University for Business and Technology in Kosovo

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UBT International Conference 2023 UBT International Conference

Oct 28th, 8:00 AM - Oct 29th, 6:00 PM

Creating a Block-Diagram System for Continuous and Discrete-

Time Signals
Vehebi Sofiu
University for Business and Technology, [email protected]

Gresa Shala

Faton Kabashi
University for Business and Technology, [email protected]

Lamir Shkurti
University for Business and Technology - UBT, [email protected]

Mirlinda Selimaj
University for Business and Technology - UBT, [email protected]

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Recommended Citation
Sofiu, Vehebi; Shala, Gresa; Kabashi, Faton; Shkurti, Lamir; and Selimaj, Mirlinda, "Creating a Block-
Diagram System for Continuous and Discrete-Time Signals" (2023). UBT International Conference. 33.
https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference/IC/CS/33

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 1

Creating a Block-
Diagram System for
Continuous and
Discrete-Time Signals

Vehebi Sofiu1, Gresa Shala1, Faton Kabashi1, Lamir Shkurti1,

Mirlinda Selimaj1.
1
UBT- Higher Education Institution,
Kalabria 65, 10000, Prishtinë, Kosovë.

Abstract: Understanding and analyzing the behavior of systems is essential for

designing engineering solutions for efficient and reliable signals. Concise
mathematical descriptions of linear time-invariant systems that provide powerful
techniques for system modeling, prototyping, analysis, and simulation. This
paper delves into the study of transform system function algebra, analytical
representations of block diagrams for continuous-time signals through practical
differentiators. Modeling algebra consists of blocks that represent different parts
of a system and signaling lines that define the relationships between the blocks.
Block diagrams are used in electronic fields such as feedback, communication
and signal control theory. Realization of practical signal systems is functionalized
with: integrators, differentiators, adders and algorithmic multipliers as basic
elements used to build the block diagram. The realization of a continuous-time
system means the representations of the verbal description in the innovative
practices of the representations of the differential equations with the sampling
theorem corresponding to the function of Laplace and Z-Transforms as a
simulating connection of the signal. Graphical simulation for static and dynamic
systems where the block diagram is represented by other product functions
complicates the system over time since the signal inputs are not in step with the
time space based on the model configuration and problem solving algorithms.
The degree of convolution in this research shows that the signal is implied by the
algebraic scaling operations of the properties of the Fourier transforms from
which the operational simulation manipulations are performed using the
MATLAB platform.

Keywords: Block Diagram, Mathematical Modulation, Signal, Transformations,

Configurations.
 2
1. Introduction
New representations of developmental technologies are valuable because they
generate different functions with new thoughts and provide assurance in
professional engineering with patterns of matrix interaction [1]. In general, the
adoption of the diagram block identifies components with continuous and discrete
time and describes the communication information between system digitization
and artificial intelligence [2]. Although signals can be represented in many ways,
in all cases, information is contained in a pattern of variations [3]. Signals are
represented mathematically as functions of one or more independent variables.
During communication the signal is represented analytically as the function of
time, and has the representation of a system of intelligent machines which is
represented with the features labeled as oriented models dedicated to spatial
variables [4]. A common convention of the independent variable of the
mathematical representation of a signal as a continuous time and Discrete may not
enter as a specific function by the fact that it does not respond to the set time.
Continuous-time signals are defined along a continuum of sequences from time to
time and are thus represented by a continuous independent variable with
representations of numbers regardless of the process of fidbek concepts [5].
Continuous-time signals are often called analog signals with non-dependent
variables. Discrete-time signals are defined by different discretion where the
independent variable has discrete values; that is, the discrete-time signal has
representations with sequences of numbers [6]. In discrete-time signals there are
certain conditions of sequences with smaller frequencies where their contributions
are entirely equivalent [7]. Independent variables that allow sharing of information
with specific conditions brings a new dynamic of repeating hybrid specifications
either in a continuous or discrete time [8]. Simulation of a modified design
diagram block can completely cover the state space where the signal amplitude
can be continuous or discrete, this completes a topological response in solving
problems by case [9]. Digital signals are those for which time and amplitude are
discrete. Signal processing systems can be classified in the same lines as signals.
Algebraic operators define the semantics of the diagram block with the connection
of systems according to the specifics emanating from the verified algorithmic
control [10]. Continuous-time systems are systems with components also arranged
for inbound and out-of-module synajles. Discrete-time systems are those for which
both inputs and output are discrete-time signals [11]. In a digital system with the
presence of multiple overlapping frequencies it deals with the transformation of
signals that are discrete in both amplitude and time. However, the theory of
discrete-time signals and systems is also extremely useful for digital signals and
systems, if the signal amplitudes are well quantized with basic ferquences of 50
Hz or 60Hz [12]. To create a system for continuous and discrete-time signals, we
can easily use block-diagram elements to present system components and signal
flow such as: Continuous and discrete-time components, connecting blocks, sign
to indicate the flow of signals between different components, the summary points
where signals are added or subtracted, integration and differentiation: with a block
having a "System" inside, Inputs and Output, the input signal with an arrow
pointing towards the system, the output signal with a sign indicates output from
the system [13]. If the system has a transition from the time-continued signal to
the discrete time signal or vice versa we compulsorily use a block to represent the
sample and retention operation [14]. If the system includes discrete-time
components then we will show the clock or the ignition signal.for a system with a
continuous-time sensor, followed by a digital discrete-time filter and a continuous-
time actuator [15]. The block diagram may look like: Copy signal code with
continuous time --> [Sensor] Analog-to-Digital Converter --> [ADC] --> [Digital
filter] --> [DAC] --> [Activizer] --> Continuous time outing. Here, [ADC]
represents the analog-to-digital converter, Digital-to-Analog Converter [DAC]
represents the digital-to-analog converter. The specifics of the system determine
the details of the block-diagram and you can adapt the components and operations
involved in the particular scenario anymore [16].
 3
2. Experimental Methods and materials
The diagram of a system describes the inner approach of a mathematical
connection between information entering the system and information arising from
the same reports [17]. We define an elementary diagram block with a dynamic
system whose samples consist of blocks connected by lines that indicate the
relationship of the blocks of that system [18]. To map out the visualization
approach practically the diagram is shaped by inputs and outputs of figure 1
models.

Figure 1. Block the generating system diagram.

In this diagram, x[n] is the input of the information by which the system block
manipulates and y[n] is the information produced. To unify the general
representation systems is accomplished by a system with H {⋅} function that the
signal is divided into the function. One of the important parameters is the sample
time indicating the speed at which the element block is executed in the signal
simulation [19]. A system divided into two blocks is mathematically defined as a
unique operator or transformation that maps an input signal to an output signal for
both times [20]. This is defined as the approach of a system that means obtaining
information of a continuous time network corresponding to the system transfer
function or to the differential equation y (t) = T[x(t)]. Where x (n) is the input
signal, y (n) is the output signal, T[] is the transformation that characterizes the
behavior of the system [19].
Y (n) = T[x (n)] (1)
or
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑇 𝑦(𝑛) (2)
Where, T is the period of the interaction of the network or the general algorithm
that is applied in time to continue x (n) or excitation to get the output response y
(n). The transfer system can be accomplished by integrating perodoration or in
cases where noise is interfered with at high frequencies is amplified the
differentiator [21]. To change the diagram block in time to continue for a system
used: Integrator, additive and multiplier. The integrator is an element that
integrates the information at the entrance of the system and transfers it to the
function of the ideal integrator at the exit of the system according to figure 2

Figure 2. Transformation of signal in continuous time

Creating a block-diagram for continuous-time signals is a good way to visualize
the structure and flow of such a system by formula (3).
1
𝐻(𝑠) = = 𝑠 −1 (3)
𝑠
Continuous-time signal sources are visualized by a system input sinusoid
even for complex cases where filters, amplifiers, or system components are
represented using different blocks [22]. If the system has many different
components we necessarily use separate blocks for each mathematical operation
[23]. For analytical operations such as multiplication, subtraction, integration, or
differentiation we use appropriate blocks figure 3. We use dedicated blocks or
blocks of collection points for multiplying and collecting signals. Representation
of the output signal of the sitem oriented with an arrow indicates the direction of
the signal flow according to the formula (2). Based on the structure and
components of the particular system we will use graphical software such as Visio,
PowerPoint, or other software to help create algorithmic block-diagram [24].
Digital systems are represented by blocks of different arrow-related elements
which also fulfill the purpose of showing the direction of discrete signal flow:
 4

Figure 3. Block diagram of the Discrete time system

Adder is an element which is used to perform the addition and subtraction of
signals [25].
In electronic access communication are included digital devices and adder
analogues which is the algebraic sum of all variables entering the system.
Graphically, it is represented by a small circle that has at least two entrance
terminals and a dales terminal. Connecting the two block-diagrams in the series
means that the output of one block is connected to the input of the next block. This
is a graphically represented way of showing that a block's output signal was used
as input for the next block. The connection of systems in series mathematically
can be described as in figure 4:

Figure 4. Connecting two block diagrams in series.

Connecting the two block-diagrams in parallel means that the two blocks have a
common input and distribute their outputs at a common point. This is a graphically
represented way of showing that some signals are independent of each other and
emerge from the common point figure 5.

Figure 5. Connecting the diagram block in parallel.

Systems with different element blocks associated with different symbols and
elements also fulfill the direction of signal flow with some common elements such
as: Collecting two signals y(n)=x1(n)+x2(n), Multiplying as the constant fraction
y(n)=ax(n), the time delay element such as excitation of the preliminary element
(n-1) where the patraq is y(n)=x(n-1), the unit advancement element which is
represented y(n)=x(n+1). A reaction relation with elements of the combined unit
in return is described mathematically as in figure 6.

Figure 6. Connecting block diagram with return of unit.

3. Element of unit advancement

The earliest applications of this structured element proves that whatever
mathematical model advances the theoretical model signal in practical application,
that is, the mathematical elements respond to simulated electronic data. Although,
as we can see, this element is not physically feasible unless the response and
harassment are stored or recorded as a form according to figure 7.

Figure 7. Element of excited unit advancement.

Now that we have careful block selection for parameters which should be
simulated numerically according to test procedures with basic elements of
discrete-time systems, now we can optimize the equation with the help of block-
diagram as the equation:
y (n)=y(n-1)+x(n-1)+2x(n) (3)
 5

Figure 8. Block delay diagram at excited times

To optimize the equation with the help of block-diagram, you can use a set of
systems before building the finished block-diagram structure. In this case we have
a discrete-time connection with the static definition where I can use the
information to create the block-diagram. A functional representation of the system
by means of the equation finds applicability in order: The memory block
represents y (n-1), this block is used to keep the last y (n) value in function for the
next cycle. Time Delay Block: Presents x (n-1), because it is a change with a
discrete time period. Multiplication Block: Presents 2x (n). Adding Block:
Representing the entire fair part of the equation y (n) = y (n−1) + x (n−1) + 2x(n).
Without procedure we connect the appropriately created blocks using arrows to
indicate the direction of information generation. To make the block-diagram
clearer and more understandable, we can use a specialized block-diagram creation
software or even a graphics application. In such an environment, you can put the
names of the blocks and use colors and labels to make the diagram more
appropriate.

4. Discussion of Results
Appearances of equations with practically modeled signals have simplified
complex memory cases using arrow blocks and interlocking lines. Function
excitation algorithms simplify workflows, organize processes, or display the
relationship between different systems. Systems consist of one or more inputs and
one or more outputs. Their frames connect the inputs and outputs of different
blocks resulting that the diagram will accurately represent such a system. The
frequency domain approach provides insights into the components present in the
spectral signal by visualizing the winning presentations of the original domain in
the mathematical module system. More equations are essential in various
applications, such as telecommunications signal discretization and information
analysis. Analytical modulation analysis has designed and optimized signal
processing systems, extracting specific components of the varables or eliminating
unwanted approaches. In interpreting modeling findings, we observed that the
dominant components of operations amplify different frequencies in the amplitude
spectrum, providing insight into complex equations. Relations between the fomuli
have created functional connections between practical components that affect
signal behavior and waveform. Time domain representations such as spectrogram
continuites reveal dynamic changes in frequency content over time with analytical
simulation. Efficiency analysis of algorithms contributes to the optimization of
frequency domain analysis. Analysis of the impact and intervention of properties
can improve frequency distortions in time-invariance environments. Expansion of
the analysis can provide an overview of time diagrams in the frequency domain of
complex signals. Processing real-time algorithms based on transformative
equations can address signal processing challenges in new technological
applications. Exploring efficient algorithms, hardware acceleration techniques,
and parallel computing can enable the optimization of signals and and its
simulation with the MATLAB platform. Each block in this paper has created a
subsystem, and the interconnection of different subsystems - through signals -
constitutes the main system. The concept of the system contains the mathematical
operation symbol or the name of the mathematical function that is performed in
the introduction to produce the output. In the block diagram, the signals flow
unilaterally, as shown by the tip of the arrow. Indicating the arrowhead is required
to specify a signal. The intuitive representation of signals in discrete time involves
the return of a sequence of samples to a polynomial. The use of mathematical
operations solves complex equations derived from the discretization of equations
with different components. In these simulation practices we managed to change
the signals in the frequency domain after the application of transformative
 6
analytical methods with frequency comp8onents in the case of impusiv signal.
This analysis is essential in understanding how these analytical equations work
and how they affect the characteristics of the signals.

5. Conclusion
Block-diagram is a mathematical tool used for modulating signals with continuous
and discrete time. Algorithmic modulation of digital signals enables the analysis
of control systems for computation with coplex component. Function
advancement equations allow to transform signals from time domain to frequency
domain, simplifying the analysis and design of digital systems. We have seen some
of the frequency simulations with transformative properties change the cohesion
of linearity and convulsion. Also during the research work was done exploring the
processing of signals with the control systems of equations to create system
stability. Operationalization in the field of signal processing becomes practical
applications of sequences with connection of block diagrams. Difference variable
is a mathematical technique that is used to transform data from discrete-time
continuous-invariance, that is, the continental-time domain into the complex
frequency domain. The main purpose of this paper has greatly emphasized the
approach of complicated functions in operationalizing the functionality of digital
systems. If we compare the communication approach of sinayl transforms with
algorithmic communication, the, a general tool for solving discrete convergence
problems that are also presented for continuous-time signals is presented. This
simulation model is possible with the determination of a suitable operational
domain space (ROC) for dominant algebraic inflections. In particular, the transfer
function of the quantifying functions to an invariant linear discrete time system
(DLTI), along with its divergence region, fully defines the right information search
system. The estimated transfer function in the unit circle in the complex plane is
actually the system frequency response. Discrete time classifications - continued
are also useful for analysis of linear time-invariant systems (LTI), practically
applicable in many areas of information control and processing. This practical
form provides full applicability to the frequency response of a digital system,
which is essential to understanding its behavior and performance. Linear functions
are closely related to the transformation of series which are used to transform
signals in continuous time from time domain to complex frequency domain.
Equations of a discrete-time signal can be obtained real if the signal transformation
is started at a specific point in the functional plane space. The function system is
a powerful tool that uses many engineering fields to analyze systems in continuous
and discrete times. The connection between functional transformation and the
diagram block approach enables us to analyze systems with unified approaches.
As the result of functional mathematics increases we have managed to recover the
periodicity in different areas of frequencies with specific spectra. The
interpretation of findings for the analysis of our work throughout these discussions
of the modeling of analytic simulations of continuous and discrete signals has
worked the part of the recovery of the analytics of algorithms in the fields of
different configurations and frequencies using MATLAB platform simulation. In
numerous signal models with artificial intelligence techniques we have fully
elaborated on the complexity and variations present in real-world signals.
Inclusion of real situations can increase the applicability and generalization of
findings. The simulations are based on practical numbers that are well analyzed
and as such are idealized in the operational system. Realistic modeling of
exploration has improved the validity of mathematical results of different
equations with different frequencies. The choice of simulation parameters or
frequency resolution, has affected the performance of the frequency domain
display and the mathematical equation.
 7
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