revolution
-Goal:create a nation of Filipinos conscious of their dignity and ready to sacrifice themselves for it

Fast & Richardson_Roots of Dependency Chapter 9 - The Katipuneros _ Revolutionary Leadership in City
and Province
-KKK was viewed lowly
-”organized by most ignorant element of people” -Felipe Calderon
-a reaction against illustrado gradualism and prevarication
-made up of plebians; non-rich unskilled workers
-KKK was more connected to the people
-middle class was obstacle to Spain, yet they cared too much about their own position to make actual impact
to colonial rule
-they did not truly understand the aspirations of the common people;amassed the hatred of the masses
-learned men got nothing from discussions, that's why learned men were not in KKK - Isabelo de los Reyes

-KKK is “socialistic”
-Goal: communistic republic(Isabelo de los Reyes)
-”resentment against the wealthy” - James LeRoy
-Agoncillo: goal was to overthrow the existing social order
-agrarian reform to destroy cacique power to establish economic democracy
-People’s view of KKK is distorted
-class and ideology are related yet distinct; composition and purpose are separate
-the “mass character” of the KKK does not mean socialist nature

-Andres Bonifacio was said to be ignorant and illiterate

-his father was teniente mayor
-studied with private tutors
-gifted calligraphist
-worked at a young age(Fressel and Co, Fleming at Co)
-married daughter of gobernadorcillio(Gregoria de Jesus)
-He was a freemason
-the masons were mostly the educated \
-Bonifacio was a founding member of La Liga
-Agoncillio: La Liga undermines common people, and personifies middle class
-he held a position closer to middle class than working class

-Katipunan’s composition
-Katipunan’s Triangle: Teodoro Plata(Binondo court clerk) and Ladislao Diwa(Quiapo court clerk)
-officers got into prominent positions in society
-Bonifacio and Javier - learned complexities of foreign trade
-Plata and Diwa(court clerks). Arenallo and Basa(military officers) - learned about colonial
administration
-Provincial members - members of principalia(leaders of a town)
-First elected president: Deodato Arenallo
-council secretary for La Liga and Spanish Clerk
-Second President: Roman Basa(for 2 years)
-improvement of recruitment
-designed “councils” as branches
*Santa Cruz council head Restituto Javier
-Secretary of Katipunan Supreme Council: Jose Santiago(brother of Javier)
-Supreme Council Officers
1.Pio Valenzuela
2.Emilio Jacinto - fiscal and physician
-4th year medical student
-the closest of all Bonifacio’s associates and leading publicist+theoretician

-Form of government at the time

1.Cabeza de barangay
-link between the government and the people
-primary function is tax collection(through sedula) and community labour
2.Gobernadorcillo
-supervisor of cabezas
-peace and judicial order
-maintenance
-religion
-had assistants to help
Ex. teniente mayores: head of police, livestock, properties
-Magdalo Council
Emilio Aguinaldo
-president of insurrection
-father was a brilliant lawyer
-landowner and gobernadorcillo several times
-principale at 17
Candido Tirona - Minister of War and Aguinaldo’s successor
 Santiago Dano
Vito Belarmino - similar background to Aguinaldo
Mariano Alvarez - Magdiwang president, school teacher by profession

JOSÉ RIZAL: Sa Landas ng Paglaya

Intro
-Aguinaldo and Americans establish Rizal as a hero
-Rizal day(december 30) + monuments
-Rizal is the Noli and El Fili

-Rizal and his brother Pasciano

-one of Rizal’s inspirations
-strong unexpressed bond
-Gomburza forced Pasiano out of law school
-he was close with the “traitor” Jose Burgos, forcing him to uplift
-a farmer and financial provider and general for revolution

-Rizal received letters about Filipino youth in Mardrid

-mostly made of gamblers
-”how will the Spanish respect us if we do not respect ourselves”
-Rizal acquires liberalistic ideologies
-a person has rights to be enjoyed
-filipinos did not have those rights
-antagonist: Friars
-liberalism does not like authority
-revolution wont succeed if motivated by personal interest
-violent revolution fails in El Fili
-we must all have a united self purpose

-Brindis of 1884
-praised Spain for allowing Juan Luna and F.R. Hidalgo to shine
-the idea that 2 countries can join together
-his family ended up getting negatively affected by his speech due to authorities

Calamba Hacienda Case

-Dominicans raised the rent of farmland
-Rizal believed they did not own all the land, so dont pay
-led to destruction of homes

Rizal in Hong Kong

-his family did not want him back in the Philippines due to safety
-Rizal’s happiest months
-Rizal believed the battle should be fought in the Philippines
Rizal goes back
-established La Liga
-Goals
1.United citizens as one nation
2. Establish cooperation and protect each other
-Bonifacio started KKK since he believed there was no other option after the end of La Liga

Rizal in Dapitan
-spent 4 years
-built a school teaching for free
-free medical services
-other things can help improve society, other than political
-eventually sent to Cuba as a medic, but was then jailed due to supposed connections with KKK

KKK and the Revolution part 1

-KKK in a dire situation, they got found out
-Get arrested or start a war while unprepared
-Cry of Balintawak - Tear sedulas(resident’s certificate to pay taxes)
-motivation to participate in revolution(there's no turning back)
-First battle at Polvorin
-Polvorin - gunpowder bodega with weapons
-90% of filipinos only had close range weaponry, whilst the outnumbered Spainiards had a lot of ammo
-Filipinos retreated as Spainiards called reinforcements after heavy losses to the Montalban mountains
-Bonifacio was heavy wounded(shot in the neck), but was saved by Emilio Jacinto
-battles in urban areas were lost, but in rural areas were won

-Bonifacio did not win battles

-lost fights he was involved with
-deceptive claims since they did not look at the quality and location of battles
-Spanish soldiers concentrated in urban areas, KKK was outgunned and outnumbered
-Spanish soldiers in rural areas were smaller in quality and numbers
-don't judge based on win loss ratio, it depends on context
-Filipinos need to prolong the war
-Spain was fighting the Filipinos and Cubans revolution
-Tragedy of Revolution - Cavite
-one of the more successful campaigns
-2 chapters
1.Magdiwang - Headed by Alvarez family(Mariano and Santiago)
2.Magdalo - headed by Aguinaldo family(Emilio)
-2 chapters dont like each other(Cavite could easily fall)
-factions need to set aside differences
 -Bonifacio would settle a truce between factions
-all politics are local(despite being Supremo, his power does not extend to everywhere)
-factions were to meet in Tejeros(a neutral ground)
-there was actually a fiesta for an election
-structure of KKK was not efficient
-there was an election for a new leader
-Bonifacio participated in the election, only if the elected leader would be respected
-Aguinaldo won the election(although he wasnt actually there)
-local people voted for local, not outsiders
-Bonifacio got position of secretary of interior
-Daniel Tirona starts a commotion
-Daniel Tirona says Bonifacio was too dumb for secretary
-nobody stopped him
-ran out after Bonifacio tried to kill him, hid behind a group of women to protect himself from Bonifacio
-As a result of the incident, Bonifacio tries to make the election null and void
-he lost his power when he participated in election
-those loyal to Bonifacio maintain Bonifacios power
-Filipinos now fighting with each other
-Bonifacio held his own election in Naic to counteract what happened in Tejeros(he won)
-2 governments: Aguinaldo’s and Bonifacio’s
-Bonifacio and brother captured by new Philippine government
-Aguinaldo’s attempt to keep his power
-Bonifacio and his brother were found guilty of treason and executed them in Maragondon
-Aguinaldo’s defense in his memoir
-Yes he signed the execution paper, but allegedly changed his mind into life imprisonment and
-new order was not reached in time

KKK and the Revolution part 2

-Spain got 10,000 new troops
-Spain can hold onto rural and urban areas
-Jose Lachambre, one of Spain’s best, was sent
-Plan was to attack Imus, Cavite

-Aguinaldo is to be tested
-now to fight armies the same as his for the first time
-lost the battle of Cavite(less than 1000 escaped)
-escaped and hid in Biak na Bato

-Pedro Paterno
-member of propaganda movement and contemporary of Rizal
-went to Spain’s side when the Philippines was losing
-Planned to get Aguinaldo to surrender with his influence
-Spain needed a way to end the war as soon as possible
-become considered a Spanish nobleman(Prince of Luzon) and get paid
-Truce of Biak na Bato
-Aguinaldo will surrender and exile to Hong Kong(the Hong Kong Junta)
-800,000 pesos will be paid in installments
-War indemnity(payment) of 900,000 pesos for civilians
-2 spanish generals and gov-general’s nephew were hostages for insurance
-Not a good decision in the long term
-KKK forces were still out there and winning
-80-100K was paid for Hong Kong Junta, 900K for civilians not paid
-the money that was paid to Hong Kong Junta was split between members
-hostages were let go

I got my driver's license last week, Just like we always talked about, 'Cause you were so excited for me, To finally drive up to
your house, But today I drove through the suburbs,
Crying 'cause you weren't around, And you're probably with that blonde girl, Who always made me doubt, She's so much
older than me, She's everything I'm insecure about
Yeah, today I drove through the suburbs, 'Cause how could I ever love someone else?, And I know we weren't perfect but I've
never felt this way for no one,
And I just can't imagine how you could be so okay now that I'm gone, Guess you didn't mean what you wrote in that song
about me,
'Cause you said forever, now I drive alone past your street, And all my friends are tired, Of hearing how much I miss you, but, I
kinda feel sorry for them
'Cause they'll never know you the way that I do, yeah, Today I drove through the suburbs, And pictured I was driving home to
you, And I know we weren't perfect
But I've never felt this way for no one, oh, And I just can't imagine how you could be so okay, now that I'm gone, I guess you
didn't mean what you wrote in that song about me
'Cause you said forever, now I drive alone past your street, Red lights, stop signs, I still see your face in the white cars, front
yards, Can't drive past the places we used to go to
'Cause I still fuckin' love you, babe (ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh), Sidewalks we crossed, I still hear your voice in the traffic, we're
laughing, Over all the noise,
God, I'm so blue, know we're through, But I still fuckin' love you, babe (ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh), I know we weren't perfect but I've
never felt this way for no one,
And I just can't imagine how you could be so okay, now that I'm gone, 'Cause you didn't mean what you wrote in that song
about me
'Cause you said forever, now I drive alone past your street, Yeah, you said forever, now I drive alone past your street