Quadratic Function

 A second-degree polynomial
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝑜𝑟 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎

1 2
 Function that involve squaring like the equations 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 ,𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1,
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 , and 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 +1

 Has a U – shaped graph called parabola.

 Example
𝑥2 − 2 = 0 The equation
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 2 The function

Table of Values

𝑥 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒚 𝟕 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟕
 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
The solutions or roots of the -2
equation 𝑥 2 − 2 = 0 are the -3
-4 Thus, the roots are 𝑥 = −1.4
x-coordinates of the points of and 𝑥 = 1.4.
-5
intersection of the graph of
-6
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 and the x-axis.
-7

𝑥 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒚 𝟕 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟕
Example
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0 𝑥 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
𝒚 𝟗 𝟒 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒 𝟗
𝑦= 𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 4
10
9
8
7
6
The root of the equation or the 5

zero of the quadratic function 4

3
is 2 (the zero is repeated). 2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
 𝑥 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
Example 𝒚 𝟏𝟖 𝟗 𝟒 𝟑 𝟔 𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟒

2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 24

22
𝑦= 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4
20

18

16

14
There is no real 12
number that makes 10

2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 0. 8

Hence, the quadratic 6

function has no real 4

2
zeros.
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
 Graph of Quadratic Function

A parabola has a
The graph of a
line of symmetry. This
quadratic function
means that part of
is called parabola.
the parabola on one
side of the line is a
reflection of the part
on the other side. Vertex (maximum point)

Vertex (minimum point)

The point where the 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2
line of symmetry
crosses the parabola
is called the vertex. Axis of symmetry
 Graph of Quadratic Function

Line of symmetry: 𝑥 = 0 Line of symmetry: 𝑥 = ℎ

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘
𝑘
vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘)

ℎ
vertex: (0,0)

The quadratic function:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘, 𝑎 ≠ 0
is written in the vertex form.
If 𝑎 > 0, the parabola opens upward;
If 𝑎 < 0, the parabola opens downward.
 Example “Effect of k in the Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘”
10
𝑦= 𝑥2 −7 (ℎ = 0, 𝑘 = −7) 9
8
7
𝑥 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝑦 = 𝑥2
6
5
𝒚 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟔 −𝟕 −𝟔 −𝟑 𝟐 4
3
𝑦 = 𝑥2 (ℎ = 0, 𝑘 = 0) 2
1

𝑥 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
𝒚 𝟗 𝟒 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒 𝟗 -3
-4 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 7
-5

The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 7 is -6
-7
-8
translated 7 units downward. -9
 Example “Effect of h and k in the Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘”

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 +2 (ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = 2) 13
12
11
𝑥 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 10
𝒚 𝟏𝟏 𝟔 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟏𝟏 9
8
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +2 7
𝑦= 𝑥2 +2 (ℎ = 0, 𝑘 = 2) 6
5
𝑥 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 4 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 +2
3
2
𝒚 𝟏𝟏 𝟔 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟏𝟏 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
The value of h in 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 +2 -2
-3
is 3. Hence, its graph is translated -4
-5
3 units to the right of the graph of -6
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2.