Nepalko Itihas

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PsfO M rf/
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs Joj:yf
$=! cfw'lgs Oltxf;M dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts 36gfj|md
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;
 k|frLgsfnM g]kfn k|f/Deb]lv g]kfn ;+jt\ ;'? ;Dd -lj=;+= (#^ ;Dd_ -uf]kfn j+z, clx/ j+z, ls/fFt
j+z / lnR5jL j+z_
 dWosfnM lj=;+= (#^ b]lv !*@% ;Dd g]kfn PsLs/0f ;Dd
 cfw'lgs sfnM lj=;+= !*@% b]lv xfn;Dd
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] cf}krfl/s ?kdf n]vgM c+u|]h Oltxf;sf/ ljlnod ss{ Kofl6«s -;g\ !*^!_
 ljlnod ss{ Kofl6«sn] n]v]sf] k':tssf] gfdM An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf; lz/f]d0fLM afa'/fd cfrfo{
 afa'/fd cfrfo{n] n]v]sf] k':tsM g]kfnsf] ;+lIfKt j[QfGt
 g]kfn zAb pNn]v ePsf] k|yd clen]vM j;Gtb]jsf] l6i6'ª clen]v
 g]kfn zAbsf] k|of]u ;j{k|ydM cyj{j]bdf ePsf]
 g]kfn pkTosfnfO{ a;f]af;o'Qm agfpg] JolQmM d~h'>L, rLg
 g]kfn cfpg] a'4M ljkZjL, lzvL, ljZjDe', d~h'>L, j|ms'R5Gb
 g]kfn ;Djt\sf] ;'?jft /f3jb]jsf] kfnfdf ePsf] -lj=;+= @)^%.&.* ut] dfGotf kfPsf]_
g]kfnnfO{ s'g o'udf s] elgGYof] <
 ;Too'uM ;TojtL
 q]tfo'uM tkf]jg
 åfk/o'uM d'lQm;f]kfg
 slno'uM g]kfn

g]kfnsf ljleGg j+zfjnLx?


j+zfjnL k|yd /fhf clGtd /fhf
uf]kfnj+z e'Qmdfg÷wdf{s/ oIf u'Kt
;"o{ j+z e'dL jdf{ ljho sfdb]j
7s'/Lj+z efis/b]j z+s/b]j
sgf{6 j+z gfGo b]j xl/l;+x b]j
cfle/j+z j/l;+x e'jgl;+x
ls/fFtj+z onDa/ u:tL
;f]dj+z lgldif efis/ jdf{
lnR5jLj+z hob]j k|yd hosfdb]j
dNnj+z cl/b]j dNNf hok|sfz dNn
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |89
uf]kfn j+z -ufO{kfns_
 klxnf] /fhfM e'Qmdfg -lxGb" wd{_ / wdf{s/ -af}4 wd{ cg';f/_
 g] d'lgn] e'Qmdfg -e"ldu'Kt_ nfO{ /fhf agfPsf
 clGtd /fhfM oIf u'Kt -hLg u'Kt_
 Oltxf;sf/ /fO6sf cg';f/ * hgf /fhfn] %@! jif{ zf;g u/]sf
 uf]kfn j+zsf] zf;g s]Gb|M dftftLy{
 uf]kfn j+zsf] kfnfdf kz'kltdf Hof]lt{lnª\u k|fKt ePsf]
 uf]kfn/fh j+zfjnL hol:ylt dNnsf kfnfdf tof/ ul/Psf]
 clGtd uf]kfnj+zL /fhf oIfu'Kt lgM;Gtfg ePsfn] zf;g ;Qf cle/j+zL -dlxifkfn j+z_ df k'u]sf]
 o;a]nf g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgf k"j{df b'wsf]zL, klZrddf lqz'nL, pQ/df uf];fOs'08 / blIf0fdf lrTnfª\;Dd
/x]sf]
 ;+:s[t efiffdf /x]sf] uf]kfn j+zfjnL tof/ ug]{ /fhf M hol:ylt dNn
 uf]kfn j+zsf /fhfx? M el"du'Kt, hou'Kt, wd{u'Kt, xif{u'Kt, eLdu'Kt, dl0fu'Kt, lji0fu'Kt / hLgu'Kt -oIf
u'Kt_ u/L * hgf /fhfx?n] zf;g u/]sf] cjlw M %@!
 uf]kfnj+z cf/De x'g'eGbf cufl8 g]kfnsf] zf;gJoj:yf ;~rfng x'g] tGq M sljnftGq
 g]kfnsf cflbjf;L ;d'bfo ;d]t eg]/ lrlgg] uf]kfnx?nfO{ uf]kfn j+z elgg'sf] sf/0f M ufO{kfns
;d'bfo ePsf]n]
 blIf0faf6 cfPsf uf]kfnx¿ / oxfFsf k|frLg gfu hfltaLr eL8Gt x'Fbf gfu hfltx¿ k/flht eO{ blIf0f
e]utkm{ nfu]kl5 g]kfn pkTosfdf uf]kfnx¿sf] jr{:j sfod ePsf]
clx/÷cfle/÷dlxifkfn
 klxnf] cle/ j+zL /fhfM j/l;+x -To;kl5 hol;+x_
 clGtd /fhfM e'jgl;+x
 cle/ j+zLn] !^! jif{ @ dlxgf zf;g u/]sf
 g]kfndf zf;g ug]{ bf];|f] j+z h'g ;dodf e}F;L kfNg] ub{y] / ;f]xL sf/0f pgLx?nfO{ dlxifkfn elgPsf]
 zf;g s]Gb| dftftLy{ lyof] eg] l;d|f}gu9 / hgsk'/sf] aLrsf] ;dtn e"–efudf of] j+zsf dflg;x?n]
xftxltof/ ;lxt e}F;L kfNg] ub{y] eg] kl5 sf7df8f}F pkTosf uO{ zf;g ug{ yfn]sf
ls/fFt sfn
 cle/ j+zL /fhf e'jg l;+xnfO{ k/flht u/L ;Qf lgoGq0fdf lnPsf
 g]kfndf] k"j{ tfdfsf]zL / b"wsf]zLsf] lsgf/df d"nynf] ePsf hflt
 ls/fFtx?sf] zf;g s]Gb|M uf]s0f{
 Oltxf;sf/ /fO6sf cg';f/ @( hgf ls/fFtL /fhfn] !!!* jif{ zf;g u/]sf -st} st} @* hgf ;d]t
e]l6Psf]_
 ls/fFt j+zsf k|yd /fhfM onDa/
 ls/fFt j+zsf] clGtd /fhfM u:tL
 ls/fFt j+zsf 5}7f}F /fhfM x'dtL dxfef/t o'4sfnLg -s'? If]qdf kf08jsf] kIfd n8]sf, lzj / ch'{gaLr
o'4 ePsf]_
 ls/fFt j+zsf] ;ftf}F /fhfM lht]bf:tL -uf}td j'4 sf7sf8f}F pkTosf cfPsf_

90| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


 ls/fFt j+zsf] rf}wf}F /fhfM :y'+sf], -;d|f6 czf]s g]kfn cfO{ 5f]/L rf?dltsf] ljjfx b]jkfn;Fu
u/fOlbPsf_
 @* cf}F /fhf M k6'sf] -/fhwfgL z+vd'n ;f/]sf_
 onDa/nfO{ dxfef/tdf elgPsf] gfd M aa{l/s
 ls/fFtL /fhf onDa/sf] gfdaf6 /flvPsf] kf6gsf] k'/fgf] gfd M æonÆ
 lnDa', /fO{, ofVvf, ;'g'jf/, lwdfn, lh/]n, ;'/]n, yfdL / xfo' nufotsf hfltx?nfO{ a'emfpg] hflt M
ls/fFt
 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf pTvggsf j|mddf e]l6Psf lgof]lnlys pks/0fx?af6 g]kfndf ( xhf/ jif{
klxn]b]lv dflg;x? a:g] u/]sf] cg'dfg ul/P cg';f/ ls/fFt hfltsf dflg;x? sl/a @% ;o jif{
cl3b]lv a;f]af; u/]sf] ljZjf; ul/Psf]
/fO6 j+zfjnL cg';f/ ls/fFt /fhfx? / ltgn] u/]sf] zf;g cjlw -zf;g cjlw sl/j !,!!* jif{_
slt cf}+ /fhf /fhfsf] gfd slt cf}+ /fhf /fhfsf] gfd slt cf}+ /fhf /fhfsf] gfd slt cf}+ /fhf /fhfsf] gfd
! onDa/ @ klj # :sGw/ $ anDa
% x'tL ^ x'dtL & lht]bf:tL * uln{h
( k':s !) ;"o{df !! k'k !@ a'ª\u
!# :jgGb !$ :y'ª\sf] !% lh+3f] !^ gfg]
!& n's !* yf]/ !( yf]sf] @) jd{
@! u'h @@ k'is/ @# s]z' @$ ;'h
@% ;+; @^ u'0fd\ @& lvDa' @* jft'sf
@( u:tL
ls/fFtsfnLg ;fdflhs cj:yf
 ;dtn d}bfg efuaf6 lnR5jL zfSo–sf]nL cflb hfltsf] pkTosfdf cfudg M ls/fFtsfn
 pkTosfdf k|z:t a:tLx? :yfoL ?kaf6 lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] ;do M ls/fFtsfn
 g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] pTklQsfn eg]/ lrlgg] zf;gsfn
 ls/fFtLx?sf] cf/fWo b]jtf M dxfb]j
 kfj{tLnfO{ ;'lDgdf / lzjnfO{ kf?xfª\ dfGg] hflt M ls/fFt
 j}i0fj, z}j tyf af}4 wd{sf] k|j]z ls/fFtsfndf eO;s]sf] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ M sf]lnu|fdsf]
:yfkgf
 af}4 wd{sf] k|j]zn] :t"k r}To lgdf{0f / z}j tyf j}i0fj wd{sf] k|j]zn] dlGb/sf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug]{ j+z
M ls/fFtsfn
 s[lif Joj;fodf ;+nUg ePsf] sfn M ls/fFtsfndf
 ltnds zAbn] s'nf] a'emfpFYof]
 df5f, df;', b"w, ;fu, ;AhL, rfdn vfg] / dBkfg ug]{ uy]{ egL ljZjf; ul/Psf] j+z M ls/fFtj+z
 k|s[ltsf] k"hf, gfu, j[If, r6\ofª cflbsf] k"hf ug]{ j+z M ls/fFt j+z
 kz'kltsf] cfo{3f6df /x]sf lj?kfIfsf] d"lt{ lgdf{0f ug]{ j+z M ls/fFtj+z
 ls/fFtsfnsf k|yd /fhf onDa/sf] k"0f{sbsf] ;flns lgdf{0f ul/Psf] :yfg M ;+v'jf;ef
 ;d|f6 czf]ssf] cfj|md0fsf] 8/n] zf;gs]Gb| dftftLy{af6 uf]s0f{df ;f/L ToxLFaf6 zf;g ;~rfng ug]{
ls/fFtL /fhf M :y'+sf]
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |91
 ;f]dj+zLx?sf] cfj|md0fsf] 8/n] uf]s0f{af6 z+vd'nlt/ zf;gs]Gb| ;fg]{ ls/fFtL /fhf M jft'sf jf jt's
 xfªn] /fhfnfO{, t'Dofªn] dGqLnfO{ / r'Dn'ªn] ef/bf/L kl/ifb\nfO{ hgfpg] sfn M ls/fFtsfn
lnlR5jL sfn
 kf6gsf] Rof;ndf o'4 u/L slt ls/fFtx?nfO{ df/]/ /fHo lng] sfn M lnR5jLsfn
 ef/tsf] j}zfnLaf6 cfPsf lnR5jLx?n] u/]sf] zf;g cjlw M sl/a *)) jif{
 of] j+zsf k|yd / clGtd /fhf M hob]j k|yd / hosfdb]j
 klxnf] k|dfl0ft clen]v /fhf dfgb]jsf] ;g\ $^$ sf] rfFu'sf] clen]v xf] h;df dfgb]jeGbf cufl8sf
tLg k':tfsf] ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 . o;afx]s lnR5lj j+zsf cf7f}F ztfAbLlt/sf /fhf hob]jsf] kz'klt
clen]vdf lnR5lj /fhfx¿sf] ;'?b]lvs} j+zfjnL n]lvPsf]
 g]kfnsf] :j0f{ o'u elgg]
 cflb k'?ifM ;'k'ik
 rf/ j0f{, c7f/ hftsf] k|yfsf] Joj:yf
 ;"o{j+zL If]qLox? /x]sf] elgPsf lnR5jLx?sf] /fhtGqfTds zf;g Joj:yf / zf;gsf] s]Gb| /x]sf] :yfg
M xfF8LufpF
 n]vfOdf a|fx\dL lnkL k|of]u ug]{ of] j+zsf] zf;gsf] ;dodf lzIffsf] efiff ;+:s[t / kfnL t/ /fhsLo
efiff ;+:s[t sfod ePsf] sfn M lnR5jLsfn
 e"ldnfO{ hª\un, v]t / kfvf] u/L # efudf ljefhg ug]{ j+z M lnR5jLj+z
 lnR5jLsfndf Joj:yflksfsf] sfo{ ug]{ c+u McGt/;fg -/fHo;ef_
 u|fd, tn, b|+u, ljifo cflb ljleGg k|zf;lgs PsfOx? ePsf] ;do M lnR5jLsfn
 lnR5jLsfndf k|zf;lgs sfo{ ug]{ M k~rfnL
 /fhfnfO{ ;3fpg dGqL -cdfTo_, k|x/L k|d'v -b08gfos_, ;]gf k|d'v (dxfanfWoIf_, /fhfsf lghL
;lrj -dxfk|ltxf/_ cflbsf] Joj:yf ePsf] j+z M lnR5jLsfn
 cGt/f;g / k/df;g u/L @ ;jf{]Rr Goflos lgsfo /xg] Joj:yf M lnR5jLsfn
 lnR5jLsfndf :yfgLo :t/df Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf /xg] Joj:yf M kf~rfnL
 lnR5jLsfndf dfnkf]tsf] ?kdf ltl/g] /sd M lk08s
 Jofkfl/s g]tfnfO{ ;fy{jfx / ;fwf/0f Jofkf/LnfO{ jl0fs elgg] sfn M lnR5jLsfn
 j:t' gfKgsf nflu t'nfb08sf] k|of]u ul/g] rng M lnR5jLsfn
 lnR5jLsfndf s]Gb|b]lv 6f9f /x]sf ufpFdf lt/f] p7fpg] / em}–emu8f ldnfpg] sfd ug]{ JolQm M åf/]
 lnR5jLsfndf lhNnfsf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf /xg] JolQm M ljifoklt
lnR5jLsfnLg zAb cy{
cu|xf/ lzIff ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{
k|;fbflws[t -sfof{no k|d'vn] ;a}nfO{ tna -k|;fb lbg]_ sfof{no k|d'v
clws[t
anfWoIf -an k|of]u ug]{ cWoIf_ ;]gfklt
clws/0f k|zf;sLo sfo{ ug]{ ;/sf/L c8\8f
o'j/fh efjL /fhf
k|wfg u|fd k|zf;s
92| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
dxf;j{b08gfos -;j{b08gfosf] k|d'v_ k|wfgGofofwLz
e6 -e66 aGb's k8\sfpg]_ l;kfxL
cdfTo -dGqL dfTg gx'g] ePsfn]_ dGqL;/xsf] kb
dxfk|ltxf/ /fhb/af/ ;DaGwL x]g{]
dxfanfWoIf -an k|of]u ug]{ k|d'v_ k|wfg;]gfklt
;j{b08gfos -;a}nfO{ b08 ;hfo tf]Sg] gfos_ GofofwLz
;fdfGt -s]xL sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/ o:t} x'g]_ k|zf;s
e§gfos -l;kfxLsf] k|d'v_ ;]gfWoIf
ltnds s"nf]
jl0fs ;fwf/0f Jofkf/L
;fy{jfx Jofkfl/s g]tf
dflgsf Wo" rfdn,wfg hf]Vg] efF8f]
lnR5jLsfnLg sfof{nox?
 ljjfx, k'g{ljjfx, ;DaGw ljR5]b M dfKrf]s
 oftfoft, s'nf] / vfg]kfgL M lnª\jn
 /fh:j ;+sng ug]{, dfnkf]t p7fpg], e"ld M s'y]/
 cu|xf/M lzIff ;DaGwL
 k~rck/fw -rf]/L, xTof, k/:qLudg, /fhb|f]x / ck/fwdf ;3fpg] ;DaGwL_ x]g]{ M z'NnL jf zf]Nn
s]xL lnR5jLsfnLg s/x?
s/sf] nfUg] s/ s/sf] nfUg] s/
gfd gfd s/sf] gfd nfUg] s/
efu s/ s[lifdf s/ Aofkf/÷Joj;fodf
cfk0fs/ k;ndf ;'s/ s/ ;'u'/df ef]u s/ kz'df
t}ns/ t]ndf knf08's/ Kofhdf dNNfs/ e}F;Ldf
dNno'4 / uf]o'4
r}ns/ sk8fdf l;+s/ sf7 bfp/fdf dgf]/~hgdf
s/
b/af/df /xg] c8\8fx?
 k"jL{ efusf] k|zf;g x]g]{ M k"jf{lws/0f
 klZrd efusf] k|zf;g x]g{] M klZrdflws/0f
 hft, wd{sf] /]vb]v ug{] M e§fwLs/0f
 emf/f tyf >d ;DaGwL aGbf]a:t ug{] M ljli6
lnR5jLsfnLGf b08x?
 jfs b08 M xKsfpg]
 wg b08 M hl/jfgf ug{]
 jw b08 M c+u 5]bg ug{]
 ;j{:jx/0f b08 M ;a} ;DklQ /fHon] lng]
 lws b08M a]OHht ug]{

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |93


k|d'v /fhfx¿
hob]j k|yd
 k|yd lnR5jLj+zL /fhf M hob]j k|yd
 dfgb]jeGbf klg !^ k':tf cufl8sf /fhf M hob]j k|yd
;'k'ik
 %^ jif{ zf;g ug]{ /fhf M ;'k'ik
 sltko ljåfg\x?n] ;'k'iknfO{ g} g]kfnsf k|yd lnR5jL /fhfsf] ¿kdf dfGg] u/]sf] kfOg]
 j+zfjnLx¿df ;'k'ik M rf}yf] lnR5lj /fhf
 uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf ;'k'ik M ;'k'ikb]j
 efiff j+zfjnLdf ;'k'iksf] csf]{ gfd M kz'k'ikjdf{
 /fO6 j+zfjnLdf /fhf ;'k'iksf] csf]{ gfd M kz'k|]vb]j
 lnR5jLsfnsf] cflbk'?if eg]/ lrlgg] /fhf M ;'k'ik
 g]kfndf j0f{ Joj:yf sfod , kz'kltsf] b]jn agfpg], To;df 5fgf xfNg], ;x/nfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpg], /fHodf
dof{bf sfod ug]{ tyf Gofok"j{s k|hfx¿sf] kfng ug]{ sfd u/]sf
 kz'klt dlGb/df ;'gsf] 5fgf xfNg'sf ;fy} uh'/;d]t yk]/ cUnf] / eJo t'NofPsf
dfgb]j -lj=;+= %@!–%^@_M $! jif{
 g]kfnsf k|yd k|dfl0fs /fhf -k|frLg g]kfnsf] Oltxf; klg a9L :ki6 / e/kbf]{ ePsfn]_
 rfFu'gf/fo0f, b]pkf6g / s]nsf]6df clen]v /fVg nufpg] /fhf
 uf]s0f{df j:tL a;fPsf
 k|yd /fhb/af/ dfgu[x lgdf{0f
 logsf] kfnfdf l;dfgf k"j{df sf];L, klZrddf u08sL -sfnLu08sLkf/L dNnk'/L_ / pQ/df
lxdfno;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof]
 z+s/b]jsf gflt, j[ifeb]jsf kgflt / wd{b]jsf 5f]/f
 ef]lugL, u'0fjtL / Ifdf;'Gb/L u/L tLghgf /fgLx?
 pkTosfsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] j}i0fj tLy{:yn, g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] d"n / g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] dlGb/sf]
?kdf lnOg] dlGb/ M rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/
 dfgfª\s / >L ef]lugL clª\st g]kfnsf] k|yd d'b|f k|rngdf Nofpg] /fhf M dfgb]j
 dfgfª\sdf c+lst ul/Psf] lrq M cu|efudf l;+x / sdn lnPsL b]jL / k5fl8sf] efudf >L ef]ugL
 rfFu'gf/fo0f If]qdf /x]sf hDdf clen]vx? M #%! j6f
 klxnf] ltly ldlto'Qm clen]v rfFu'df v8f ug]{ /fhf -lj=;+= %@! 9+'ufdf ;+:s[t efiffdf s'FlbPsf]_
lzjb]j k|yd
 lnR5jL s'ns]t' pkflw lnPsf /fhf
 ef}d u'Ktdf /x]sf] /fhsLo …>L zAb vf]:g] /fhf M lzjb]j k|yd
 u'Ktj+zL ;fdGtx?af6 ;d]t /fhsfh x'Fb} cfPsf]df Ps5q lnR5jLaf6 dfq zf;g rnfpg] /fhf
 g]kfnsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf] ;'?jft M lzjb]j / c+z'jdf{sf] ;+o'Qm zf;gsfn
 efGhf c+z'jdf{nfO{ zf;sLo clwsf/ lbO{ cfkm" wd{sd{df nfu]sf /fhf M lzjb]j k|yd

94| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


c+z'jdf{ -^^@–^^*_
 /f]nj|md cg';f/ /fhf gePsf
 pgsf] ;dodf ef/tdf xif{j4{g / ltAatdf ;|f]ªrª uDkf]n] zlQmzfnL ;fd|fHo v8f u/]sf x'gfn]]
ltAat;Fu pgn] ;fF7ufF7 u/] . ltAatL /fhf ;|f]ªrª uDkf];Fu pgn] /fhs'df/L e[s'6L -xl/tf/f_ sf] ljjfx
u/fO{lbPsf -gf]6M e[s'6LnfO{ ltAatL efiffdf ‘l9r'ª’ elgG5 ._
 dxf/fhlw/fh / o'j/fhlw/fhsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf, kz'kltkfbg'u[lxt, dxf;fdGt, snxledfgL kbjL wf/0f
u/]sf
 lxGb" / af}4 wd{df cf:yf, af]lw;Tjsf] cjtf/
 s}nfzs'6 ejg, zAbljBf u|Gysf] /rgfsf/
 gfktf}n, afnssf] ;fngfn sf6\g] rng rnfPsf
 j}i0fj d'b|f, u'Kt ;Djt rnfPsf
 kz'kltnfO{ /fhdfGotf lbg]
 c+z'jdf{sf] kfnfdf ljsf; ePsf d'Vo If]q M s[lif, kz'kfng, Jofkf/, k//fi6« ;DaGw / /Iff Joj:yfg
 c+z'jdf{n] zf;g u/]sf] cjlw M !^ jif{ -lj=;+= ^^@–^&*_
 c+z'jdf{sf] /fhb/af/ s}nfzs'6 /x]sf] :yfg M kz'klt b]jkf6g glhs}
 a'ª\dltdf lznfn]v :yfkgf ug]{ /fhf
 Oltxf;d} cfbz{ zf;ssf ?kdf /x]sf JolQm
 cz'+jdf{sL alxgL ef]ub]jLsf] ljjfx M ;'/]g -ef/tsf /fhf_
 c+z'jdf{sf] af/]df pNn]v / j0f{g ug]{ k|l;4 lrlgofF ofqL M x'og ;fª\
 lj=;+= ^&* lt/ d[To'
 ltAatL /fhf ;|f]ªrªuDkf] ljjfx ug{ ltAat hfFbf nu]sf JolQm M lznd~h' af}4 leIf

c+z'jdf{sf] ;fdflhs ;'wf/


 c+z'jdf{sf] ;dodf ;dfhsf] d'Vo k[i7e"ld j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf]
 k|To]s JolQmn] cfÇgf] hft cg';f/sf] k]zf u?g\, o;df tndfly gxf];\ cyf{t\ wd{;+s6 gxf];\ eGg] s'/fdf
hf]8 lbP/ j0f{Joj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt u/]sf
 j0f{ Joj:yfsf] d"n cfwf/ k]zf pNn]v ePsf]
c+z'jdf{sf] cfly{s ;'wf/
 c+z'jdf{sf] kfnfdf g]kfnsf] cfDbfgLsf] d'Vo ;|f]t s[lif, kz'kfng / jfl0fHo /x]sf]
 s[lifsf] pGgltsf] nflu s'nf] cflbsf] aGbf]j:t u/]sf
 j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ljz]if u/L lgof{t Jofkf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] sfd u/]sf
 l6:6'Ísf] clen]vaf6 lgof{t Jofk/nfO{ a9fjf lbg c+z'jdf{n] lbPsf] Jofkf/ gLlt pNn]v ePsf]
c+z'jdf{sf] /fhgLlts ;'wf/
 …sy+ k|hfd] ;'lvgM ejo]M Olt eg]/ hgtfnfO{ ;'v lbg' g} zf;gsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] egL 3f]if0ff u/]

 c+z'jdf{n] /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf] k|aGw u/] . hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf ;lDdlnt u/fpg pgn] …kf~rfnLnfO{ a9L
clwsf/ k|bfg u/L hgtfnfO{ ;lj|mo agfpg] sfo{ u/]

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |95


c+z'jdf{sf] wfld{s ;'wf/
 c+z'jdf{sf] z}jwd{k|lt ljz]if cf:yf lyof] . Ps wfld{s ;Dk|bfon] csf]{ ;Dk|bfosf] lgGbf ug]{ sfo{sf]
lj?4 g]kfnsf ;a} wfld{s ;Dk|bfodf ;/sf/L txdf ;dfg cf:yf lng] gLlt lnP . pgn] z}jwd{nfO{
/fi6«wd{sf] :yfg lbP eg] j}i0fj, af}4 cflb wfld{s ;Dk|bfonfO{ klg pgn] plQs} k|f]T;fxg lbPsf lyP .
pbob]j
 lzjb]j k|ydsf h]7f k'q M pbob]j
 cfkm\g} efO{ w'|jb]jåf/f kbRo't ul/Psf /fhf M pbob]j
 ltAatdf z/0f lng] k|yd /fhf M pbob]j
 c+z'jdf{sf] d[To'kl5 zf;g ug]{ /fhf M pbob]j
g/]Gb|b]j -&)@–&#^_
 lnR5jLsfnLg cfsfzsf] k"0f{rGb|sf gfdn] lrlgg] /fhf
 dxf/fhlw/fh k/de§f/s tyf k/ddx]Zj/sf] kbjL wf/0f ug]{ /fhf
 k0f / k'/f0f gfds d'b|f k|rngdf NofPsf -! k'/f0f ˜ !^ k0f_
 /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] hfqf -nfdf] ;do;Dd rNg]_, ef]6f]hfqf
 eb|flwjf;sf] lgdf{0f
 ‰ofndf a'§f /fVg]
 å}w zf;gsf] cGTo u/]sf -gf]6M j;Gtb]jsf] kfnfdf å}w zf;gsf] z'? ePsf]_
lzjb]j låtLo
 yfgsf]6df a:tL a;fNg] tyf kz'kltdf rfFbLsf] sdnsf] km"n r9fpg] /fhf M lzjb]j låtLo
 gGbLs]Zj/ jxfn / gGbLzfnf ljxf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ /fhf M lzjb]j låtLo
efis/b]j jdf{
 7s'/Lj+zsf] k|yd /fhf M efis/b]j jdf{
 x]dj0f{ ljxf/ / gLn ljxf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ /fhf M efis/b]j jdf{
k|r08b]j
 zflGt >L
 kz'kltgfy dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ /fhf
 :joDe"sf] Hof]tL 5f]kL To;dfly r}Tosf] lgdf{0f ug]{ /fhf M k|r08b]j
jnb]j
 xfF8LufpFsf] :yfkgf ug]{ /fhf M jnb]j
 vfB ;+s6af6 hgtfnfO{ arfpg] /fhf M jnb]j
snfsf/ c/lgsf]
 xfnsf] g]kfnsf] kfNkf lhNnfdf hlGdPsf snfsf/ c/lgsf]sf] hGd M lj=;+= !#))
 c/lgsf]sf] jf:tljs gfd M anafx'
 c/lgsf]sf] rLg e|d0f M lj=;+= !#!& -!& jif{sf] pd]/df_
 c/lgsf] rLg hfFbf rLgsf /fhf M s'Anf vfF

96| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


 c/lgsf]n] k|rngdf NofPsf] Kofuf]8f z}nL M kfOtf:t]
 c/lgsf] rLg hfFbf g]kfndf /fhf M ho eLdb]j
u'0fsfdb]j
 sf7df8f}sf ;+:yfks /fhf
 eb|sfnL dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f
 zfSoj+zsf] sGofnfO{ s'df/L agfO{ k"hf ug]{ rng rnfPsf
 sflGtk'/df dfga a:tL a;fNg]
 OGb|hfqf, s[i0f hfqf, >[ª\e]/L hfqf, nfv] hfqf, lxn] hfqf -s[>[ lxnfO{_ h:tf hfqfx? rnfpg] /fhf
 d?;Qn / d?lx6Lsf] lgdf{0f
 Oltxf;sf/ ss{ Kofl6«ssf cg';f/ u'0fsfdb]jsf] zf;gsfn M !* jif{
 nIdLsfdb]j klg eg]/ lrlgg] /fhf
 pdfdx]Zj/sf] d"lt{, sf]6Lxf]d ug]{,
lnR5jLsfnsf c8\8fx¿
 dxf;j{b08gfos M k|wfgGofofwLz
 ;j{b08gfos M GofofwLz
 dxfjnfWoIf M k|wfg;]gfklt
 jnfWoIf M ;]gfklt
 e6\6gfos M ;]gfWoIf
 uf]lNds M ;]gfgfos
 e§ M l;kfxL
 e§f/sM /fhfsf] lghL ;lrj
 cdfTo M dGqL:t/Lo clwsf/L
 k|;fbflws[t M sfof{no k|d'v
 k|wfg M u|fdk|zf;s
 ;fdGt M k|zf;s
 dxfk|ltxf/ M /fhb/af/ x]g]{ k|d'v, /fhu4L ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ JolQm, /fhfsf] xh'l/of
 b'ts M /fh3f]if0ff k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{
 b08gfos M k|x/L k|d'v
 k|ltxf/ M /fhb/jf/ x]g]{ clws[t
 o'j/fh M efjL /fhf
 b't M s[lif, jg, l;FrfO Jofkf/ x]g]{
;f]dj+z
 ;"o{j+zL /fhf ljhosfdb]j k'qxLg ePsfn] ;f]dj+zL /fhk'tnfO{ pQ/flwsf/Ldf rog u/]sf
 ;f]dj+zsf] zf;g s]Gb| /x]sf] :yfg M uf]bfjf/L
 ^ hgf /fhfx?n] #%% jif{ zf;g u/]sf -lgldif, dtfIf, sfsjdf{, kz'k|]If b]j, e"ld jdf{ / efis/ jdf{_
 kz'kltgfysf] lh0ff]{åf/ u/L 5fgfnfO{ :j0f{do agfpg] /fhf M kIf'k|]Ifb]j

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |97


 uf]bfjf/Lsf] !@ jif{] d]nf rnfpg] /fhf M lgldif
 ;f]dj+zsf k|yd / clGtd /fhf M k|yd /fhf lgldif / clGtd efis/ jdf{
dWosfn -dNn sfn_
 lj=;+= (#^ df g]kfn ;Djt\ ;'? ePkl5 k|f/De ePb]lv g]kfn PsLs/0f ;Ddsf] ;do M dWosfn -dNn
sfn_
 /fhf /f3jb]jsf] kfnfdf g]kfn ;Djt\sf] ;'?jft ePsf]
 z+vw/ ;fVjfn] hgtfsf] C0fdf]rg u/fO{ g]kfn ;Djt\ rnfPsf
 z+vwf/ ;fVjfnfO{ @)%^ d+l;/ # ut] /fli6«o lje"lt 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]
 lj=;+= @)^% sflt{s * ut] g]kfn ;+jt\nfO{ /fli6«o dfGotf lbOPsf]
 dNnx? ef/tsf] s'zLgu/af6 cfPsf -u08s If]qdf z/0ffyL{sf] ?kdf_
 dNnx?sf] /fhwfgLM eQmk'/
 klxnf] /fhfM cl/b]j dNn
 clGtd /fhfM ho k|sfz dNn
 oIf dNnsf] kfnfdf ljefhg eO{ sf7df8f}F pkTosf eQmk'/, kf6g / sflGtk'/df 6'lj|mPsf]
 eQmk'/sf] klxnf] dNn /fhf /fo dNn x'g\ eg] clGtd /fhf /0flht dNn
 kf6gsf] klxnf] /fhfM /0f dNn x'g\ eg] clGtd /fhf t]hg/l;+x dNn
 sflGtk'/sf] klxnf] /fhf /Tg dNn x'g\ eg] clGtd /fhf ho k|sfz dNn
 dNnx?sf] Oi6b]jL M tn]h' ejfgL
 dNnx?sf] Gofo ;Dkfbg sfo{ M lxGb" wd{u|Gydf cfwfl/t
 dWosfndf /x]sf] zf;gnfO{ dNnsfnsf] zf;g elgg'sf] cy{ M dNnx?sf] zf;g ePsf]n]
 sf7df8f} k|j]z ug'{cl3 u08sLkf/L pgLx?n] zf;g rnfPsf] :yfg M dNnk'/L
 oIf dNnsf] kfndf g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgfdf ePsf] lj:tf/ M k"j{df l;lSsd, klZrddf uf]/vf, pQ/df s'lt /
s]?ª\ / blIf0fdf ljxf/;Dd
 dNnsf /fhfx?n] lng] kbjLx?df M g]kfn]Zj/, ljBfkf/ª\ut, sljGb| cflb
 g]kfn pkTosfsf] ;ª\ul7t dNn /fHosf clGtd dNn /fhf —oIf dNn
 g]jf/ ;d'bfodf x'g] a]nljjfx M OxL
 dWosfnsf] cjlwdf zf;g ug]{ ljleGg j+zx?df M uf]vf{df zfxj+z, kfNkfdf ;]gj+z, s0ff{nL If]qdf v;
dNnj+zL, l;d|f}gu9df sgf{6j+z
 lxGb" lzIff eGbf klg af}4 lzIffn] k|fyldstf kfPsf] sfn
 g]jf/L / d}lynL efiff a9L nf]slk|o /x]sf]
 /fhIf]q, hflu/, ljtf{ / u'7L u/L e"ldnfO{ $ efudf ul/Psf] ljefhg
dNnsfnLg k|zf;lgs kb tyf lgsfox?
k|zf;lgs kb sfo{÷lgsfo k|zf;lgs kb sfo{÷lgsfo
rf}tfl/of k|wfgdGqL pd/fj ;}lgs rf}sL
cdfTo dGqL lhDdfn ufpF :t/sf sd{rf/L
sfhL ef/bf/ 5l/bf/ bf}8fxf 6f]nLsf] k|d'v

98| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


ysfnL k~rx?sf] d'Vo JolQm ;fdGt k|zf;s
rl/bf/ cg';Gwfg clws[t /fhf]kfWofo /fhu'?
d'lvof ufpF :t/sf] k|zf;s
dxfk:q :yfgLo zf;s k/dfg ef/bf/

e08f/gfos /fhfsf] e08f/ x]g]{


k~r;d'Rro ;fgfltgf em}–emu8f x]g{] :yfgLo a'9fkfsf
ljifo lhNnf
sf]§gfos lsNNff /Ifs
ef/bf/L ;ef /fh;ef
pd/fg ;}lgs
sf]tjfn zflGt ;'/Iff
6S;f/L l;Ssf 5fKg]
bf}jfl/s :yfgLo :t/df l5gf]kmfgf] ug{ g;lsPsf d'2fx? /fhf jf /fhb/af/df k'¥ofpg] dfWod
9Nkf s'nf], gx/ cflbsf] /]vb]v ug{] c8\8f
v/bf/ b]zel/sf] e|d0f u/L Gofo lbg]
åf/] ufpFsf] em}–emu8f x]g{]
s]xL dNn /fhfx¿sf d'Vo sfo{x?
/fhf d'Vo sfo{x¿
hol:ylt  /fhNnb]jLsf klt
dNn  ;fdflhs ;'wf/s
 /fHosf] pQ/flwsf/L gePklg /fhf ePsf
 k]zfut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f,
 hUufnfO{ cAan, bf]od, l;d / rfxf/ u/L rf/ efudf ljefhg 3/,
 hldg a]rljvg ug{ / aGws /fVg klg kfOg] Joj:yf
 dfgf, kfyL, 9s t/fh'df ;'wf/
 rf/j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf
 afx'gnfO{ k~r b|lj8 / k~ruf}8df ljefhg u/]sf
 hftLo k];f / klx/gsf] Joj:yf
 uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLsf] /rgf
 ljjfxkl5 dlxnfsf] y/ k'?ifsf] y/df kl/jt{g x'g] rng rnfpg] /fhf
 ck/fwLnfO{ zf/Ll/s b08sf] ;§f cfly{s b08 lbg] rng rnfpg] /fhf M hol:ylt dNn
 kz'kltdf pGdQ e}/jsf] lgdf{0f, nas'z dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f, hoafu]Zj/L dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f,
 Aoj;flos lzIffsf] z'?jft u/]sf, dfgj Gofo zf:qsf] /rgf u/]sf,
oIf dNn  eQmk'/ tf}d8L 6f]nsf] dlGb/,
 bQfqo dlGb/, oIfZj/ dlGb/,

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |99


 nlntk'/sf] eLdgfy dlGb/ :yfkgf,
 g]kfn d08n]Zj/ eg]/ lrlgg],
 kz'kltdf e§ k'hf/L /fVg], -klxnf] e§M z]v/fgGb, xfnsf] e§M u0f]z e§_
 ;+lxtfkf7 gfds x:tlnlvt u|Gy n]v]sf
nIdLg/l;+x  g'jfsf]6 e}/jL dlGb/sf] lh0ff]{åf/ u/fP/ kfFr j6f ;'gsf uh'/ r9fPsf,
dNn  dvgsf] lzjfno :yfkgf,
 af}nfxf /fhf eg]/ lrlgg],
 lj;]t gfds Ps JolQmaf6 sfi7d08ksf] lgdf{0f
k|tfk dNn  tn]h' ejfgLsf] dlGb/cufl8 vDaf uf8]/ ;'gsf] df]nDaf nufOPsf] wft'sf] l;+x :yfkgf
-!^((_,
 xg'dfg 9f]sf b/af/sf] lj:tf/, df]xgrf]s, ;'Gb/L rf]s, gf;nrf]s, e08f/vfn au}Frfsf]
lgdf{0f,
 xg'dfg9f]sf, b/af/If]qdf ljZj¿ksf] ;'gf}nf] d"lt{ :yfkgf,
 xg'dfg9f]sf aflx/ b'O{ cf]6f xg'dfgsf d"lt{ :yfkgf,
 gf;nrf]sdf g[l;+xsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf,
 /fgLkf]v/L lgdf{0f, u'x]Zj/L, blIf0fsfnLsf] :yfkgf,
 kz'kltdf sf]l6lnª\u :yfkgf
 logsf] kfnfb]lv a'9flgns07df /fhfx¿ bz{g ug{ 5f]8]sf
 l;+xb/jf/ a}Bvfgfsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf
 sfne}/jnfO{ x;fpg] /fhf
 kGw| efiffsf] 1ftf ePsf]n] ‘sljGb|’ elgg]
 xl/l;l4sf] gfFr x]bf{x]b}{ d[To' ePsf],
hok|sfz  s'df/Lrf]s :yfkgf, afnfh'sf] @@ dWo] @! wf/f lgdf{0f
dNn  ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] d'b|f ‘hfjf’ k|rngdf NofPsf, -lulgh a'sdf /]s8{ /x]sf]_
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx;Fu h'Qf / 5ftf dfUg] /fhf,
 3f]8]hfqfsf] k|rng ;'?jft
 OGb|hfqfdf s'df/Lsf] /y 3'dfpg] rng rnfpg]
 cefuL /fhf
l;l4  kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/ lgdf{0f, e08f/vfnsf] wf/f kf]v/L lgdf{0f,
g/l;+x dNn  l;l4ljgfossf] lgdf{0f,
 sflQ{sgfFr, g/l;+x cjtf/ g[Tosf] k|rng rnfPsf,
 udL{df k~rfUgL / hf8f]df lr;f] 9'Ífdf a;]/ tk:of ug]{
 5fnfsf] d'b|f k|rngdf Nofpg] /fhf
 uf]/vfsf /fhf /fd zfx;Fu PsfgL zq' PsfgL ldqsf] ;DaGw /fvL Jofkf/ u/]sf
 wfld{s÷/fhifL{ /fhf
huHof]lt  eQmk'/df lj:s]6 hfqf ;'? u/]sf
dNn  tn]h' ejfgL;Fu kf;f v]Ng] /fhf
 x/uf}/L ljjfx, s'~hljxf/L gf6s, ;+uLtrGb|, Znf]s;f/ ;+u|x h:tf s[ltx?sf n]vs /fhf
100| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
 njkf]v/L÷l;4kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f,
 cflb e}/jsf] /yofqf lgsfNg] rng rnfpg] /fhf M huHof]lt dNn
 huHof]lt dNnsf] zf;g cjlw M sl/a @) jif{
e"kltGb|  eQmk'/ b/af/ If]qsf snfs[lt
dNn  eQmk'/sf] %% em\ofn] b/af/ :yfkgf
 Goftkf]n dlGb/ :yfkgf
 slj r'8fdl0f ;d|f6 pkflw
 piffx/0f, h}ldgL ef/t gfds gf6s n]Vg] /fhf
 dfntLrf]ssf] lgdf{0f

dlxGb| dNn  pkTosfdf rfFbLsf] df]xf]/ -dx]Gb| dNnL_ rnfPsf,


 tn]h' glhs dx]Gb|]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ lgdf{0f,
 k|hf dbf{ 5fs 5f]8\g]
 k|hfsf] 3/df w'jfF gcfP;Dd gvfO{ a:Gf] /fhf
 Zj]t ljgfos hfqfsf] k|rng
 lbNnL;Fu ;Demf}Tff u/L g]kfnL d'b|f;Fu ef/tLo ljlgdob/ lglZrt
cl/ dNn
 lj=;+= !@!) df dNn j+zs} k|yd /fhf cl/ dNnsf] hGd
 lj=;+= !@%& dNn pkflw wf/0f ug{] k|yd JolQm cl/dNn /fhf
 lj=;+= !@&# ;Dd cl/ dNnn] zf;g u/]sf] -sl/a !% jif{_
 gfdsf] k5fl8 dNn n]Vg ;'?jft ug]{ /fhf
ceo dNn
 lj=;+= !#!) df e"sDkdf k/L d[To' x'g] /fhf
 kz'kltdf dxf:gfg, snz k"hf
 afO;] / rf}lj;] /fHodf 6'lj|mPsf]
/Tg dNn
 tfdfsf] d'b|f k|rng Nofpg] /fhf
 d';ndfgsf] g]kfn k|j]z
 n'd8L, eb|sfnL gfr
 tn]h' dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f
of]ug/]Gb| dNn
 xfn;Dd hLljt /fhfsf] ?kdf lnOg] /fhf

 ha;Dd d]/f] zflns dfly /x]sf] r/f p8]/ hfGg ta;Dd dnfO{ hLljt g} ;Demg' eGg] /fhf
 tdfv'df ljif ldnfO{ dfl/Psf
 of]ug/]Gb| dNnsf] d[To'df ;lt hfg] /fgLx? M #! hgf
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |101
/0flht dNn
 em\ofndf l;;f /fVg] rng rnfpg] /fhf
 …z/0fsf] d/0f ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] /fhf
 eQmk'/sf clGtd /fhf
ljZjlht dNn
 zf;g cjlw M lj=;+= !##! b]lv !#^% ;Dd
 g]kfn dfly cfj|md0f ug]{ s0ff{nL k|b]zsf v; /fhf M lhtf/L dNn
dNn /fhfx? ;DaGwL cGo s]xL hfgsf/L
 gfdsf] cufl8 ;'dlt n]Vg] /fhfM lhtfldq
 l;dl;d] /fhfM lzjl;+x dNn
 g]kfn]Zj/M >Llgjf; dNn
 uGwj{ ljBfu'?M hut k|sfz dNn
 tn]h' dlGb/df dfl/g]M ljZjfldq
 dxfdf/Ldf k/L dg]{M efis/ dNn
sflGtk'/sf dNn /fhfx¿
!= /Tg dNn @= ;"o{ dNn #= cd/ dNn $= dx]Gb| dNn
%= lzjl;+x dNn ^= nIdLg/l;+x dNn &= k|tfk dNn *= g[k]Gb| dNn
(= kfly{j]Gb| dNn !)= e"kfn]Gb| dNn !!= efis/ dNn !@= hoHho dNn
!#= hok|sfz dNn
kf6gsf dNn /fhfx¿
!= /Tg dNn @= lji0f' dNn #= g/l;+x dNn, k'/Gb/l;+x dNn, p4jl;+x dNn
$= xl/x/l;+x dNn %= l;l4g/l;+x dNn ^= >Llgjf; dNn &= of]ug/]Gb| dNn
*= nf]sk|sfz dNn (= OGb| dNn !)= dlxGb| dNn !!= jL/g/l;+x dNn
!@= Cl4g/l;+x dNn !#= efis/ dNn !$= of]uk|sfz dNn !%= lji0f' dNn
!^= /fHok|sfz dNn !&=ljZjlht dNn !*=hok|sfz dNn !(=/0flht dNn
@)= t]hg/l;+x dNn
efbufpFsf dNn /fhfx¿
!= /fo dNn @= ;'j0f{ dNn #= k|f0f dNn $= ljZj dNn
%= huHof]lt dNn ^= g/]Gb| dNn &= hutk|sfz dNn *= lhtfldq dNn
(= e"kltGb| dNn !)= /0flht dNn
l;d|f}gu9sf] s0ff{6s /fHo
 l;d|f}gu9 /x]sf] :yfg M xfn dw]z k|b]zsf] af/f lhNnf
 klZrdsf] v; /fHosf] :yfkgf ePtfsf g} blIf0f / k"jL{ t/fO{ e]s ;d]6]/ s0ff{6sj+zsf] 8f]k -lt/x't]_ /fHo
v8f ePsf]
 lt/x'tdf :yflkt s0ff{6s /fHo gfGob]jn] lj=;= !!%$ -O{=;=!)(&_— O{=;= !#@^ ;Dd

102| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


 sl/a @@( jif{ hlt zf;g u/]sf
 zf;g ug]{ k|d'v zf;sx¿ gfGob]j / xl/l;+xb]j
 To;a]nfsf] l;d|f}gu9 j/k/sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]qsf] gfd M lt/x't -sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf tTsfnLg k|df0fx?df of]
If]qnfO{ 8f]o/fHo elgPsf]_
 xl/l;+xb]jsL /fgL b]jnb]jL z/0ffyL{sf] ?kdf pkTosf k:bf cfkm"l;t NofPsf] snzsf] gfd M t'nhf
ejfgLsf] snz
 l;d|f}gu9 /fHosf k|yd /fhf M gfGob]j
 s0ff{6s j+zsf clGtd /fhf M xl/l;+xb]j
 l;d|f}gu9sf] k'/fgf] gfd M l;d/f–jgu9 -;f]xL zAb cke+|z eP/ l;d|f}gu9 ePsf]_
 pkTosfsf dNn /fhfx?sf] s'nb]jLsf ?kdf k"hf ul/g] s0ff{6 s /fhfx?s} s'nb]jL M t'nhf ejfgL
 lbNnLsf d';ndfg afbzfx uof;'2Lg t'Unsn] cfj|md0f u/]/ Wj:t kf/]sf] /fHo M l;d|f}gu9
 xl/l;+xb]jsf 5f]/f hutl;+xsf] ljjfx M dNn /fhs'df/L gfosb]jL
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] v; dNn /fHo
 v; /fHosf] /fhwfgL M l;Ghf
 !@ cf}+ ztfAbLlt/ -O{=;=!!%)_ ltAatsf] vf8L k|b]zaf6 cfPsf gfu/fhn] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf :jtGq v;
/fHo :yfkgf u/]sf] dflgG5
 g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ ePsf] /fHo M v; dNn /fHo -o; efiffnfO{ …v; s'/f jf …l;+hfnL efiff ;d]t elgg]_
 v; /fHosf] cl:tTj /x]s]f cjlw M @@^ jif{
 ltJatL j+zfjnL, lj=;+= !$!$ sf] b'Nn' clen]v tyf uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL cflb ;|f]tx¿af6 g} To; If]qsf]
Oltxf;af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsGf]
 /fHosf zf;sx¿df gfu/fh, qmfrNn, czf]s rNn, lhtf/L dNn, l/k' dNn, cflbTo dNNf, k'0o dNn /
k[YjL dNn cflb
 v; /fHosf] ktgkl5 ;'b"/ klZrddf hlGdPsf /fHox? M aemfª, 8f]6L, hfh/sf]6 h:tf afO;] /fHox?
 jt{dfg ;dodf ;a}eGbf cljsl;t tyf lk5l8Psf] of] If]q dWosfndf lgs} zlQmzfnL /fHosf] ?kdf
/x]sf] /fHo M v; dNn /fHo

slknj:t'sf] zfSo zfl;t /fHo M ltnf}/fsf]6


 xfn n'lDagL k|b]zsf] slknj:t' lhNnfdf /x]sf] zfSox?sf] k|frLg /fhwfgL

 l;4fy{ uf}td g} a'4wd{sf k|jt{s dxfTdf uf}td a'4sf] ?kdf kl/lrt u/fpg] :yfg
 k|frLg slknj:t' gu/sf] k|s[lt M k~re'hfsf/ lsNnfsf] ?kdf a;fOPsf] gu/
 j|ms'5Gb, sgsd'lg, l;4fy{ uf}td nufotsf a'4x?sf] hGd ePsf] :yfg
 a'4sf] hGd]sf] a]nf sfo{sf/L ;efsf d'Vo JolQm M z'4f]wg
 l5d]sL /fHo sf]znsf] cfj|md0fdf k/]/ ktg x'g] /fHo M slknj:t' /fHo

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |103


s]xL rf8kj{x?÷rng rnfpg]
rf8kj{ jf rng rnfpg] JolQm rf8kj{ jf rng rnfpg] JolQm
ljtf{ afF8\g] jL/ zdz]/ ufO{hfqf hutk|sfz dNn
gfu / jf;'sLsf] k"hf dfgb]j sf7df8f}+df ufO{hfqf k|tfk dNn
3f]8]hfqf hok|sfz dNn kz'kltdf e§ k"hf/L oIf dNn
lj:s]6 hfqf huHof]lt dNn kz'kltdf dxf:gfg ceo dNn
;lt k|yfsf] cGTo rGb| zdz]/ zlgaf/ ljbf lbg] eLd zdz]/
‰ofndf l;;f /fVg] /0fhLt dNn 6f]kLdf Jofh nufpg rGb| zdz]/
jUuL r9\g] eLd;]g yfkf dfgfkfyL /fd zfx
rfFbtf]8fsf] k|rng eLd;]g yfkf hfgsL dlGb/ j[ifefg's'df/L
n'd8L eb|sfnL gfr /Tg dNn tf]k k8\sfpg] b]jzdz]/
cflb e}/jsf] /y ofqf huHof]lt dNn s'df/Lsf] k"hf ug]{ u'0fsfdb]j
‰ofndf /+lug P]gf /0fhLt dNn eb|sfnL gfr /TgdNn
cfly{s b08 hol:ylt dNn sfof{no ;do !) ah] b]lv $ b]jzdz]/
ah];Dd
sfi7d08k nIdL g/l;+x dNn s'df/Lsf] /y ofqf hok|sfz dNn
gjb'uf{ / dxfnIdLsf] gfr ;'j0f{ dNn ;]tf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] /yofqf k|tfk dNn
s'g d'b|f s;n] lgsfn] <
tfdf M /Tg dNn d'b|fdf /fgLsf] gfd c+lst ;'gsf] c;kmL{ M /0faxfb'/ zfx
M k|tfk dNn
;'gsf] d'b|f M ;bflzj dNn 5fnf M l;l4g/l;+x dNn rfFbLsf] d'b|f M dlxGb| dNn
dfgfª\s M dfgb]j sfuhL gf]6 M h'4 zdz]/ rf/s'g] d'b|f M k|tfk dNn
k|wfgdGqL / /fhf lqe'jg
u'0ffª\s M u'0fsfdb]j k0f / k'/f0f M g/]Gb| b]j aLrdf Kjfn ePsf] d'b|f M k[YjL jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
hfjf M hok|sfz dNn
kz'kltsf] dlGb/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
dlGb/ agfpg] M k|r08b]j kz'kltdf ;'gsf] 5fgf r9fpg] M lzjb]j
kz'kltdf xfnsf] d"lt{ agfpg] M hol;+xb]j kz'kltnfO{ /fhdfGotf lbg] M c+z'jdf
e§ k"hf/L /fVg] rng rnfpg] M oIf dNNf dxf:gfg ug]{ rng rnfpg] M ceo dNNf
kz'kltnfO{ :j0f{ agfpg] M efis/ jdf{ kz'kltdf b]jn agfpg] M ;'k'ik

104| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


cfw'lgs g]kfn
 uf]/vf /fHosf] :yfkgfM lj=;+= !^!^ ebf} @%
 ndh'ªsf /fhf ozf]a|Dxsf 5f]/f b|Jo zfxn] lnulnu] bf}8 k|ltof]lutf lht]kl5
g]kfn PsLs/0f k"j{ uf]/vfdf zfxj+zLo /fhfx? -;Demg] ;lhnf] tl/sfM DPC R DKR PNP)
!= b|Jo zfx @= k'/Gb/ zfx #= 5q zfx $= /fd zfx %= 8Da/ zfx
^= s[i0f zfx &= ?b| zfx *= k[YjLklt zfx (= g/e'kfn zfx !)= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
g]kfn PsLs/0f kl5 zfxj+zLo /fhfx?
j|m=;+= /fhfsf] gfd zf;g cjlw
1= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx !&((–!*#!
2= k|tfkl;+x zfx !*#!–!*#$
3= /0f axfb'/ zfx !*#$–!*%%
4= lujf{0f'o'4 ljj|md zfx !*%%–!*&#
5= /fh]Gb| ljj|md zfx !*&#–!()$
6= ;'/]Gb| ljj|md zfx !()$–!(#*
7= k[YjL jL/ lj|j|md zfx !(#*–!(^*
8= lqe'jg jL/ ljj|md zfx !(^*–@)!!
9= dx]Gb| jL/ ljj|md zfx @)!!–@)@*
10= jL/]Gb| jL/ ljj|md zfx @)@*–@)%*
11= lbk]Gb| jL/ ljj|md zfx @)%*÷@÷!(–@)%*÷@÷@@
12= 1fg]Gb| jL/ ljj|md zfx @)%*÷@÷@@–@)^%÷@÷!%

/fd zfx
 bfh' 5q zfxsf] lgwg kl5 /fhf ePsf, rf}yf] k':tfsf /fhf
 9s, t/fh', dfgf, kfyL, d'/L, bfd, k};fsf] k|rng
 wd{ x/fP sfzL hfg', Gofo gkfP uf]/vf hfg' eGg] egfO k|rlnt ePsf]
 g]kfnsf Ps /fli6«o lje"lt
 d[To'b08 lbg] lgod
 hGdM lj=;+= !^$#
 /fHosfnM lj=;+= !^^# b]lv !^() ;Dd
 Aofhb/ lhG;Ldf @% k|ltzt / gubdf !) k|ltzt eGbf a9L Aofh lng gkfOg]
 cof{n, kGt, vgfn, kfF8], af]xf]/f, /fgf nufot ^ y/x? /x]sf
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
 hGdM lj=;+= !&&( k'if @& ut]
 eQmk'/sf /fhf /0fhLt dNnsf 5f]/f jL/g/l;+x dNn;Fu ldt nufPsfM lj=;+= !&(*
 uf]/vfsf /fhfM lj=;+= !&((

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |105


 g'jfsf]6dfly lj=;+= !&($, !*)) / !*)! df cfj|md0f
 sflGtk'/ / nlntk'/df !*@% / eQmk'/df !*@^ df ljhoL
 sLlt{k'/dfly !*!$, !*@! / !*@@ df cfj|md0f
 ef/åfh uf]q Tofu u/L sZok uf]q wf/0f u/]sf
 lqzlQmM kfNkf, tgx'F / ndh'ª
 dsjfgk'/ / l;Gw'nLu9L ljhoM !*!(
PsLs/0f cleofgdf jL/ult k|fKt ug]{ JolQmx?
j|m=;+= jL/ult k|fKt ug]{ JolQm :yfg j|m=;+= jL/ult k|fKt ug]{ JolQm :yfg
!= cd/l;+x yfkf knf~rf]s @= sfn' kf08] sLlt{k'/
#= t'nf/fd kf08] sflGtk'/ $= elQm yfkf b]pyn
%= x:tbn zfx cNdf]8f ^= k/z'/fd yfkf ;kgk'/
&= uGwj{ /f0ff sfFu8f *= efis/ /f0ff lburf{
(= s]x/l;+x a:g]t ;tx'F !)= lzj/fdl;+x yfkf ;fFuf
!!= gogl;+x yfkf cNdf]8f !@= hos[i0f s'Fj/ ltdfn
g]kfn c+u|]h o'4df g]t[Tj ug]{ JolQm
o'4 ePsf] :yfg g]kfnsf] g]t[Tj c+u|]hsf] g]t[Tj
vnª\uf, gfnfkfgL aneb| s'Fj/ hg/n lhn]:kL
b]pyn elQm yfkf 6d/;g
hLtu9L plh/ l;+x p8
dnfp cd/l;+x yfkf cS6/nf]gL
h}ys h;kfp yfkf÷/0fhf]/l;+x n8\nf]
k;f{ zdz]/ /f0ff÷;j{hLt /f0ff dfnf]{

axfb'/ zfx
 hGdM lj=;+= !*!$ df g'jfsf]6df
 afNosfnsf] gfdM kmQ] axfb'/ zfx
 gfoaLsfndf g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgf k"j{df l6:6fb]lv klZrddf ;tnh;Dd k'u]sf]
 xfnsf] g]kfnsf] If]qkmn eGbf t]Aa/ a9L If]qkmn lj:tf/
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf sfG5f 5f]/f
 of]Uo afa'sf ;'of]Uo 5f]/f eg]/ lrlgg]
/fh]Gb| nIdL
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf h]7f 5f]/f k|tfkl;+x zfxsL /fgL
 logsf] gfojLsfndf kj{t, u/x'F, tgx'F, ;tx'F, k}o'F, rl/sf]6, l/l;ª h:tf /fHox? lhtL g]kfndf uflePsf]
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df jL/ª\ugf eg]/ lrlgg]
 Ifo/f]usf sf/0f lgwg ePsf]
g]kfndf qoL zf;g
106| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
 /0f axfb'/ zfxsf kfnfdf
 /0f axfb'/ zfxn] lk|o /fgL sflGtjtLsf] 5f]/f lujf{0f'o'4nfO{ /fhf agfO{ wd{ sd{df nfu]sf
 lujf{0f'o'4sf] kfnfdf g'jfsf]6nfO{ /fhwfgL 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]
 kf6g, sf7df8f}F / g'jfsf]6af6 zf;g ;~rfng ePsf] ;donfO{ qoL zf;g ;do elgg]
 sflGtjtLsf] lgwg kZrft dxf/fgL ;'j0f{k|efn] lujf{0f'o'4sf] gfojL rnfPsL
 k'gM /0faxfb'/n] kf6gaf6 zf;g ;~rfng ug{ ;'? u/]sf, ;'j0f{k|efn] sf7df8f}Faf6 zf;g ;~rfng u/]sL,
bfdf]b/ kfF8]n] lujf{0f'o'4nfO{ g'jfsf]6 nuL zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf
af;7\7Lx/0f
 lj=;+= !*^@ df
 /fhf /0faxfb'/ zfx / led;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf
 hgtfsf] ljtf{ x/0f u/]sf] 36gf
g]kfn c+u|]h o'4
c= gfnfkfgL o'4 -lj=;+= !*&! sflt{s !$_
 g]kfntkm{sf] g]t[Tjstf{ M aneb| s'Fj/
 c+u|]htkm{sf] g]t[Tjstf{ M hg/n lhn]:kL
 d[To' ePsf c+u|]h ;]gfklt M hg/n lhNn]:kL
 o'4sf] cGTo M c+u|]hx?n] kfgLsf] d'xfg y'lglbPsf sf/0f kfgLsf] cefj x'Fbf g]kfnLx?n] v's'/L b]vfpFb}
lsNnfaf6 cfkm}F aflxl/Psf
cf= b]pynsf] o'4 -lj=;+= !*&@ j}zfv #_
 g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M elQm yfkf
 c+u|]htkm{sf] g]t[Tjstf{ M uf8{/
 elQm yfkfsf] 5fltdf uf]nL nfu]/ ePsf] lgwg M lj=;+= !*&@ j}zfv ^
 jL/tf / ;fx;nfO{ k|z+;f u/L d[t z/L/df c+u|]hx?n] bf];Nnf cf]9fPsf ;]gfklt M elQm yfkf
O= h}yssf] o'4 -lj=;+= !*&@ c;f]h (_
 g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M /0fhf]/ l;+x yfkf / sfhL h;kfp yfkf
 g]kfnL jL/ kmf}hx?n] c+u|]hnfO{ k/flht u/]sf] o'4 M h}yssf] o'4
 h}yssf] o'4df c+u|]h;Fusf] cfw'lgs xltof/sf] lj?4 g]kfnLx?n] k|of]u u/]sf] xltof/ M 3/]n' xftxltof/
 c+u|]h kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M d]h/ l/r8{; / n8\nf]
O{= cndf]8fsf] o'4 -lj=;+= !*&@ j}zfv !#_
 g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M cd/l;+x yfkf
 c+u|]hx?sf] nf]enfnrfdf gk/L jL/tfk"j{s n8\g] sdf08/ M cd/l;+x yfkf
 g]kfnsf] lhpFbf] l;+x M cd/l;+x yfkf
 c+u|]h kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M cS6/nf]gL
p= dnfpsf] o'4
 g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M cd/l;+x yfkf
 c+u|]h kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M cS6/nf]gL
pm= lhtu9L o'4 -lj=;+= !*&!_
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |107
 lhtu9L o'4 ePsf] :yfg M xfnsf] a'6jn lhNnf
 g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M plh/ l;+x yfkf
 c+u|]h kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M ;'n]dfg p8
;d;'l4g Olnof;sf] cfj|md0f
 lj=;+= !$)^ df /fhf /fhb]jsf] ;dodf a+ufnsf /fhf ;d;'l4g Olnof;n] g]kfn dfly u/]sf] cfj|md0f
 ;d;'l4gsf] cfj|md0f M kz'kltgfy, :joDe'sf] r}To Wj:t ePsf] tyf ;ft lbg;Dd zx/df cfuf] nfu]sf] /
7"nf] dfqfdf ;DklQ n'l6Psf] 36gf
vf;f ;lGw
 vf;f ;lGw M k|tfkl;+xsf] kfnfdf g]kfn / ltAataLr d'b|fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ePsf] ljjfbsf sf/0f lj=;+=
!*#@ df ul/Psf] ;lGw
 ?kgf/fo0f sfsL{sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf]
s]?ª ;lGw
 ;g\ !&** df g]kfn / ltAataLr ePsf] klxnf] o'4
 g]kfnn] k/flht u/]sf]
 g]kfn ltAat o'4df g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ —bfdf]b/ kf08] / ad zfx
 ;g\ !&*( -lj=;+= !*$^_ df g]kfn / s]?ª aLr s]?ªdf ePsf] ;lGw, pQm ;lGwdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6
adaxfb'/ zfx / ltAatsf] tkm{af6 ;fsLof nfdf, sfnf]g 3f]l/ª nufotn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf
j]qfjtL ;lGw
 lj=;+= !*$( g]kfn / ltAataLr ePsf] bf];|f] o'4
 g]kfn tkm{af6 b]jLbQ yfkf / rLgsf] tkm{af6 km'–sfªn] x:tfIf/
yfkfynL ;lGw
 lj=;+= !(!@ df g]kfn / ltAataLr ePsf]
 g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff / ltAatsf] tkm{af6 sf]nfg–!&, Ramsay n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf
;'uf}ln ;lGw
 ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ # df x:tfIf/ ePsf] / dfr{ $ af6 nfu' ePsf]
 cfw'lgs xftxltof/n] o'Qm c+u|]h;Fu n8fO{F ug{ ;Sg] l:yltsf] geP kl5 Ol08of sDkgL;Fu g]kfnn] u/]sf]
;lGw
 /fhf lujf{0fo'4 / k|wfgdGqL eLd;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf ePsf]
 g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 /fhu'? uh/fh ld> / Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 n]lÇ6g]G6 hgn/ a|f8 zfn] x:tfIf/
 ;'uf}nL ;lGwdf ( j6f wf/fx? /x]sf
;'uf}nL ;lGwsf c;dfg k|fjwfgx?
!= Oi6 Ol08of sDkgL / g]kfnsf dxf/fhlw/fhaLr lr/:yfoL zflGt / d}qL sfod /xg]5
@= o'4eGbf klxnf ljjfbdf k/]sf ;Dk"0f{ e"efu g]kfnsf dxf/fhfn] kl/Tofu ug]{ / tL 7fpFdf Oi6 Ol08of
sDkgLsf] clwkTo sfod x'g]5

108| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


#= g]kfnsf dxf/fhn] Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLnfO{ lgDg e"–efu ;'Dkg] 5g\ M
s= sfnL / /fKtLaLrsf] ;Dk"0f{ v08,
v= /fKtL / u08sLaLrsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q, a'6jnafx]s
u= u08sL / sf]zLaLrsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{
3= d]rL / l6i6faLrsf] ;d:t tNnf] e"ld
ª= d]rL l6i6faLrsf] ;Dk"0f{ kxf8L efusf] ;fy} glhssf] ;d:t e"efu
$= dflysf] wf/fcg';f/ lnOPsf e"efux?af6 xfgLdf k/]sf g]kfnsf ;/bf/ Pjd\ ef/bf/x?sf] Ifltk"lt{sf
nflu k|ltjif{ @ nfv lbg] / ;f] /sd g]kfnsf /fhfn] cfÇgf] thlah cg';f/ afF8\g] 5g\ . k]G;gsf nflu
ueg{/ hg/nsf] d'b|f / x:tfIf/ ;lxtsf] ;gb k|bfg ul/g]5
%= g]kfnsf /fhfn] sfnLb]lv klZrdsf k|b]z / To;sf lgjf;Lx?l;t s'g} ;DaGw /fVg gkfpg] .
^= g]kfnsf /fhfn] l;lSsdl;t k|fb]lzs clwsf/sf lglDt emu8f ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\, s'g} lsl;dsf] emu8f
p7]sf] v08df la|l6z dWo:yx?åf/f emu8fsf] 6'+uf] nufOg] 5 .
&= la|l6z ;/sf/sf] cg'dlt ljgf g]kfnsf /fhfn] s'g} la|l6;, o'/f]k]nL jf cd]l/sLnfO{ cfÇgf] ;]jfdf /fVg
kfpg] 5}gg\ .
*= b'j} b]zn] Pscsf{sf /fHodf /fhb"t /fVg kfpg] 5g\ .
(= o; ;lGwdf g]kfnsf /fhfn] !% lbgleq :jLs[t k|bfg ug'{kg]{ / @) lbg jf ;f]eGbf cufj} ueg{/ hg/nsf]
:jLs[lt lbnfpg] 5g\ .
g]kfn a]nfot zflGt tyf d}qL ;GwL (Nepal Britain Perpetual Treaty)
 ;g\ !(@# df -lj=;+= !(*) df_
 g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 rGb| zDz]/ / c+u|]hsf] tkm{af6 cf]sf]g/n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf
 o; ;GwLn] ;'uf}nL ;GwLnfO{ lj:yflkt u/]sf]
 o; ;GwLkl5 g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf :jtGq d"n'ssf] dfGotf kfPsf] / g]kfnn] cfÇgf] k//fi6« gLlt cfkm}
lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg]
g]kfn ef/t zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw
 ;g\ !(%) df ef/t tyf g]kfn aLr ePsf] ef/t g]kfn zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw låkIfLo ;lGw
 lj=;+= @))& >fj0f !^ ;f]daf/, sf7df8f}F -#! h'nfO{, !(%)_ df g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL df]xg zdz]/ h+u
axfb'/ /f0ff tyf g]kfnsf nflu ef/tLo /fhb"t rGb|]Zj/ k|;fb gf/fo0f l;+xåf/f x:tfIf/
 !) j6f wf/f
 g]kfn ef/t d}qL ;lGw cg';f/ ul/Psf] Joj:yf M Ps csf{ b]zsf afl;Gbf Ps csf{ b]zdf ljgf /fxbfgL
tyf leiff cfjthfjt ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg
o; ;lGwsf wf/fx?
1= g]kfn ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/sf aLr c6n zflGt / ldqtf /xg]5 . b'j} ;/sf/n] k/:k/df Psn] cs{fsf]
k"0f{ /fHo;Qf, /fHo If]qsf] cIf'00ftf / :jfwLgtf :jLsf/ / cfb/ ug{ d~h'/ u5{g\ .
2= s'g} /fi6«;Fu 7"nf] vnan jf kmf6f] kg{ cfO{ To;af6 b'O{ ;/sf/sf] aLrdf /x]sf] d}qLsf] ;DaGwdf vnn
kg{ hfg] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf b'j} ;/sf/n] k/:k/df ;f] s'/fsf] ;dfrf/ lbg] lhDd]jf/L sa'n u5{g\ .
3= sd{rf/L ju{x¿;lxt k|ltlglwx?åf/f k/:k/df k|rlnt cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw /fhb't :t/Lo /fVg dGh'/ u5{ .

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |109


4= b'j} ;/sf/n] k/:k/df sG;'n]6 hg/nx?, sG;'n]6x?, efO; sG;'n]6x?, c? k|sf/sf sG;'n]6 /
k|ltlglwx¿sf] lgo'lQm dGh'/ ePsf zx/, aGb/ufx / c? :yfgx¿df ;d]t lgjf; ug{]5g\ .
5= g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ef/t /fHo If]qaf6 cyjf ;f] /fHo If]qsf] af6f] u/L g]kfnsf] ;'/Iffsf] lgldQ rflxg]
xftxltof/, snk"hf{, uf]nLu7\7f, v/vhfgf, dfn;fdfgsf] k}7f/L ug{] clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 . b'O{ ;/sf/n]
k/:k/df ;Nnfx u/L of] aGbf]a:tnfO{ rfn' u/fpg] sf/jfxLsf] to ug{]5g\ .
6= ef/t / g]kfnsf] 5d]sL d}qLefjsf] k|tLs :j?k b'j} ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] /fHo If]qdf /x]sf cfbz{ ;/sf/sf
/}tLnfO{ cfkm\gf d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus / cfly{s ljsf; / To:tf] ljsf; ;DaGwL 7]Ssfx¿df efu lngnfO{
/fli6«o Jojxf/ lbg sa'n u5{ .
7= g]kfn ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] /fHo If]qdf /x]sf csf{ d'n'ssf /}tLnfO{ lgjf;, ;DklQsf] ef]u,
Jofkf/, jfl0fHodf efu lng, rnlkm/ ug{ / c? To:t} k|sf/sf ljz]ifflwsf/x?sf ljifodf kf/:kl/s
tl/sfn] ;dfg ljz]ifflwsf/ lngnfO{ sa'n u5{g\ .
8= hxfF oxfF lhls/ ul/Psf s'/fx¿sf] ;Dks{ 5, tL ;a}df of] ;lGwkqn] ef/tsf] tkm{af6 la|l6; ;/sf/ /
g]kfn ;/sf/sf aLrdf ePsf cl3sf ;a} ;lGwkq, :jLsf/ kq, sa'lnotgfdfx¿nfO{ vf/]h u5{ .
9= x:tfIf/ ul/Ps} ldltb]lv g} of] ;lGw nfu" ul/g]5 .
10= of] ;lGw s'g} Ps d'n'sn] ! jif{] efsf lbO{ ;f] ;lGw kqsf] cGTo ug{ gvf]h];Dd hf/L /xg]5 .

sf]tkj{M lj=;+= !()# c;f]h @ ut] zlgaf/


 /fgL /fHonIdLsf lk|o kfq uug l;+xsf] xTof lj=;+= !()# ebf} #! ut] ePsf],
 pQm 36gfsf] xTof/f kQf nufpg xg'dfg 9f]sfdf /x]sf] sf]tdf efOef/bf/x¿sf] e]nfdf cfk;L dgd'6fj
pTkGg eO{ pQm 36gf 36]sf],
 /fHonIdLn] z+sf u/]sf] uugl;+xsf] xTof ug]{ JolQm M jL/lszf]/ kf08]
 h+uaxfb'/sf] Ozf/fdf o'4jL/ clwsf/Ln] 5KsfPsf k|yd JolQm M cledfgl;+x a:g]t
 sf]tsf] cfFugdf e]nf ePsfdWo] xTof x'g] JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof M $) hgf
 g]kfndf !)$ jif]{ lg/+s'z hxfFlgofF /f0ff zf;gsf] ;'?jft ePsf] 36gf M sf]tkj{
 ef/tsf] hlnofjfnf xTofsf08;Fu t'ngf ul/Psf] sf08 M sf]tkj{
 sf]tkj{ x'Fbf g]kfndf /fhf / k|wfgdGqL M /fhf /fh]Gb| / k|wfgdGqL kmQ]h+u zfx rf}tfl/of
 k|wfgdGqL kmQ]h+u zfxsf] xTof ePsf],
 sf]tkj{kl5 h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL ePsf,
e08f/vfn kj{M lj=;+= !()# sflt{s !@ ut]
 /fgL /fHonIdLn] ;'/]Gb|sf] ;§f /fhf agfpg rfx]sf JolQm M /0f]Gb| -5f]/f_ t/ h+uaxfb'/n] /0f]Gb|nfO{ /fhf
gagfpg] ePkl5 h+uaxfb'/sf] xTof ug{ /lrPsf] of]hgf
 /fgL /fHonIdLn] h+uaxfb'/nfO{ ef]hdf af]nfO{ vfgfdf ljif ldnfO{ dfg]{ of]hgf lj=;+= !()# sflQs !@ df
36]sf] 36gf -hoafu]Zj/Ldf_
 vfgfdf ljif xfnL dfg{ nfu]sf] s'/f h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffnfO{ ;"rgf lbg] JolQm M kl08t ljho/fh
 e08f/vfn kj{df ;'?df dfl/g] JolQm M cledfgl;+xsf 5f]/f jL/Wjh a:g]t -@# hgfsf] xTof_
 dfl/g]x?dWo] w]/} a:g]t ePsfn] o; kj{sf] csf]{ gfd M a:g]t kj{
 /fgL /fHonIdLnfO{ lgjf{l;t u/L h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff emg\ w]/} zlQmzfnL ePsf

110| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


cnf} kj{
 lj=;++= !()$ ;fpg lt/ 36]sf] 36gf M cnf} kj{
 /fhf /fh]Gb|n] h+uaxfb'/nfO{ dfg{ !@)) hgf l;kfxLsf] SofDk v8f u/]sf] :yfg M k;f{sf] cnf}+ eGg] 7fpFdf
 cnf}+ kj{sf nflu /fhf /fh]Gb|nfO{ psf:g] JolQmx? M rf}tfl/of u'?k|;fb zfx, /ª\ugfy kf}8]n
 cnf} kj{sf] of]hgf rfn kfPkl5 h+uaxfb'/n] k7fPsf] kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M ;gsl;+x / adaxfb'/
 pQm n8fOFdf /fhfsf ;]gfx? k/flht ePkl5 /fh]Gb|nfO{ kj|mfp u/L /flvPsf] :yfg M xg'dfg9f]sf
(/fhaGbLsf ?kdf_, aGbLsf] ¿kd} d[To' ePsf],
hª\u axfb'/ /f0ff
 afng/l;+x s'Fj/ / /Iffs'df/Lsf k'q h+uaxfb'/sf] hGd M lj=;+= !*&$ -uf]/vfsf] af]nf{ª_
 afNosfnsf] gfd jL/g/l;+x s'Fj/
 h+uaxfb'/ egL gfd /flvlbg] JolQm M dfyj/l;+x yfkf -dfdf_
 lj=;+= !*(& hª\unL xfQLnfO{ klj|mP/ k/fj|md b]vfO{ /fhf /fh]Gb|nfO{ k|efljt kf/L b/af/ k|j]z
 lj=;+= !()# sf]t kj{ / e08f/vfn kj{ kZrft g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
 lj=;+= !()^ b]lv !()& ;Dd -! jif{ @( lbg_hª\axfb'/sf] a]nfot / k|mfG;sf] e|d0f
 lj=;+= !(!# /fhf ;'/]Gb|af6 sf:sL / ndh'ª\sf] >L # dxf/fhlw/fhsf] kbjL k|fKt
 lj=;+= !()% h+uaxfb'/n] s'Fj/sf] ;§f /f0ff pkflw
 g]kfndf k|wfgdGqLsf] ?kdf @( jif{ zf;g
 !^ jif{ d'lgsf dlxnf / % jif{ d'lgsf 5f]/f5f]/L EfPsf dlxnfnfO{ ;tL hfg gkg{] Joj:yf
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ue]{ hg/n eg]/ lrlgg] JolQm M jL/h+u -h+uaxfb'/sf sfG5f 5f]/f_
 k|wfgdGqL x'gsf nflu P]UGf]6 k|yf nfu" ug]{ JolQm
 yfkfynL ;lGw x'Fbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL M h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff -lj=;+= !(!@_
 ef/tsf] l;kfxL ljb|f]x bdg ug{ ;xof]u u/]afkt gofF d'n's elgg] afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ k|fKt
ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
 …‘c?sf s'/f 5f8 cfÇgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cª\u|]hL k9fp’ eGg] JolQm M h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff
 /f}tx6sf] kTy/3§fdf h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffsf] d[To' M lj=;+= !(##
/f0ff k|wfgdGqL tyf ltgsf] d'Vo of]ubfg
!= hª\uaxfb'/ -!()$–!(##_ M lj=; !(!) df Gofo Joj:yf tyf ck/fw sfg'g tf]lsPsf] d'n 'sL P]g
klxnf] k6s hf/L . b/af/ xfO:s'nsf] :yfkgf . gofF d'n's k|fKt .
@= /0ff]åLk -!(##–!($@_ M x'nfs 3/sf] :yfkgf, dfnkf]t p7fpg] gofF aGbf]a:t ul/Psf].
#= jL/ ;dz]/ -!($@–!(%&_ M efbufFp / sf7df8f}Fdf jL/wf/fsf] Joj:yf, k'nx¿sf] lgdf{0f, jL/
c:ktfn -lj=;=!(&$_, jL/ k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf, 306f3/sf] lgdf{0f .
$= b]j ;dz]/ -!(%&–!(%*_ M uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg k|f/De, ;/sf/L ;do !)–% ah] lgwf{/0f,
;/sf/L labfsf] Joj:yf, kf7zfnfx¿sf] :yfkgf .
%= rGb| ;dz]/ -!(%*– !(*^_ M ;tL k|yfsf] pGd"ng, bf;df]rg, klxnf] k6s lah'nL aQLsf]
Joj:yf, klxnf] sn]h lq–rGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf, uf]/vf efiff k|sflzgL ;ldltsf] :yfkgf, g]kfnsf]
gS;f lgdf{0f
^= eLd ;dz]/ -lj=;=!(*^–!(*(_ M g'g / skf;df eG;f/ dfkmL, skf; v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
&= h'4 ;dz]/ -lj=;=!(*(–@))@_ M klxnf] a}ª\s -g]kfn a}ª\s_ :yfkgf, 3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf;,
pRr cbfnt, h'4 af?0f oGq, Do'lhod / lrl8ofvfgfsf] :yfkgf .
*= kb\d ;dz]/ -@))@–@))%_ M klxnf] ;+ljwfg hf/L, sf7df8f}F Do"lgl;kfln6L :yfkgf .
(= df]xg ;dz]/ -@))%–@))*_ M cfsfzjf0fLsf] :yfkgf, /fli6«o cfly{s ;ldltsf] u7g
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |111
#* ;fnsf] kj{
 lj=;+= !(#* df ePsf]
 /f0ffdf ePsf] zlQmnfO{ >L % df kmsf{pg] of]hgf cg'¿k ePsf]
 o'j/fh q}nf]Sosf efO{ g/]Gb| ljqmd zfxn] k|wfgdGqL /0ff]låk l;+x / lw/ zDz]/sf] xTof ug]{ of]hgf
 pQ/Wjh /fhe08f/Ln] kf]n vf]n]sf
$@ ;fnsf] kj{
 lj=;+= !($@ df ePsf]
 k|wfgdGqL /0ff]låkl;+xsf] xTof wL/ zDz]/ / pgsf 5f]/fx¿n] u/]sf] 36gf
 xTofsf] cf/f]kdf h+uaxfb'/sf 5f]/f huth+usf] ;d]t xTof u/L zf;g ;Qf wL/ zDz]/sf !& efO{ 5f]/fx¿df
uPsf]
/0ff]låkl;+x
 lj=;+= !(## df g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL
 t]hf/y c8\8fsf] :yfkgf
 #* ;fnsf] kj{ x'Fbf g]kfndf k|wfgdGqL
 kfqf] / k~rfÍsf] k|sfzg ;'?jft
 x'nfs3/sf] :yfkgf
 /0ff]låkl;+xsf] d[To' M lj=;+= !($@ -cfÇg} elthfx?af6 xTof_
wL/ zdz]/
 h+u axfb'/ /f0ffsf glhssf ljZjf; kfq dflgg] sfG5f efO{ M wL/ zdz]/
 gflt u]x]Gb| zdz]/n] agfPOsf] ugsf] gfd M wL/ ug
 !& efO{ 5f]/fx? dWo] % efO{ 5f]/fx?dfM jL/, b]j, rGb|, eLd / h'4 -k|wfgdGqL ePsf_
 wL/ zdz]/sf @ efO{ gfltx? M kb\d zdz]/ / df]xg zdz]/ -k|wfgdGqL ePsf_
 df5f vfFbf 3fF6Ldf sfF8f c8\s]/ d[To' M lj=;+= !($!
 g]kfn uf]vf{ elt{s]Gb| vf]Ng cg'dlt lnPsf
 ;fGgfgLsf gfdn] kl/lrt JolQm M wL/ zdz]/

jL/ zdz]/
 wL/ zdz]/sf 5f]/f jL/ zdz]/ g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL M lj=;+= !($@
 jL/ zdz]/sf] zf;gsfn M lj=;+= !($@ b]lv !(%& ;Dd
 cfÇgf] gfdsf k5fl8 ha/f n]Vg] k/Dk/f ;'? ug]{ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL M jL/ zdz]/
 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ klg b/af/ xfO{:s'ndf k9\g] cg'dlt lbg] JolQm
 nfnb/af/ / ;]tf] b/af/sf] :yfkgf
 lj=;+= !($& df jL/ c:ktfnsf] lgdf{0f
 lj=;+= !(%! df g]kfnsf] k|yd sf/fuf/ s]Gb|Lo sf/fuf/sf] :yfkgf
112| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
 g]kfndf dlxnf lzIffsf] ;'?jft ug]{ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
 uf]/vf blIf0fafx' / lk|oblz{sf pkflwsf] :yfkgf ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
 gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/ / 306f3/sf] lgdf{0fstf{
 g]kfnnfO{ #% lhNnfdf ljefhg
 #% lhNnfx? dWo] !@ lhNnf t/fO{df kb{y] eg] o; a]nf lhNnfsf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo kb M ;'Aaf
 jL/zdz]/n] :yfkgf u/]sf] k':tsfnosf] gfd M jL/ k':tsfno
 /fhb/af/ xg'dfg9f]sfaf6 gf/fo0flx6L ;fg]{ JolQm M jL/ zdz]/
b]j zdz]/
 wgs'6] k|wfgdGqL egL lrlgg] /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
 b]j zdz]/sf] zf;g cjlw M lj=;+= !(%& -!!$ lbgdfq_
 cIf/f+s lzIffsf] ;'?jft ug]{ JolQm M hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x
 sfof{no ;do !) ah]b]lv % ah];Dd tf]Sg] /f0ff k|wfgdGqL M b]j zdz]/
 !@ ah] tf]k k8\sfpg] rng rnfpg] JolQm M b]j zdz]/
 uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzgsf] ;'?jft tyf efiff kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf ug]{ JolQm
rGb| zdz]/
 k|yd ljZjo'4 x'Fbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
 3/sf] af3 / jgsf] :ofn egL lrlgg] /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
 lkm:6] dxf/fh egL lrlgg] JolQm
 /f0ffx?nfO{ P, jL, / ;L Snf;df ljefhg
 d]l6«s kf; ug]{ g]kfnsf k|yd k|wfgdGqL
 lj=;+= !(^* df cdfnL k|yfsf] vf/]hL ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
 lj=;++= !(^( df uf]/vf efiff k|sflzgL ;ldltsf] :yfkgf
 lj=;+= !(&% lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf
 lj=;+= !(&& df rGb| zdz]/sf] kfnfdf 36]sf] ds} kj{
 lj=;+= !(*! df bf; k|yfsf] cGTo u/]sf rGb| zdz]/n] u/]sf] ;lt k|yfsf] cGTo M lj=;+= !(&&
 g]kfndf ;j{k|yd hnljB't pTkfbg M lj=;+= !(^*
 v8\u lgzfgf 5fksf] k|rng rnfpg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
 ldln6/L c:ktfn / l;+xb/af/sf] lgdf{0f
 lj=;+= !(^* df g]kfndf hgu0fgfsf] sfo{sf] ;'?jft
ds} kj{
 sf}zn c8\8fsf ;'Aaf s[i0fnfn clwsf/Ln] ‘…ds}sf] v]tL’ gfds k':ts n]vL 5kfP afkt ( jif{ lbOPsf]
h]n ;hfo M lj=;+= !(&&
 ds}sf] v]tL gfds k':ts 5fKg] kz'klt 5fkfvfgfnfO{ %) ?k}ofF hl/jfgf lbOPsf]
 5flkPsf !))) k|lt dWo] ((( k|lt gi6 ul/Psf] / ! k|lt ga'emfPsf] sf/0f ;hfo lbOPsf]
 tTsfnLg zf;g Joj:yfsf] lj/f]wdf n]lvPsf s]xL zAbx? M a]nfotL s's'/n] la|l6; ;d'bfonfO{, ds}df
nfUg] /ftf] 6fps] sL/fn] rGb| zdz]/nfO{ / sfnf] 6fps] sL/fn] eLd zdz]/nfO{ O+lut ub{Yof]
 rGb| zdz]/n] /ftf] / eLd zdz]/n] sfnf] Sofk 6f]kL nufpg] ePsfn] /ftf] 6fps] / sfnf] 6fps] elgPsf]
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |113
 s[i0fnfn clwsf/Lsf] hGd M /fd]5fk
 s[i0fnfn clwsf/L h]nd} lgwg ePsf g]kfnsf] k|yd ;flxlTos zlxb
u]x]Gb| zdz]/
 g]kfnsf k|yd j}1flgs
 jL/ug, xfjfaf6 rNg] ldn, wL/ug, wfg s'6\g] ldn , afnfh'df 5fnf k|zf]wg sf/vfgf cflb :yfkgf
 ljif v'jfP/ cfkm\g} sfsf rGb| zdz]/sf] lgb]{zgdf xTof ul/Psf
eLd zdz]/
 lj=;+= !(*^ b]lv !(*( ;Dd k|wfgdGqL
 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ aGws agfpg] k|yfdf /f]s nufPsf
 lj=;+= !(** df eLd zdz]/sf kfnfdf 36]sf] 36gf M k|r08 uf]vf{ kj{
 k|r08 uf]vf{ kj{sf] d'Vo Wo]oM /f0ffsfnsf] cGTo ug]{
 k|r08 uf]vf{sf d'Vo g]t[Tjstf{ M pd]z ljj|md zfx
 k|r08 uf]vf{ cleofgsf] p2]Zo M ltxf/df h'jf v]n]sf] ;dodf /f0ffx?nfO{ ad k|xf/ u/L xTof u/]/ /f0ff
zf;g cGTo ug]{
 nfOj]|/L kj{, j;Gt kj{ / k|r08 uf]vf{ kj{ x'Fbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
 g'g / skf;df eG;f/ dfkmL, skf; v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
 pFv8f hfFr sld;gsf] :yfkgf, rvf{ k|rf/df /f]s
h'4 zdz]/
 /fhlif{ dxf/fh egL lrlgg]
 h'4 zdz]/ g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL M lj=;+ !(*( b]lv @))@ ;Dd
 lj=;+= !(() sf] dxfe"sDk hfFbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
 u2L Tofu u/]kl5 h'4 zdz]/ uP/ a;]sf] :yfg M kfNkf, l/8L
 lj=;+= !(() df P;=Pn=;L= af]8{sf] :yfkgf
 hGd, d[To' btf{ c8\8fsf] :yfkgf
 ;L Snf;sf /f0ffx?nfO{ pkTosf aflx/ lgisf;g ug]{ k|wfgdGqL M h'4 zdz]/
 g]kfndf sfuhL gf]6sf]] ;'?jft
 ;j{k|yd /]l8of] ;]6 /fVg] JolQm
 låtLo ljZjo'4 x'Fbf g]kfndf k|wfgdGqL
 gfufh'{g b/af/sf] lgdf{0f, g]kfnsf] klxnf] a+}s g]kfn a+}ssf] :yfkgf
 pBf]u kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{
 lj=:f+= !(($ df h'4 jf?0f lgoGq0f oGqsf] :yfkgf
kb\d zdz]/
 lj=;+= @))@ b]lv @))$ ;Dd kb\d zdz]/sf] zf;g
 ?Gr] k|wfgdGqL eg]/ lrlgg]
 ‘hot' ;+:s[td\’ cfGbf]ng x'Fbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
 g]kfn / cd]l/sfaLr s'6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf
114| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
:s'nsf lktf tyf t];|f] k':tfsf /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
…æd /fi6«sf] gf]s/ x'FÆ eGg] wf/0ff
df]xg zdz]/
 lj=;+= @))$ b]lv lj=;+= @))& ;Dd df]xg zdz]/sf] zf;g
 lj=;+= @))% df df]xg cfsfzjf0fLsf] :yfkgf
 df]xg xjfOx8\8fsf] :yfkgf
 g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
 ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ /]l8of] /fVg cg'dlt
 g]kfndf k|hftGq :yfkgf x'Fbfsf] ;dosf clGtd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
g]kfnsf dxfg $ zlxbx?
j|m=;+= zlxbsf] gfd y/ hGd -lj=;+=_ hGd:yfg d[To'b08 lbOPsf] ldlt d[To'b08 lbOPsf] :yfg
!= z'j|m/fh zf:qL !(%) sf7df8f}F !((& df3 !) 6]s' krnLsf] v/Lsf] ?vdf
@= wd{eQm dfy]df !(^% sf7df8f}F !((& df3 !@ l;kmnsf] asfOgf]sf] ?vdf
#= uuf+nfn >]i7 !(&% /fd]5fk !((& df3 !$ zf]ef eujtLdf uf]nL xfg]/
$= bz/y rGb 7s'/L !(^) a}t8L !((& df3 !$ zf]ef eujtLdf uf]nL xfg]/

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df kf]n vf]Ng] JolQmx?


 kl08t ljho/fh M e08f/vfn kj{
 nId0f /fh M k|r08 uf]vf{ kj{
 /fdx/L hf]zL / ef]h/fh hf]zL M ds} kj{
 pQ/Wjh vjf; M #* ;fnsf] kj{
 /fdhL hf]zL / d'/nLw/ kl08t M k|hfkl/ifb\sf] sf08

/f0ffsfnLg k|zf;lgs c8\8f


 v8\u lgzfgf c8\8f M >L # sf] ;lrjfno ÷k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no -rGb|;dz]/ d'G;Lvfgf M k//fi6«
dfldnf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ c8\8f -eLd;]g yfkf, /0faxfb'/ zfx_
 s'df/Lrf]s M n]vfk/LIf0f / lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt -k[YjLgf/f0f zfx_
 hª\uL a:bf]j:tL c8\8f M ;}lgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL
 sdf08/L lstfjvfgf M ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v /fVg]
 ljlGtkq lgS;f/L c8\8f M Gofo ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] ;jf]{Rr c8\8f
 d'n'sL aGbf]j:tL c8\8f M b]zsf] k|zf;g ;~rfng / lg/LIf0f ug]{
 s8]Fnrf]s M u/uxgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ -h+uaxfb'/ /fhf_
 /f0ffsfnLg d'Vo kbx?M sdf08/ Og lrkm, ;/bf/, dL/d'G;L, sfhL, vhf~rL
 /f0ffsfnLg g]kfnsf lhNnfx?M #% j6f
 /f0ffsfndf lhNnfsf] k|d'v k|zf;sM ;'Aaf

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |115


/f0ffsfndf hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;"rgfM Ol:txf/
 /f0ffsfndf x6fOPsf k|wfgdGqLx?M b]j zdz]/ / kb\d zdz]/
 snf axfb'/ pkflw kfpg]M dfyj/l;+x yfkf
 kbdf x'Fbf xTof ul/Psf k|wfgdGqLM /0ff]låk, dfyj/l;+x / kmQ]h+u
/fgL dxn
 g]kfnsf] tfhdxn klg eg]/ lrlgg] dxn M /fgL dxn
 /fgL dxnsf] lgdf{0fstf M v8\u zdz]/ -kfNkf_
 /fgL dxnsf] lgdf{0f x'g'sf] sf/0f M lbjª\ut /fgL t]hs'df/Lsf] ;Demgf :j?k
cfd lgjf{rg -lj=;+= @)!%_
 lj=;+= @)!%÷!!÷& b]lv @)!^ j}zfv ;Dd ;~rfng ePsf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] cfd lgjf{rg
 lgjf{rg If]qM !)( j6f
 pQm lgjf{rgdf lgjf{lrt x'g] g]kfnsf] klxnf] dlxnf dGqL M åfl/sfb]jL 7s'/fgL
 k|yd :yfg k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|]; -&$ l;6_ xf] eg] g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] hDdf $ l;6 dfq NofPsf]
 w]/} dt Nofpg] JolQm M sfzL k|;fb >Ljf:tj
 cfd lgjf{rgkl5 g]kfnsf] klxnf] hglgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL M ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnf

/f0ff zf;gsfn eGbf cufl8sf k|wfgdGqLx?


j|m=;+= k|wfgdGqLsf] gfd cjlw -lj=;+=_ j|m=;+= k|wfgdGqLsf] gfd cjlw -lj=;+=_
!= eLd;]g yfkf !**#—!*($ @= /ª\ugfy kf}8]n !*($—!*(%
#= k'is/ zfx !*(%—!*(^ $= /0fhª\u kf08] !*(^—!*(&
%= kmQ]h+u zfx !*(&—!()) / ^= Dffyj/ l;+x yfkf !())—!()@
!()@—!()#
zfxj+zsf] kl/ro

uf]/vf–/fhj+zsf] ;DaGw ef/tsf] lrtf}8sf l;;f}lbof /fhk'tx¿l;t sfod /x]sf] a'lemG5 . d';ndfgL
cfqmd0faf6 lrtf}8sf] ktg ePkl5 ToxfFsf zf;sx¿ efu]/ oqtq nfu] . oxL /fhj+zsf e"kfnn]
g]kfnsf] l/8L / kl5 le/sf]6df a;f]af; u/] . e"kfnsf b'O{ 5f]/fx¿ xl/x/l;+x / chol;+xn] kxf8L
Onfsfdf cf–cfkm\gf] :jtGq /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] . Oltxf;df logLx¿ vfFrf vfg / ldrf vfg eg]/ klg
lrlgG5g\ . sfG5f chol;+xsf] j+zdf logLkl5 ljlrq vfg, s'nd08g cflb eP . s'nd08gn] lbNnLsf
afbzfxaf6 zfx kbjL kfP . o;y{ s'nd08gsf] kfnfb]lv g} o; /fhj+zn] cfkm\gf] gfdsf] ;fy zfx k|of]u
ug{ yfn]sf] dflgG5 . s'nd08g zfxsf] ;dodf ndh'ªsf] /fhu2L vfnL ePsf]n] ndh'ªsf] cg'/f]wdf
logsf sfG5f 5f]/f ozf]a|Xd zfxnfO{ ToxfFsf] /fhf agfOof] . ozf]a|x \d zfxsf b'O{ efO 5f]/fx¿ lyP . h]7f
g/xl/ zfx / sfG5f b|Jo zfx . ozf]a|Dx zfxsf sfG5f 5f]/f b|Jo zfxn] uf]/vfdf ljho u/]/ cfkm\gf] /fHo
:yflkt u/] . uf]/vf /fHo rf}la;]s} ju{df k/ klg o;sf] ndh'Ë] /fhf o;f]a|Xdsf 5f]/f /fhf b|Jozfx
lj=;=!^!^ -O{=;= !%%(_ df uf]/vfsf] /fhu2Ldf a;]kl5 g} uf]/vf zfxj+zLo /fHosf] ¿kdf ljsf; eof] .

116| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


 d';ndfgL cfj|md0faf6 lrtf}8sf] ktg ePkl5 zfxj+zLo /fhfx? 5f]8]/ cfPsf] :yfg M lrtf}8, ef/t
 lbNnLsf afbzfxaf6 zfx kbjL kfpg] /fhf M s'nd08g zfx
 ozf]a|Åd zfxsf b'O{ efO 5f]/fx? M h]7f g/xl/ zfx / sfG5f b|Jo zfx
 uf]/vfdf ljho u/]/ cfÇgf] /fHo :yflkt ug]{ /fhf M b|Jo zfx
 s'nd08g zfxsf] ;dodf ndh'ªsf] /fhu2L vfnL ePsf]n] ndh'ªsf] cg'/f]wdf ToxfFsf] /fhf x'g] JolQmM
s'nd08gsf sfG5f 5f]/f ozf]a|Åd zfx
zfxsfnLg kbx¿ M
 sfhL M ljefusf k|d'v / If]qLo k|d'v
 rf}tfl/of M hª\uL ;]jfsf If]qLo / s]Gb|Lo k|d'v
 vhf~rL M ;/sf/L vhfgfsf] xflsd
 dGqL M /fhfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] sfo{kflnsf k|d'v
 ;/bf/ M cl86/ cf}ifwfnosf] k|d'v
 sk/bf/ M /fhkl/jf/sf] sk8f, uxgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{
 ld/d'G;L M ljb]zL jf l5d]sL d'n's;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{
 rf]jbf/ M rf}sLbf/, b/afg
 jlsn M l5d]sL d'n'sdf g]kfnsf /fhfsf] k|ltlglw
 ;'Aaf M lhNnfsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|d'v
 åf/] M ;/sf/L sfo{nosf kfn], kx/]bf/ cflb
uf]/vf /fHo
 uf]/vf /fHodf zfx j+zsf /fhfx? cfpg'k"j{ v8\sfx?n] zf;g uy]{ eg] uf]/vfsf clGtd /fhf M
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
 zfx j+zsf] zf;gsfndf uf]/vfdf pkNnf]sf]6df dtjfnL, tNnf]sf]6df 3n] u'?ª / lnulnusf]6df 3n]

u'?ªx?sf] a;f]af; ePsf]


 lj=;+= !^!^ efb| @% sf] ljhofbzdLsf] lbgdf x'g] lnulnusf]6sf] bf}8df rnfvLk"0f{ tl/sfn] cfj|md0f
u/L pkNnf]sf]6, tNnf]sf]6 / lnulnusf]6 tLg} j6fnfO{ ldnfO{ uf]/vf /fHo :yfkgf ug]{ k|yd zfxj+zLo /fhf
b|Jo zfx x'g .
 9s, t/fh', dfgf, kfyLsf] rng rnfpg] /fhf M /fd zfx
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxk"j{sf /fhfx?
j|m=;+= /fhf ;dofjlw -lj=;+=_ j|m=;+= /fhf ;dofjlw -lj=;+=_
! b|Jo zfx !^!^–!^@& @ k'/Gb/ zfx !^@& –!^^@
# 5q zfx !^^@ –!^^# $ /fd zfx !^^# –!^()
% 8Da/ zfx !^() –!&)@ ^ s[i0f zfx !&)@ –!&!*
& ?b| zfx !&!* –!&#) * k[YjLklt zfx !&#) –!&&#
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |117
( g/e"kfn zfx !&&# –!&((

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
 & dlxgfdf hlGdPsf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hGd M lj=;+= !&&( kf}if @&
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf dftf÷lktf M sf}zNofjtL / g/e"kfn zfx
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf afa' g/e"kfn zfxsf /fgLx? M $ hgf -rGb|k|efjtL, sf}zNofjtL, a'l4dtL /
z''eb|fjtL_
 agf/;sf /fhk't cledfgl;+xsL 5f]/L g/]Gb|nIdL;Fu k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] bf];|f] ljjfx M lj=;+= !&(^
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] /0flht dNnsf 5f]/f jL/g/l;+x dNn;Fu ldt nufPsf M lj=;+= !&(&
 @) jif{sf] pd]/df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx uf]/vfsf /fhf M lj=;+= !&(( r}q @%
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf afa' g/e"kfn zfxn] g'jfsf]6df u/]sf] k|yd cfj|md0f / k/fho M lj=;+= !&($
 dsjfgk'/sf /fhf x]ds0f{sL 5f]/L OGb|s'df/L;Fu k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] k|yd ljjfx M lj=;+= !&($
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f g'jfsf]6df bf];|f] k6s cfj|md0f / k/fho M lj=;+= !*))
 t];|f] k6s g'jfsf]6 cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*)!
 g'jfsf]6 dflysf] ljho;Fu} 5fnf sf9L dfl/g] g'jfsf]6 ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M hoGt /fgf
 PsLs/0f sfnsf lqzlQm eg]/ lrlgg] b]zx? M kfNkf, tgxF' / ndh'ª
 gfnb'ddf cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*)# >fj0f #
 bxrf]s / dxfb]jkf]v/L cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*!!
 sfe|] cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*!^
 lj=;+= !*!$ sLlt{k'/ dfly k|yd k6s cfj|md0f / k/fho M lj=;+= !*!$
 sl/a ^ 306f eGbf a9L aNv' vf]nfdf n8fO{F rNbf dfl/g] uf]/vfnL ;]gfsf sdf08/ M sfn' kf08]
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f cfÇg} h]7fg lbuaGwg ;]g;Fu o'4 u/L dkjfgk'/ ljho M lj=;+= !*!(
 lbuaGwg ;]gåf/f o'4 xf/]kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx lj?4 n8\g egL a+ufnsf /fhfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cfu|x
u/]adf]lhd a+ufnsf /fhfn] o'4 ug{ egL k7fPsf] sdf08/ M ld/sfl;d
 uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] k/flht u/]sf] cleofgsf sdf08/ M ld/sfl;d
 ;'/k|tfk zfxsf] g]t[Tjdf sLlt{k'/df bf];|f] k6s cfj|md0f t/ ;"/k|tfk zfxsf] cfFvf km'6\of], bnhLt zfx
3fOt] eP / w]/} uf]/vfnL ;]gf dfl/Psf sf/0f k'gM k/fho M lj=;+= !*@! ebf}
 sLlt{k'/dfly t];|f] / clGtd k6s cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*@@ r}q #
 hok|sfz dNnn] c+u]|h;Fu ;xof]u dfu u/]kl5 uf]/vfnL ;]gf lj?4 rnfPsf] k/flht ePsf] cleofg M
lsngs cleofg
 pkTosfsf /fHox?nfO{ k/flht ug{sf nflu k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lnPsf] gLlt M cfly{s gfsfaGbL
 pgsf] gfsfaGbLaf6 tx;gx;df k/]sf kf6g jf nlntk'/sf ^ k|wfgx?n] k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ kf6gsf] /fhf
aGg cfu|x u/]adf]lhd pgn] k7fPsf] /fhf M bndb{g zfx
 uf]/vfnL ;]gfåf/f sflGtk'/ cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*@% cflZjg !#
 uf]/vfnL ;]gfåf/f nlntk'/ cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*@% c;f]h @$
 uf]/vfnL ;]gfåf/f eQmk'/ cfj|md0f / ljho M !*@^ d+l;/ !
 eLd;]g :yfg, 6'Fl8v]n / g/b]jL u/L tLglt/af6 sf7df8f}F dfly cfj|md0f ePsf] lbg M OGb|hfqfsf] lbg
118| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
 sf7df8f}+ jf sflGtk'/nfO{ g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL 3f]if0ff M lj=;+= !*@^ r}q !)
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] d[To' M lj=;+= !*#! df3 ! -g'jfsf]6_
g'jfsf]6sf] z]/f b/af/df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lbPsf lbJof]kb]zx?
 g]kfn b'O{ 9'ÍfaLrsf] t?n xf], pQ/ / blIf0fsf l5d]s;Fu a/fa/ ;DaGw /fVg'
 k|hf df]6f eof b/af/ alnof] x'G5
 7s'/L hfFrL l87\7f lbg', du/ hfFrL ljrf/L lbg'
 blIf0fsf] afbzfx dxfrt'/ 5
 hfO{ s6s gug'{, lemsL s6s ug'{
 g]kfn rf/ hft 5QL; j0f{sf] ;femf km"naf/L xf]
 d]/f ;fgf b'Mvn] cfHof{sf] d'n's xf]Og, ;a}nfO{ r]tgf eof
 3'; lnGof / lbGof b'j} b]zsf zq' x'g\
 vfgL eofsf 7fpFdf ufpF eof klg c? hUufdf ;f/Lsg vfgL rnfpg'
k|tfkl;+x zfx
 k[YJfLgf/fo0f zfxsf h]7f 5f]/f
 k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] hGd M lj=;+= !*)*
 @ jif{ !) dlxgf zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf
 k|tfkl;+x zfxsL /fgLsf] gfd M /fh]Gb|nIdL zfx
 OGb| hfqfsf] lbg lnª\uf] uf8\g] k|rngdf Nofpg] /fhf
 lj=;+= !*#$df k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] cNkfo'd} d[To'
axfb'/ zfx
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf sfG5f 5f]/f, k|tfkl;+x zfxsf efO
 afNosfnsf] gfd kmQ]axfb'/ zfx
 g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf axfb'/ zfxsf] g]t[Tjsfn M :j0f{sfn
 nfdf] ;do ef/tsf] agf/;lt/ a;]sf axfb'/ zfxsf uf]/vfnL ;]gfsf] /fHo lj:tf/ M s'dfp u9jfn x'Fb}
;tnh gbL kf/L;Dd
 /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] gfoaL rnfPsf t/ /fHosf]if b'?kof]u nufotsf cf/f]kdf aGbL agfOPsf JolQm M axfb'/
zfx
 lj=;+= !*%# df axfb'/ zfx dfly cf/f]k nufOPsf] / d[To' lj=;+= !*%$ d[To' -aGbL cj:yfdf_
/0faxfb'/ zfx
 k|tfkl;+x zfx / /fh]Gb|nIdLsf 5f]/f /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] hGd M lj=;+= !*#@ h]i7 !)
 afa'sf] d[To' ePkl5 c9fO{ jif{sf] slnnf] pd]/d} /fhf ePsf
 :jfdL dxf/fh egL lrlgg] /fhf
 /fh/fh]Zj/L, ;'j0f{k|efjtL / sflGtdtL M/0faxfb'/ zfxsf # j6L /fgLx?
 afn ljwjf sfGtLdltaf6 hlGdg] 5f]/fnfO{ /fhf agfpg] zt{df ljjfx ug]{ /fhf M /0faxfb'/ zfx
 j}wflgs /fgL ;'j0f{k|efjtL tkm{sf h]7f 5f]/fnfO{ /fhf gagfO{ sflGtdtLtkm{ af6 /fhf agfOPsf /fhs'df/ M
uLjf{0fo'4
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |119
 /fhvnsdf ljjfb, if8\oGq / dte]b l;h{gf eO{ ljjfb cf/De ug]{ /fhf /0faxfb'/ zfx
 afnfh'sf] @@ cf}F wf/fsf] lgdf{0f
 /0faxfb'/ zfxsf kfnfdf rn]sf] zf;g M qoL zf;g
 af;7\7Lx/0f sf08 36]sf] a]nfsf /fhf
eLd;]g yfkf
 g]kfnsf k|yd k|wfgdGqL
 eLd;]g yfkfsf] hGd M lj=;+= !*#@ ;fpg ( -uf]/vfsf] af]nf{ª_
 lj=;+= !*$$ lt/ /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] ;]jssf] ?kdf b/af/ k|j]z u/]sf eLd;]g yfkfsf afa'÷cfdf M cd/l;+x
yfkf -;fg'sfhL_ / cfdf ;To?kf
 eLd;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf g]kfnnfO{ #( lhNNffdf ljefhg
 sdf/f sdf/L /fVg gkfpg] Joj:yf, g]jf/x?sf] rf8df vr{sf] ;Ldf tf]Sg] sfd, x'nfssf] Joj:yf,
hUufnfO{ xn], kf6], sf]bfn]sf] cfwf/df clen]v /fVg] Joj:yf h:tf ;fdflhs ;'wf/ ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
 lj=;+= !**!df ;'Gwf/f lgdf{0f
 lj=;+= !*^# g]kfndf /fxbfgL k|yfsf] ;'?jft ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
 s]xL hfltdf k|rlnt ;flgdf / efph' Joxf]g{] k|yfsf] cGTo ug]{ JolQm
 aUuL r9\g] rng rnfpg] k|wfgdGqL
 afub/af/, w/x/f, jfudtL k'n lgdf{0f
 5fpgL ;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgf
 ;]gfdf ;]gf, hg]{n, sg]{n, SofK6g cflb kbsf] l;h{gf u/L ;}lgsnfO{ tflnd lbg] Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft
 /fhs'df/ b]j]Gb|sf] xTofsf] cleof]u nufO{ h]n rnfg
 d[To' M lj=;+= !*(^ -h]nleq} cfTdxTof_
uLjf{0fo'4 ljj|md zfx
 lujf{0fo'4sf] hGd M lj=;+= !*%$ cflZjg !!
 8]9 jif{sf] pd]/d} /fhf agfOPsf
 /0faxfb'/ zfx / sflGtdtLsf 5f]/f
 lj=;+= !*%% b]lv !*&# ;Dd uLjf{0fo'4n] zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf]
 uLjf{0fo'4 ljj|md zfxsf @ j6L /fgLx? M l;l4nIdL / uf]/IfnIdL
 jL/ljj|md pkflw kfpg] g]kfnsf] klxnf] zfxj+zLo /fhf M uLjf{0fo'4 jL/ljj|md zfx
 c+u]|h / g]kfnaLr ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ $ df ;'uf}nL ;lGw
 ;'uf}nL ;lGw x'Fbf g]kfnsf /fhf M lujf{0fo'4 jL/ljj|md zfx
 ;'uf}nL ;lGwdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 x:tfIf/stf{ M uh/fh ld>
 ;'uf}nL ;lGwdf Oi6 Ol08of jf c+u|]hsf tkm{af6 x:tfIf/ ug{] JolQm M n]lkm\6g]G6 hg/n a|f8 zf
 lj=;+= !*&# d+l;/ * df lujf{0fo'4sf] lgwg , lztnf /f]usf sf/0f ePsf] elgPsf lgwg
/fh]Gb| ljj|md zfx
 lujf{0fo'4 ljj|md zfx / uf]/IfnIdL zfxsf k'q
 /fh]Gb| ljj|md zfxsf] hGd M lj=;+= !*&) df3 @$
120| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
 lj=;+= !*&# b]lv !()$ ;Dd /fh]Gb| ljj|md zfxn] zf;g rnfPsf]
 /f0ff zf;gsf] pbo x'Fbf g]kfnsf /fhf
 cnf} kj{sf] d'Vo of]hgfsf/
 cfkm\gf] kgflt /fhf x'Gh]n;Dd klg hLljt /xg] /fhf
 sf]tkj{, e08f/vfn kj{ 36]sf] a]nf g]kfnsf /fhf
 /fh]Gb| ljj|md zfxsf] d[To' M lj=;+= !(#* c;f/ #)
;'/]Gb| jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
 /fhf /fh]Gb|sf 5f]/f
 ;'/]Gb| jL/ljj|md zfxsf] hGd M lj=;+= !**^ c;f]h @!
 sf]tkj{sf] 36gfkl5 ePsf /fhf
 lj=;+= !()$ b]lv !(#* ;Dd ;'/]Gb| jL/ljj|md zfxsf] zf;g
 g]kfndf ;j{k|yd d'n'sL P]g nfu" x'Fbf g]kfnsf /fhf
 ax'nfxf o'j/fh / ;GsL dxf/fh pkflw kfPsf
o'j/fh q}nf]So
 /fhf ;'/]Gb|sf 5f]/f tyf a'n]6 dxf/fhfsf gfdn] lrlgg] o'j/fh
 /fhf gx'Fb} d[To' x'g] o'j/fh
k[YjL jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
 o'j/fh q}nf]Sosf 5f]/f k[YjL jL/ljj|md zfxsf] hGd !(#@
 ^ jif{sf] pd]/d} /fhf
 k[YjL jL/ljj|md zfxsf] zf;g cjlw M lj=;+= !(#* b]lv !(^* ;Dd
lqe'jg jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
 k[YjLjL/ljj|md zfxb]j / nIdL lbJo]Zj/L k'q
 lqe'jgsf] hGd M lj=;+= !(^# c;f/ !&
 zfx j+zd} ;a}eGbf nfdf] ;do zf;g ug{] /fhf
 lj=;+= !(^* b]lv @)!! ;Dd lqe'jgn] g]kfndf zf;g u/]sf
 /fi6«lktf, hgtfsf /fhf h:tf pkgfdn] lrlgg]
 g]kfndf k|hftGq :yfkgf x'Fbf g]kfnsf /fhf
dx]Gb| jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
 lqe'jgsf 5f]/f /fhf dx]Gb|sf] hGd M lj=;+= !(&& h]7 #)
 dx]Gb|sf @ j6L /fgLx? M OGb|/fHonIdL / /Tg /fHonIdL
 lj=;+= @)!! r}q ! df /fHo/f]x0f ug]{ tyf ‘pm afFRg nfos 5, hf] dg{ b]lv 8/fpFb}Gf’ eGg] /fhf M dx]Gb|
 ;fDojfb df]6/ r9]/ cfpFb}g eGg] /fhf
 lrtjgsf] lbofnf] a+ufnfdf /fhf dx]Gb|sf] d[To' M lj=;+= @)@* df3 !&
 ‘p;}sf nflu’ / ‘km]l/ p;}sf nflu’ s[ltsf n]vs
jL/]Gb|| jL/ljj|md zfxb]j

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |121


 dx]Gb|sf Ho]i7 ;'k'q /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] hGd M lj=;+= @))@ kf}if !$ ut] ePsf] xf] .
 /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] /fHo/f]x0f M lj=;+= @)@*
 lj=;+= @)#! df g]kfnnfO{ zflGtIf]q 3f]if0ff ul/of];\ egL k|:tfj cufl8 a9fPsf
 g]kfndf k|yd k6s hgdt;ª\u|x tyf k|hftGqsf] k'gj{xfnL ug]{ /fhf
 ljeT; g/;+x/sf/L /fhb/af/ xTofsf08df k/L ;kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? ;lxt d[To' M lj=;+= @)%* h]7 !(
lbk]Gb| jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
 /fhf jL/]Gb|sf Ho]i7 ;'k'q lbk]Gb|sf] hGd M lj=;+= @)@* c;f/ !#
 lbk]Gb| dxf/fhlw/fh ePsf] hDdf cjlw M lj=;+= @)%* h]7 @) ut]b]lv # lbg
 5f]6f] ;do dxf/fhlw/fh eO{ d[To' M lj=;+= @)%* h]7 @@
1fg]Gb| jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
 /fhf dx]Gb|sf dflxnf 5f]/f 1fg]Gb|sf] hGd M @))$ c;f/ @#
 bfh' jL/]Gb|sf] j+zsf] xTof ePkZrft lj=;+= @)%* h]7 @@ df g]kfnsf /fhf 3f]lift
 ;a}eGbf a9L pd]/df /fhf x'g] JolQm
 bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 x6fOPsf /fhf
 /fgL sf]dn /fHonIdL ;lxt lj=;+= @)^% h]7 @( df gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/af6 alxu{dg
 lj=;+= @)^% h]7 !% ut] g]kfndf u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff x'Fbf g]kfnsf /fhf

122| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


dsjfgk'/ /fHo
 dsjfgk'/ /fHosf] k|yd /fhf M nf]xfª\ ;]g
 dsjfgk'/ /fHosf] clGtd /fhf M lbUaGwg ;]g
 zf;g s]Gb| >Lgu/ ePsf kfNkfsf k|yd /fhf M ?b|;]g eg] clGtd /fhf M k[YjLkfn ;]g
 rf}b08Lu9Lsf clGtd /fhf M lxlnxfÍ
@))& ;fnsf] j|mflGt
 lj=;++= @))& ;fn c;f]hdf ef/tsf] j}/uflgofdf ePsf] g]kfnL sf+u|] ;sf] ;Dd]ngn] /f0ffzf;g lj?4
;z:q qmflGtsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf],
 /f0ff zf;gsf] lj?4df ;~rfng ePsf] j|mflGt M @))& ;fnsf] j|mflGt
 lj=;++= @))& sflQs @! df k|hftGq :yfkgf ug{ /fhf lqe'jgn] ef/tLo /fhb"tfjf;df z/0f
 lj=;+= @))& sflQs @% ut] /fhf lqe'jg ef/tsf] lbNnL k|:yfg
 @))& ;fnsf] j|mflGtsf] g]t[Tjstf{ bn M g]kfnL sf+u|];
 lj=;+= @))& kmfu'g ! df hjfx/nfn g]x?sf] dWo:ystf{df /fhf, sf+u|]; / /f0ffaLr ePsf] lqkIfLo
;Demf}tf
 @))& kmfu'g $ df /fhf lqe'jgsf] g]kfn lkmtL{ ;jf/L
 @))& kmfu'g & df g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] 3f]if0ff
@))& kmfu'g & ut] ul7t dGqLkl/ifb\
j|m=;+= gfd y/ s;sf] tkm{af6 kb
!= df]xg zdz]/ /f0ffsf] tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL tyf k//fi6« dGqL
@= aa/ zdz]/ /f0ffsf] tkm{af6 /Iff dGqL
#= ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{af6 u[x dGqL
$= eb|sfnL ld> g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{af6 oftfoft dGqL
%= e/td0fL zdf{ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{af6 vfB tyf s[lif dGqL
^= ;'j0f{ zdz]/ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{af6 cy{ dGqL
&= u0f]zdfg l;+x g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{af6 pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo dGqL
*= r'8f zdz]/ /f0ffsf] tkm{af6 jg dGqL
(= g[kh+u /f0ff /f0ffsf] tkm{af6 lzIff dGqL
!)= o1 axfb'/ a:g]t /f0ffsf] tkm{af6 :jf:Yo tyf :jfoQ zf;g dGqL

@))& b]lv @)!% ;Dd 36]sf dxŒjk"0f{ 36gfx?


 dft[sf k|;fb sf]O/fnf k|wfgdGqL M lj=;+= @))* d+l;/ ! ut]
 dft[sf k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf @)!) ;fn a}zfv !^ ut] btf{ u/]sf] gofF bnsf] gfd M g]kfn k|hf kf6L{
 g]kfn k|hf kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjstf{sf] x}l;otdf dft[sf k|;fb sf]O/fnf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqLM lj=;+= @)!) c;f/ (
 6+s k|;fb cfrfo{sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfn k|hf kl/ifb\sf] Psnf}l6 zf;g & ;b:oLo dGqLd08nsf] u7g M @)!@
;fn df3 !# -gf]6M 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] kfnfdf ePsf] d'Vo sfdx¿– of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] z'?jft, g]kfn
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |123
/fi6« a}+ssf] :yfkgf, g]kfnn] o"=Pg=cf]= sf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf], lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cfPsf], g]kfn–rLg
zflGt tyf d}qL ;GwL ePsf]_
 6+s k|;fb cfrfo{sf] /flhgfdf M lj=;+= @)!$ c;f/ !(
 8f= s]=cfO{= l;+x g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL M lj=;+= @)!$ >fj0f !!
 8f= s]=cfO{=l;+x g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ ;~rfng ePsf] hDdf ;do M # dlxgf @) lbg
 /fhf dx]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;gsf] ;'?jft M lj=;++= @)!$ sflQs @(
 lj=;+= @)!$ ;fn df3 !( ut] g]kfndf klxnf]k6s cfdlgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ff
 tTsfnLg dGqLkl/ifb\sf cWoIf ;'j0f{ zDz]/sf] g]t[Tjdf lgjf{rg ;DkGg
 lj=;+= @)!% sf] cfd lgjf{rgdf d'n'snfO{ ljefhg ul/Psf] hDdf lgjf{rg If]q M !)( j6f
 @)!% sf] cfd lgjf{rgsf] ;'?jft / ;dflKt M lj=;+= @)!% kmfu'g & b]lv @)!^ j}zfv !^
 cfd lgjf{rg @)!% sf] glthf slxn] ;fj{hlgs M @)!^ j}zfv @*
 lgjf{rgkl5 @)!^ ;fn h]7 !# ut] ljlk sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf klxnf] hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] u7g
 @)!% sf] cfd lgjf{rgdf Psdfq lgjf{lrt dlxnf pDd]b\jf/ M åfl/sfb]jL 7s'/fgL
 88]Nw'/faf6 lgjf{lrt eP/ g]kfnsf] klxnf] dlxnf dGqL ePsL
 cfd lgjf{rg @)!% df ;a}eGbf w]/} l;6 lhTg] kf6L{ M g]kfnL sf+u|]; -&$ l;6_
 bf];|f] bn uf]vf{ kl/ifb\ ePsf]
 g]kfn ;j{k|yd k|ltlglw;efsf] a}7s M @)!^ c;f/ !^
 ;efd'v s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ / pk;efd'v dx]Gb| gf/fo0f lglw ePsf
sf]zL ;Demf}tf
 lj=;+= @)!! ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] -;g\ !(%$ clk|n @%_
 g]kfn / ef/taLr ePsf], g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 dxflj/ zDz]/ / ef/tsf] tkm{ u'nhf/Lnfn gGbfn] x:tfIf/
u/]sf
 k|wfgdGqL dflqsfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] kfnfdf ePsf]
u08s ;Demf}tf
 lj=;+= @)!^ ;fn d+l;/ !( ut] -!(%(–!@–)$_ df ePsf]
 g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;'j0f{ zDz]/ / ef/tsf] tkm{af6 eujfg ;xfosn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf
 k|wfgdGqL lj=lk= sf]O/fnfsf] kfnfdf
@)!& b]lv @)#^ ;Ddsf dxŒjk"0f{ /fhgLlts 36gfx?
 ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf !* dlxgf rn]sf] ;/sf/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] wf/f
%% k|of]u u/L /fhf dx]Gb|af6 lj36g M @)!& ;fn kf}if !
 lgb{nLo k~rfotsf] k|fb'{efj M lj=;+= @)!& ;fn kf}if @@
 k~rfot Joj:yfsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf ljefux? M k~rfot lgb]{zg ljefu / k~rfot ljsf; ljefu
 g]kfnnfO{ !$ c~rn &% lhNnfdf ljefhg M lj=;+= @)!*
 k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] d'Vo p2]Zo lnO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( 3f]if0ff M lj=;++= @)!( k'if !
 bnljlxg k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ j}wflgs k|bfg ug]{ ;+ljwfg M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!(
 tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb| r9]sf] uf8Ldf ad k|xf/ M lj=;+= @)!* df3
124| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
 hgsk'/ sf08sf gfdn] kl/lrt pQm sf08df ad k|xf/ ug]{ JolQm M b'uf{gGb emf -b'uf{gGb emfnfO{ lbOPsf]
kmfF;L lj=;+= @)@) df3 @%_
 ufpF kms{ /fli6«o cleofgsf] ;'?jft M lj=;+= @)@$
 ljb|f]xdf ;+nUgnfO{ uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/Psf] ;'vfgL xTofsf08 ;d]t elgg] emfkf ljb|f]x M lj=;+= @)@*
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df l6Dj'/af]6] sf08 M lj=;+= @)#!
 ljBfyL{åf/f ;'? ul/Psf] hg;dy{g ;lxtsf] k~rfot lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng M lj=;+= @)#^
@)#& b]lv @)$^ ;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfx?
 /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 hgdt ;+u|xsf] 3f]if0ff M @)#^ ;fn h]7 !)
 hgdt ;+u|xsf] d'Vo ljifo M ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfot ls ax'bnLo zf;g
 hgdt ;+u|xsf] a]nfdf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL M sLlt{lglw lji6
 hgdt ;+u|x ePkZrft g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL M ;"o{ axfb'/ yfkf
 hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] j|mddf ul7t lgjf{rg cfof]usf cWoIf M eujtLk|;fb l;+x
 hgdt ;+u|xsf] ;dfkg M lj=;+= @)#& ;fn j}zfv @)
 hgdt ;+u|xsf] glthf ;fj{hlgs M lj=;+= @)#& h]7 !
 hgdt ;+u|xdf ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotn] lht]sf] lhNnf M %% lhNNff
 ax'bnLo Joj:yfn] lht]sf] lhNnf M @) lhNnf
 ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotn] k|fKt u/]sf] dt M %$=* k|ltzt
 l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf ePsf] lk:s/ xTofsf08 M lj=;+= @)$)
 @)$@ sf] /fli6«o k~rfotsf] r'gfjaf6 gofF k|wfgdGqL M dl/rdfg >]i7
 u0f]zdfg l;+xsf] 3/sf] cfFugdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf sfo{stf{x? tyf jfddf]rf{sf g]tfx? / ef/tLo ljleGg
/fhgLlts bnx? ;d]t ;xefuL ePsf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng M lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn df3 % b]lv &
 g]kfnL sf+u|];, ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{ / ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ng ;ldlt ldn]/ cfGbf]ngsf] 3f]if0ff M lj=;+=
@)$^ kmfu'g &
 hgcfGbf]ngs} aLrdf dl/rdfg l;x+ >]i7sf] dGqLd08n lj36g u/L gofF k|wfgdGqL M nf]s]Gb| axfb'/ rGb
 /fhfåf/f k'gM jx'bnLo k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf M lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn r}q @^
 $( lbg;Dd hgcfGbf]ng rn]sf]
@)%@ ;fnb]lv @)^# ;fn;Ddsf 36gfx¿
 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ åf/f hgo'4sf] 3f]if0ff M lj=;+= @)%@ kmfu'g !
 lj=;+= @)%$ ;fn c;f]h $ ut] k|ltlglw ;efaf6 dxfsfnL ;lGw kfl/t ePsf] -k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/
b]pjfsf] kfnfdf ePsf] / g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 pQm ;GwLdf k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjf / ef/tsf] tkm{af6
k|wfgdGqL lk=le= g/l;+x /fjn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf_
 @)%* ;fn h]7 !( ut] /fhb/af/ xTofsf08 ePsf]
 @)%( ;fn h]7 * ut] k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] k|ltlglw ;ef e+u u/]sf
 lj=;+= @)%( c;f]h !* ut] /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ c;Ifd 3f]if0ff u/L kbd'Qm u/]sf
 lj=;+= @)^! df3 !( ut] /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] /fhgLlts bndfly k|ltaGw nufO{ ;Dk"0f{ /fHo;Qf cfÇgf]
lgoGq0fdf lnPsf

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |125


 ;+;bjfbL & /fhgLlts bn / ;z:q cfGbf]ng/t g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLaLr lj=;+= @)^@ ;fn d+l;/ & ut]
ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf !@ a'Fb] ;Demf}tf ePsf]
 /fhfsf] k|ltudg lj?4 cfGbf]ng/t /fhgLlts bnx¿n] @)^@ r}q @$ ut]af6 bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng z'? u/]sf
 lj=;+= @)^# j}zfv !! ut] /fhfaf6 lj=;+= @)%^ ;fndf lgjf{lrt ;+;b\sf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf
 o;} 3f]if0ff cg'?k !( lbg] hgcfGbf]ng -clk|n qmflGt ;DkGg ePsf]_
 k|ltlglw ;ef 3f]if0ffkq hf/L M lj=;+= @)^# h]7 $
 ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfsf] ;xdltkqdf x:tfIf/ M @)^# h]7 !@
 /fHosf ;a} txdf dlxnfsf] Ps ltxfO{ ;xeflutfsf] Uof/]06L ug]{ 3f]if0ff M @)^# h]7 !^
 lj=;+= @)^# ;fn sflt{s @@ ut] ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLlar ;]gf;dfof]hg / xftxltof/ Aoj:yfkg ;DaGwL
;Demf}tf ePsf]
 ;ft /fhgLlts bn / dfcf]jfbLaLr lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ M @)^# d+l;/ % -x:tfIf/ ug]{
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf / k|r08_
 xltof/ / ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg ug{ ;/sf/ dfcf]jfbL / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3aLr lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf M
@)^# d+l;/ @@
 gofF cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L tyf dfcf]jfbL k|ltlglw ;lxtsf] cGtl/d Joj:yflksf u7g M @)^# df3 !
 ;+ljwfgdf klxnf] ;+zf]wg M @)^# kmfu'g #)
 g]skf dfcf]jfbL ;lxtsf] cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g M @)^# r}q !*
 lj=;+= @)^$ ;fn r}t @* ut] klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg
 lj=;+= @)^% ;fn h]7 !% ut] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] g]kfndf u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] -cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgn]_
;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rg, @)^$
 ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg] g]kfnL hgtfsf] @))& b]lvsf] kl/sNkgf cg';f/ g]kfndf P]ltxfl;s
?kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg M lj=;+= @)^$ j}zfv @*
 hgcfGbf]ng @ sf] ;kmntf;Fu} cfPsf] d"n /fhg}lts Ph]08f M ;++ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg
 ;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rgsf nflu lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf bnx? M &$ bn
 ;+ljwfg ;efdf /xg] hDdf ;b:ox?sf] Joj:yf M ^)! hgf ;b:o -h;df @$) ;b:o k|ToIf lgjf{lrt /
##% k|ltzt hgf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL_
 g]kfnL gful/sx?n] dtbfg ug{ kfpg] pd]/ / pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] pd]/ M !* jif{ / @% jif{
 k|ToIf lgjf{rg tkm{ ;kmn ePsf bnx? M ( bn
 ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgtkm{ ;kmn bnx? M @% bn
 k|ToIf tkm{ !@! l;6 -%)=$! k|ltzt_ / ;dfg'kflts tkm{ !)) l;6 -@(=@* k|ltzt_ lht]/ ag]sf] b]zsf]
k|d'v kf6L{ M g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_
klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g
 klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 k|r08, dfwjs'df/ g]kfn, emngfy vgfn, afa'/fd e§/fO{ k|wfgdGqL
lgjf{lrt ePklg ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ g;sL lj=;+= @)^( h]7 !$ ut] lj36g ePsf]

126| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


 tTsfnLg k|wfgGofolwz lvn/fh /]UdLnfO{ dGqL kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf agfO{ pgs} g]t[Tjdf lj=;+= @)&) ;fn
d+l;/ $ ut] bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ePsf]
 bf];|f] ;+ljwfg ;efn] lj=;+= @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L u/]sf]

;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f


 ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] gfd M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
 g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff / nfu" M lj=;+= @)&@ c;f]h #
 ljZjdf ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ $$ cf}+ d'n's M g]kfn
 ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;j{k|yd ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ ljZjsf] klxnf] d''n's M k|mfG; -$# cf}+ d'n's 6\o'lgl;of_
 jt{dfg ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efaf6 kfl/t ldlt M @)&@ efb| #) -kIfdf %)& hgf / ljkIfdf @% hgf_
 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|lj|mofdf alxisf/sf] gLlt lng] ;b:osf] ;+Vof M %* hgf
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIfåf/f k|df0fLs/0f M @)&@ c;f]h !
 jt{dfg ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'Fbf g]kfnsf] /f/fi6«klt M 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj
 jt{dfg ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'Fbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL M ;'lzn sf]O/fnf
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf hDdf efu, wf/f / cg';"rLx? M #% efu #)* wf/f / ( cg';"rL
 ;+ljwfgsf] ljkIfdf dtbfg ug]{ s'n ;+;b @% hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf] kf6L{ M /fk|kf g]kfn
 ;+ljwfg ;efdf /fhgLlts ;+jfb tyf ;xdlt ;ldltsf ;efklt M 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{
 ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltsf cWoIf M s[i0f k|;fb l;6f}nf
 jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg M lj=;+= @)&@ kmfu'g !^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wgdf wf/f $@, wf/f *$ / wf/f
@*^ ;+zf]wg_
 ;+ljwfg ;efdf s'n ^)! hgf ;b:o dWo] ;+ljwfg ;efdf axfn ;b:o ;+Vof %(& hgfdf klg ! hgf
lgnlDat, ! hgf lgwg / @ dgf]lgt ug{ afFsL
g]kfnsf] yk k|d'v P]ltxfl;s 36gfj|md
ljkZjL a'4sf] g]kfn cfudg ;Too'u
d~h'>Ln] bxsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] kfgL q]tfo'u
sf6L aufP/ a:tL a;fPsf
g]kfnsf k|yd /fhf wdf{s/ q]tfo'u
5}6f}F ls/fFtL /fhf x'dtL dxfef/tsf] o'4sfn
uf}td a'4sf] g]kfn cfudg ;ftf}F ls/fFtL /fhf lht]bf:tLsf kfnfdf
;d|f6 czf]ssf] g]kfn cfudg rf}wf}F ls/fFtL /fhf :y+"ª\sf]sf] kfnfdf
lnR5jL j+zsf] pbo nueu ;g\ !!)
k|yd lnR5jL /fhf hob]jsf] zf;gsfn O{zfsf] ;'?lt/
dfgb]jsf] zf;gsfn zfs] ;Djt\ #*^ b]lv $!#
c+z'jdf{sf] pbo lj=;= ^^@

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |127


Gffu/fhåf/f v; /fHosf] :yfkgf O{=k"= !!%)
v; ;fd|fHosf j|mfrNnsf] /fHo/f]x0f lj=;+= !@^$
v; /fhf lhtf/L dNnåf/f sf7df8f}F pkTosf cfj|md0f lj=;+= !#$$ k';, !#$% kmfu'g, !#$^ kmfu'g
cflbTo dNnåf/f pkTosf cfj|md0f lj=;+= !#*$
gfGob]j lt/x'tdf -l;d|f}gu9_ s0ff{6s /fHosf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !!%$
dNnsfnsf] pbo lj=;=!@%& k|yd dNn /fhf cl/ dNnsf] /fHosfn lj=;+=
!@%& –!@&$
l;d|f}gu9sf clGtd /fhf xl/l;+xb]jdfly lbNnLsf s0ff{6s /fHo Wj:t lj=;+= !#*!
d';ndfg afbzfx uof;'l2g t'unsåf/f cfj|md0f
hol:ylt dNnsf] /fHo/f]x0f lj=;+= !#*)
a+ufnsf zf;s ;d';'l2g Olnof;åf/f g]kfndfly lj=;+= !$)^
cfj|md0f
oIf dNnsf] /fHosfn lj=;+= !$@*–!%#(
/Tg dNnsf] /fHosfn lj=;+= !%$!–!%&&
b|Jo zfxåf/f uf]/vf /fHosf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !^!^
uf]/vfsf /fhf /fd zfxsf] /fHosfn lj=;+= !^^#–!^()
k|tfk dNnsf] /fHosfn lj=;+= !^(*–!&#!
dx]Gb| dNnsf] /fHof/f]x0f lj=;+= !^!&
l;l4g/l;+x dNnåf/f kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !^(#
e"kltGb| dNnsf] /fHosfn lj=;+= !&%#–!&&(
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f g'jfsf]6dfly klxnf] cfj|md0f lj=;+= !*))
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f g'jfsf]6dfly bf];|f] cfj|md0f tyf lj=;+= !*)!
ljho
sLlt{k'/dfly klxnf] cfj|md0f lj=;+= !*!$ h]7 !(
dsjfgk'/dfly ljho lj=;=!*!( efb| (
a+ufnsf gjfa ld/sfl;dåf/f u'/lug vfFsf] g]t[Tjdf ;g\ !&^# hgj/L #)
k7fOsf ;]gfdfly uf]/vfnLsf] ljho
sLlt{k'/dfly bf];|f] cfj|md0f lj=;+= !*@! c;f]h $
sLlt{k'/dfly t];|f] cfj|md0f tyf ljho lj=;+= !*@@ r}t #
hok|sfz dNnsf] ;xof]usf nflu lsgnssf] g]t[Tjdf lj=;+= !*@$
128| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
k7fPsf] cª\u|]h kmf}hdfly uf]/vfnL cfj|md0f tyf ljho
sf7df8f}F ljho lj=;+= !*@% efb|z'Sn /ljjf/ -OGb|hfqf_ sf lbg
nlntk'/ ljho lj=;+= !*@% c;f]h !# ut]
eQmk'/ ljho lj=;+= !*@^ d+l;/ ! ut]
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lgwg lj=;+= !*#!
g]kfn / ltAataLr Jofkfl/s ;lGw ;g\ !&&% ;]K6]Da/
g]kfn / u9jfnaLrsf] zflGt ;Demf}tf ;g\ !&(!
g]kfn ltAataLr klxnf] o'4 ;g\ !&**–!&*(
g]kfn ltAataLr s]?ª ;lGw ;g\ !&*( h'g @
g]kfn ltAataLr bf];|f] o'4 ;g\ !&(@ cS6'a/
g]kfn / O:6 OlG8of sDkgLaLr Jofkfl/s ;lGw lj=;+= !*$( j}zfv #
uf]/vfkq k|sfzg lj=;+= !(%*
af;¶Lx/0f jf latf{x/0f lj=;= !*^@
g]kfn–cª\u]|h o'4 ;g\ !*!$–!*!^
;'uf}nL ;lGw -g]kfn cª\u|]haLr_ lj=;+= !*&# kmfu'g÷r}q -$ dfr{ !*!^_
klxnf] /fhb"t P8j8{ uf8{g/ a]nfot ;g\ !*!^ d]
g]kfn–ltAataLr t];|f] o'4 ;g\ !*%%–!*%^
yfkfynL ;lGw g]kfn–ltAataLr lj=;+= !(!@ r}q
sf]tkj{ lj=;+= !()# c;f]h @ ut]
e08f/vfn kj{ !()# sflt{s !@
cnf} kj{ lj=;+= !()$ ;fpg
h+uaxfb'/nfO{ >L # sf] pkflw lj=;+= !(!# >fj0f
;g\ !*&% sf] ef/t ljb|f]xkl5 h+uaxfb'/n] cª\u|]h;Fu lj=;+= !(!^
;Demf}tf u/L afFs] alb{of,s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ …gofF d'n's
cª\u|]haf6 lkmtf{ NofPsf
g]kfnsf] klxnf] d'n'sL P]g, b/af/ :s"nsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !(!)
;tL k|yf pGd"ng lj=;+= !(&&
Dfs} kj{ lj=;+= !(&&
lqrGb| sn]h :yfkgf lj=;+= !(&%

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |129


bf; k|yf pGd"ng lj=;+= !(*!
cfo{ k|rf/df k|ltaGw lj=;+= !(*&
nfOa|]/L kj{ lj=;+= !(*&
k|r08 uf]/vf kj{ lj=;+= !(**
g]kfn k|hfkl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !((# h]7 @)
clvn ef/tLo gk]fnL sf+u|];sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @))@ df3 !@
g]kfnL k|hftGq sfª\u|];sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !($(
h]ujgL ;Dd]ng lj=;+= @))$ h]7
k|yd dhb'/ x8\tfn lj=;+= @))# kmfu'g !!
hot' ;+:s[td\ /f0ffzf;glj?4 ;Tofu|x lj=;+= @))$ j}zfv !
g]kfnsf] j}wflgs sfg'g 3f]if0ff lj=;+= @))$ df3 !#
g]kfn k|hf k~rfot lj=;+= @))% cflZjg
g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @))^ efb| #)
g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;lGw lj=;+= @))&>fj0f
k|hftGqsf] 3f]if0ff lj=;+= @))& kmfu'g &
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg lj=;+= @))& kmfu'g &
klxnf] cfdlgjf{rg lj=;+= @)!%
k~rfotL g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( 3f]if0ff lj=;+= @)!( k'; !
ufpFkms{ cleofg lj=;+= @)@*
zflGt If]q k|:tfj lj=;= @)#! kmfu'g !#
hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ff lj=;+= @)#^ h]7 !)
hgdt ;ª\u|x lj=;++= @)#& j}zfv @)
;Tofu|x lj=;+= @)$@
;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] u7g lj=;+= @)$^ df3 @
ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'ga{xfnL lj=;+= @)$^ r}q @^
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& lj=;+= @)$& sflt{s @#
g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)$& k'; @@
k|hftGq k'g{axfnLkl5sf] klxnf] cfdlgjf{rg lj=;+= @)$* j}zfv @(
dWofjlw lgjf{rg lj=;+= @)%! sflt{s @(

130| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


g]skf dfcf]jfbLåf/f ;z:q hgo'4sf] ;'?jft lj=;+= @)%@ kmfu'g !
cfdlgjf{rg @)%^ lj=;+= @)%^ j}zfv @ / #
/fhb/af/ xTofsf08 lj=;+= @)%* h]7 !(
/fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 zfxL 3f]if0ff lj=;+= @)^! df3 !(
g]kfn ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLr lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf lj=;+= @)^# dª\l;/ %
x:tfIf/
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L lj=;+= @)^# df3 ! g]kfndf
P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg lj=;+= @)^$ r}q @*
;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s÷u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff zfxj+zLo lj=;+= @)^% h]7 !%
/fhtGqsf] cGTo
/fhf 1fgG]b|af6 gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ 5f8]sf] lj=;+= @)^% h]7 @(
/fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjfr{g ;DkGg lj=;+= @)^% ;fpg ^
u0ftGq g]kfnsf k|yd /fi6«klt 8f=/fdj/0f ofbjsf] ;ky lj=;+= @)^% ;fpg *
u|x0f
g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLsf g]tf k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ sf] lj=;+= @)^% efb|
cWoIftfdf klxnf] u0ftflGqs ;/sf/ u7g
klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g lj=;+= @)^( h]7 !$
cGtl/d r'gfjL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g @)^( r}q !
bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg $ dª\l;/ @)&)
bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s lj=;+= @)&) df3 *
c7f/f}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng, sf7df8f}+ dª\l;/ !!–!@, @)&!
;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u / a]kQf kfl/Psf lj=;++= @)&!, df3 @^
JolQmsf] 5fglag cfof]u u7g
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg lj=;+= @)&@, c;f]h #
u0ftGq g]kfnsf bf];|f] /fi6«kltdf >L ljBfb]jL e08f/L lj=;+= @)&@, sflt{s !!
lgjf{lrt
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg lj=;+= @)&@, kmfu'g !^
/fi6«kltdf >L ljBfb]jL e08f/L k'gMlgjf{lrt lj=;+= @)&$ kmfu'g, @(

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |131





$=@ g]kfnL ;dfhM agf]6, ;fdflhs k|yf, k/Dk/f, d"No / dfGotf


;fdflhs k|yf k/Dk/f d"No / dfGotf
 klxn]b]lv rlncfPsf] /Lltl/jfh, rfnrng cflbnfO{ k|yf elgG5 .
 k|frLgsfnb]lv ;dfhn] dfGb} cfPsf tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf k|rngdf /lxcfPsf] Jojxf/ Pjd\
rfnrngnfO{ k/Dk/f elgG5 .
bf;k|yf
 lj=;+= !(*! j}zfv ! df /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/n] bf;Tj df]rgsf] 3f]if0ff u/L g]kfndf bf; k|yfsf]
pGd'ng
 dflg;sf] d"No tf]sL lsga]r u/L bf; bf;Lsf] ?kdf /fVg] k|yf
 g]kfndf bf;k|yfsf] pGd"ng ubf{ bf;bf;Lsf] ;+Vof %(,%&# hgf /x]sf]
 lj=;+= !(!) df h+uaxfb''/sf] kfnfdf hf/L ePsf] d'n'sL P]gn] !^jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sfnfO{ bf; bf;L /fVg
gkfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
 ljZjdf ;j{k|yd bf; k|yf pGd'ng ug]{ b]z M 8]gdfs{
 k|frLg tyf dWosfndf ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sdf /x]sf] k|yf
;lt k|yf
 cfkm\gf] nf]Ug] d/]kl5 nf]Ug]sf] lrtf;Fu} >LdtLn] klg k|f0f Tofu ug{'kg]{ cToGt s7f]/ k|yf tyf cdfgjLo
k|yf
 k|frLg sfnb]lv g} g]kfn / ef/tdf k|rlnt
 lnR5jLsfnLg /fhf dfgb]jn] cfkm\gL cfdfnfO{ ;tL hfg /f]s]sf
 ;/sf/sf] cg'dltdf dfq ;lt hfg kfOg] lgod Nofpg] — jL/ zdz]/
 ;g\ !(!) df hf/L ePsf] d'n'sL P]gn] !^ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sL dlxnf tyf % jif{d'lgsf] 5f]/f5f]/L ePsL
cfdf ;lt hfg gkg]{ Joj:yf
 lj=;+= !(&& c;f/ !% ut] rGb| zdz]/åf/f cGTo
emf/f k|yf
 /fHo, e"ldklt tyf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?n] kfl/>lds g} glnO{ lng] ;]jf jf sfd
 emf/f k|yfsf] lsl;d M @ -JolQmut sfddf lnOg] / ;/sf/L sfdsf nflu k|of]u ul/g]_
 /f0ffsfndf a9L k|rlnt, g]kfnaf6 pGd'ng
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfdf ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf]
sd}of k|yf
 ;fx';Fu lnPsf] /sd s§f gx'Gh]n;Ddsf nflu ;fx'sf]df uP/ a:g] k|yf
 alb{of, ;'v]{t, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, bfª, ;Nofg, afFs] cflb lhNnfx?df k|rlnt k|yf
 lj=;+= @)%& >fj0f @ ut] k|wfgdGqL lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnfåf/f g]kfndf sd}of k|yfsf] cGTo
xlnof k|yf
 e"ldkltsf] hUuf ljgf kfl/>lds vghf]t ug]{ / v]tLkftLsf] sfd ug]{ k|yf
lj=;+= @)^% efb| @! df g]kfndf k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn ‘k|r08’ åf/f xlnof k|yfsf] pGd'ng
bfOhf] k|yf
 ljjfxsf] j|mddf b'nxL kIfn] b'nfxf kIfnfO{ lbg] lhG;L jf gub ;DklQ
 dfOtL tkm{af6 k|bfg ul/g] rn crn ;DklQ

132| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


b]psL k|yf
 rf}wf}+ ztfAbLdf 8f]6Lsf /fhf gfuL dNnåf/f ;'?jft
 g]kfnsf] ;'b"/klZrd If]qdf k|rlnt , ljif]z u/L a}t8L lhNnfsf] d]nf}nL dlGb/
 cfÇgf] dgf]sf+Iff k"/f ug{ cfÇg} 5f]/L jf ul/a kl/jf/sL 5f]/L lsg]/ dlGb/df nlu r9fpg] k|yf
 cfkm\gf] dgf]sf+Iff k"/f ug{, 5f]/f hGdfpg, dxf/f]u nfu]df, d'2f lhTg] efsn ug]{, efsn k"/f ug{sf nflu
sGof dlGb/df r9fpg] k|yf
5fpk8L k|yf
 /hZjnf x'Fbf ,;'Ts]/L x'Fbf 3/ b]lv 6f9f agfOPsf] uf]7df a:g'kg]{ ;fdflhs lgod
 ;fdflhs aGwgx? M uf]7df a:g'kg]{, 3/sf] cfFug, wf/f], af6f] 6]Sg gx'g], b"w, bxL, £o" vfg gx'g], c?nfO{
5'g gx'g]
 afh'/f, 8f]6L, aemfª, sflnsf]6, 88]Nw'/f, b}n]v, c5fd, x'Dnf, h'Dnf cflb lhNnfx?df /hZjnf ePsf
dlxnfnfO{ elgg] zAb M 5fpk8L
 5fpk8L a:g'kg]{ lbgx? M klxnf] /hZjnf x'g] aflnsf !! b]lv !% lbg, c? s]6Ln] % lbg ,ljjflxt
dlxnfn] $ lbg, ;'Ts]/Ln] !! lbg
 5fpk8L k|yfsf] d'Vo s]Gb| M c5fd
 of] k|yf /f]Sgsf] nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nf M @)^@ a}zfv !(
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{lzsf M 5fpk8L k|yf pGd'ng lgb]{lzsf @)^$
3f]8f e]8f k|yf
 :yfgLoaLr ePsf] n]gb]g, c+zj08f;Fu ;DalGwt em}–emu8f ldnfpg, s'6lk6 cflbsf nflu eb| enfb\dL
af]nfpg] / pgLx?sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 7]sL sf]z]nL M 3f]8f e]8f k|yf
 em}–emu8f ldnfPkl5 eb| enfb\dLnfO{ e]8f sf6]/ v'jfpg' kg]{ / 3/ kms{bf 3f]8f r9fP/ k7fpg'kg]{ k|yf
 d'u' lhNnfdf k|rlnt k|yf
8+u'jf k|yf
 ljwjf gf/Ln] k/k'?ifnfO{ nf]Ug] h:t} agfP/ /fVg] k|yf
 8+u'jf k|yf k|rng ePsf] hflt M /fhj+zL
 8+u'jf a:g] k'?ifx? k|foM >LdtL lat]sf tyf sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf ePsf x'g] / logLx?sf] ;DklQdf s'g}
clwsf/ gx'g] tyf ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s sfo{df ;d]t ;l/s x'g gkfpg] lgod
afFwf k|yf
 ul/ax?n] cfÇgf ;GtfgnfO{ aGws /fVg] k|yf M afFwf k|yf
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnf cl3;Dd k|rngdf /x]sf] k|yf M afFwf k|yf
em'df k|yf
 g]kfnsf] pQ/L efudf a;f]af; ug]{ z]kf{, nfdf, nf]jf cflbn] rnfPsf] k|yf
 :yfgLo ;dfhdf u'? k'/f]lxtsf] sfo{ ug]{ JolQm M e'mdf jf 9fjf
 dfOnL 5f]/LnfO{ em'df -af}4 sGof_ / dfOnf] 5f]/fnfO{ 9fjf -nfdf_ agfP/ af}4 u'Djfsf] ;]jf ug{ r9fOg] jf
s]xLn] :j]R5fn] ;d]t ug]{ u/]sf
 5f]/LnfO{ u'Dafdf r9fpg' k"j{ # jif{ # dlxgf # lbg u'Ktjf; /fVg] k|yf

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |133


 u'Djfdf /x]sf em'df / nfdfaLr cj}w of}g ;DjGw eO{ hGd]sf] ;Gtfg nfdf jf em'dfsf ?kdf ToxL u'Djfdf
/xg] k|rng /x]sf] k|yf
v'Nnf k|yf
 k|To]s jif{ k'if !% ut] b]lv r}q !% ;Dd # dlxgf cljjflxt o'jtLx? PsfGtjf; jf jgjf; hLjg latfpg'
kg]{ k|yf
 PsfGtjf; / jgjf;sf] ;dodf cleefjsn] e]6\g gx'g] k|rng /x]sf] k|yf
 g]kfnsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] ;'dL{ ufpFdf k|rlnt k|yf
 lj=;+= @)%# df ;'dL{ ufpFsf eb|enfb\dLn] v'Nnf k|yfsf] cGTo ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf
lthf{ k|yf
 /fHosf] l;kfxL tyf xflsdnfO{ tnjsf] ?kdf x/]s jif{ s'g} 7fpFsf] olt afnL p7fO{ vfg' egL lbOPsf]
clwsf/kq
 h'4 zdz]/sf] kfnfdf k|rngdf /x]sf] k|yf
8f]nfhL k|yf
 dWosfndf v;, dNn /fHodf k|rlnt ljjfxsf] Pp6f k|yf
 b'nfxf g} b'nxLsf] 3/df uO{ a:g], b'nxLsf] uf]qdf b'nfxfsf] uf]q ;d]t kl/jt{g x'g], p;sf] kfl/jfl/s
;b:o agL c+lzof/ ;d]t x'g] k|rng
3'D6f] k|yf
 ljjfxt dlxnfx?n] dfGohgx?sf] cufl8 hfFbf ;w} 3'D6f]n] cg'xf/ 5f]Kg' kg]{ k|rng
 g]kfnsf] k"jL{ / dWo t/fO{df k|rngdf /x]sf]
;}/nL k|yf
 o'jsx?n] o'jtLx?nfO{ lgdGq0ff ug]{ / o'jtLx? af]nfPsf] 7fpFdf 3'Dg jf zo/ ug{ hfg] k|yf
 s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;Nofg / ;'v]{t lhNnfdf k|rngdf /x]sf]
ufO{hfqf
 ufO{hfqfsf] k|rng hut k|sfz dNnn] u/]sf x'g\ eg] sf7df8f}Fdf ufO{hfqfsf] ;'?jft k|tfk dNnn] u/]sf
 of] hfqf efb|s[i0f k|ltkbf hg}k"l0f{dfsf] ef]lnkN6b]lv & lbg;Ddf dgfOG5
 nfv]gfr, /f]kfOhfqf, v8\uhfqf, gf6sx?, nf]sg[To cflb k|bz{g ul/G5
3f]8]hfqf
 of] hfqfsf] ;'?jft sf7df8f}Fsf clGtd dNn /fhf hok|sfz dNnn] ;'? u/]sf
 sf7df8f}Fsf] 6'Fl8v]ndf 3f]8f bf}8 ;df/f]x cfof]hgf ul/G5
la:s]6 hfqf
 @ jif]{ d]nf klg elgGf] of] hfqfsf] ;'?jft hutHof]lt dNnn] u/]sf
 /fhf e'kltGb| dNnn] of] hfqf * /ft ( lbg dgfpg] k|rngsf] ;'?jft u/]sf
 jif{sf] clGtd xKtfsf] rf}yf] lbgb]lv gjjif{sf] lbg;Dd dgfOGf]
/ftf] dT:o]Gb|gfysf] hfqf
 ;'?jft g/]Gb|b]jn] u/]sf
 /ftf] dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{ pkTosfsf] ;+/Ifs / k|f0fL hutsf kfngstf{ dflgG5
 dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{ b"w, bxLsf] dxf:gfg u/fOG5

134| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


 nlntk'/sf] k'Nrf]saf6 /yofqf ;'?jft u/L kf6gsf] hfjnfv]ndf dT:o]Gb|gfysf] ef]6f] b]vfO{ hfqf ;DkGg
ul/G5
 of] hfqf r}q j}zfvdf ;'? eO{ em08} dlxgfel/ g} rNb5
;]tf] dT:o]Gb|gfysf] hfqf
 ;'?jft k|tfk dNnn] u/]sf
 r}q j}zfvlt/ z'e ;fOt h'/fO{ of] /yofqf ul/g]
 ;]tf] dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{ ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL hutsf dflns dflgg]
/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ g]kfnsf wd{x?
wd{ ;+Vof k|ltzt wd{ ;+Vof k|ltzt wd{ ;+Vof k|ltzt wd{ ;+Vof
lxGb" @,!%,%!,$(@ *!=# O:nfd !!,^@,#&) $=$ O;fO{ #,&%,^(( !=$ lzv ^)(
jf]g !#,))^ – axfO !,@*# – af}4 @#,(^,)(( (
ls/fFt *,)&,!^( # k|s[lt !,@!,(*@ )=$ h}g #,@!$
lxGb" wd{
 lxGb" wd{sf] ;'?jft M O;fk"j{ !%)) -ef/t_
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf k|frLg wd{ M lxGb" wd{
 lxGb" wd{sf k|d'v u|Gyx? M j]b, /fdfo0f, dxfef/t, pklgifb, k'/f0f / r08L
 lxGb" wd{sf $ j0f{x? M a|fÅd0f, If]qL, j}Zo / z'b|
 lzjnfO{ dfGg] z}j, b]jL b'uf{nfO{ dfGg] zfSt ;Dk|bfo tyf eujfg lji0f'nfO{ dfGg] j}i0fj ;Dk|bfo kfOg] wd{ M
lxGb" wd{
 lxGb" wd{sf] csf]{ gfd M j}lbs, ;gftg / k/Dk/fut wd{
 ljZjdf lxGb" wd{ dfGg] dflg;x? M !$ k|ltzt
 lxGb" wd{sf $ wfd M ab|Lgfy, s]bf/gfy, /fd]Zj/ / åfl/sfgfy
 lxGb" wd{sf wfld{s u|Gy M j]b / dxfef/t
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lxGb" dlGb/ /x]sf] b]z M cª\sf]/ef6
 lxGb" wd{sf] csf]{ gfd M j}lbs, ;gftg / k/Dk/fut wd{
 ljZjdf lxGb" wd{ dfGg] dflg;x? M !$ k|ltzt
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lxGb" dlGb/ /x]sf] b]z M cª\sf]/ef6
 lxGb" wd{sf] k|rf/s M o1jNSo, jlzi7, Jof;, jflNdsL, :jfdL bofgGb ;/:jtL / :jfdL ljj]sfgGb
 lxGb" wd{sf ljz]iftfx? M cg]sf}F b]jLb]jtfsf] k"hf, k'gh{Gddf ljZjf;, sd{sf] l;4fGt / j0f{ Joj:yf
 ljZjdf lxGb" wd{ a9L ePsf b]zx? M g]kfndf *!=# k|ltzt, ef/tdf &(=* k|ltzt, df}l/;;df $*=%
k|ltzt, lkmhLdf @&=( k|ltzt / u'ogfdf @$=* k|ltzt
lxGb" wd{;Fu hf]l8Psf wfld{s dfGotfx?
 Psdfq O{Zj/ M a|Ådf
 b'O{ cfog M pQ/fo0f / blIf0ffog
 lqs'6 M ;'7f], dl/r, lkknf
 tLg nf]s M :ju{, dTo{ / kftn
 lqb]j M aXdf, lji0f', dx]Zj/

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |135


 lq cfofd M nDafO{, rf}8fO / prfO
 lqu'0f M ;Tjf]u'0f, ;hf]u'0f, tdf]u'0f
 lqbf]; M jft, lkQ, skm
 lq/Tg M ;'g, rfFbL, tfdf
 dgsf tLg zlQm M OR5fzlQm, lj|mofzlQm / 1fgzlQm
 tLg cj:yf M hfu[t, :jKg / ;'if'lKt
 lqsfn M e"t, jt{dfg / eljio
 lqg]q M bof, zflGt / ;To
 rf/j]b M CUj]b, oh'j{j]b, cyj{j]b, ;fdj]b
 rf/ pkj]b M cfo'j]{b, wg'j]{b, uGwj{j]b, :yfkToj]b
 rf/ o'u M ;Too'u, q]tfo'u, åfk/o'u / slno'u
 rf/ gLlt M ;fd, bfd, b08 / e]b
 rf/ hft M a|fXd0f, If]qL, j}Zo / z'b|
 rf/ ljgfos M ;"o{ ljgfos, hnljgfos, czf]s ljgfos, rGb| ljgfos
 rf/ gf/fo0f M rfFu' gf/fo0f, Or+u' gf/fo0f, ljz+v' gf/fo0f / z]if gf/fo0f
 rf/ af/fxL M ah|af/fxL, w'daf/fxL, wgtn], gLn af/fxL
 rf/ eujtL M knf~rf]s eujtL, gfnf eujtL, zf]ef eujtL / gS;fn eujtL
 rf/ e~Hofª M ;fFuf, kfFrdfg], kf6L / v/L e~Hofª
 rf/ cf>d M aXdfro{, u[x:y, jfgk|:y / ;Gof;
 rf/ k'?iffy{ M wd{, cy{, sfd / df]If
 rf/ cj:yf M hfu[t, :jKGg, ;';'Kt / t'/Lo
 wd{sf rf/ kfp M bof, ;To, zflGt, clx+;f
 rf/ k'?iffy{ M wd{, cy{, sfd, df]If
 k~rtTj M kfgL, jfo', t]h, cfsfz, k[YjL
 k~rb]j M u0f]z, ;"o{, b]jL, ?b|, lji0f'
 k~rfÍ M af/, ltly, gIf]q, of]u, s/0f
 k~rsGof M clxNof, b|f}kbL, s'GtL, tf/f, dGbf]b/L
 k~rwft' M ;'g, rfFbL, tfdf, sfF;, lkQn
 k~rkNnj M cfFk, 8'd|L, j/, lkkn, kfs/L
 k~rj[If M kfl/hft, sNkj[If, xl/>Rbg, ;Gtfg, dfGb/
 k~r]afhf M bdfxf, ;xgfO{, g/l;+uf, 6ofDs], ‰ofnL
 k~r/Tg M ;'g, lx/f, df]tL, gL/, dl0fs
 k~rfd[t M ufO{sf] b'w, bxL, l3p, dx, ;Vv/
 k~ruJo M ufO{sf] b'w, bxL, £o", uf]j/, ux'Ft
 k~rsd{ M hk, tk{0f, xf]d, ?b|fleif]s, a|fXd0f ef]hg
 kfFr k|sf/sf cGg M wfg, d[u, ltn, df;, hf}
 k~ru'0f M zAb, :kz{, ?k, /;, uGw

136| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


 kfFr ljwf M rf/j]b, 5 j]bfÍ, wd{zf:q, ld;f+;f, k'/f0f
 j]bsf ^ cÍ M lzIff, sn\k, Jofs/0f, lg?Qm, 5Gb, Hof]ltif
 /fdfo0fsf & sf08 M jfnsf08, cof]Wofsf08, lsl:sGwfsf08, c/0osf08, ;'Gb/sf08, o'4sf08,
pQ/sf08
 ;KtifL{ M clUg, jlzi7, sZok, uf}td, ef/åfh, hdbUgL, ljZjfldq
 ;Ktl;Gw' M u+uf, od'gf, ;/:jtL, uf]bfjf/L, gd{bf, l;Gw', sfj]/L
 /fHosf ci6fÍ M /fhf, /fi6«, cdfTo, b'u{, ;]gf, sf]if, ;fdQ, k|hf
 ci6 lr/~hLjL M cZj:yfdf, anL, Jof;, xg'dfg, ljleif0f, s[kfrfo{, k/z'/fd, gf/b
 gjwft' M ;'g, rfFbL, kmnfd, l;;f, tfdf, lkQn, kf/f], sfF;, r'Das
 gj/Tg M df]tL, kGgf, dl0fs, uf]d]b, lx/f, d'uf, nx;'lgod, kbd/fh, lgnd -gL/_
 gj/; M >[Íf/, xf:o, s?0ff, /f}b|, jL/, eofgs, ljeT;, cbe"t, zfGt
 gf}dtL afhf M em\ofnL, 6\ofDsf], 9f]ns, sg{fn, b'O{ bdfx / b'O{ ;xgfO{, g/l;+uf
 bz lbzf M k"j{, cfUg]o, blIf0f, gf}l/To, klZrd, jfoJo, pQ/, OzfGo, cfsfz / kftfn
 bz bfg M ufO{, ltn, ;'g, e"ld, sk8f, rfFbL, g"g, £o", hf}, ;Vv/
lxGb" wd{sf $ j]b / $ pkj]b
j]b pkj]b u'? ljz]iftfx?
CUj]b wg'j]{b ljZjfldq O{Zj/sf] k|z+;f ul/Psf] tyf ljZjs} k'/fgf] j]b
oh'j]{b cfo'j]{b wGjGt/L ufoqL dGq pNn]v tyf sd{sf08sf] rrf{ ul/Psf]
;fdj]b uGwj{j]b e/td'lg ;+uLtsf] pTklQ, elQmefj / sd{sf08 / ;a}eGbf ;fgf] j]b
cyj{j]b :yfkToj]b ef/åfh gofF j]b, cy{ -Jofkf/_ ;Fu ;DalGwt / O{Zj/sf] zlQm / rdTsf/sf] j0f{g
(RASA) -DAGS) (BDBV)

/fdfo0fsf ;ft sf08x?


!= afnsf08 @= cof]Wofsf08
#= c/0osf08 $= lsl:sGwfsf08
%= ;'Gb/ sf08 ^= o'4 sf08
&= pQ/ sf08
dxfef/tsf !* kj{x?
!= cflb kj{ @= ;ef kj{ #= jg kj{ $= lj/ft kj{
%= pBf]u kj{ ^= leid kj{ &= b|f]0f kj{ *= s0f{ kj{
(= zNo kj{ !)= :qL kj{ !!= zflGt kj{ !@= cg'zf;g kj{
!#= ;f}lKts kj{ !$= cZd]3 kj{ !%= cf>djf;L kj{ !^= df}zn kj{
!&= dxfk|:yfg kj{ !*= :juf{/f]x0f kj{
u'Ktjf;df kf08jx?sf] gfd
!= b|f}kbL – ;fl/Gb|L @= o'lwli7/ – s+s #= gxs'n – ztflgs $= ch'{g – aNne
%= ;xb]j – >[t;]g
lxGb" bz{gsf k|jt{sx?
 of]uzf:qM kt~hnL

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |137


 k"j{ lddf+;M h}ldgL
 ;f+Vozf:qM slkn
 j}z]lifs zf:qM s0ff{b
 pQ/ lddf;M Jof;
 Gofozf:qM uf}td Clif
 rf/o'u – ;To, q]tf, åfk/ / snL
o'usf] ;'? ePsf] lbgM
 ;To o'uM cIfo t[tLof -j}zfv z'Sn t[tLof_
 q]tf o'u M sflt{s z'Sn gjdL
 åfk/ o'u M efb| s[i0f qof]bzL
 sln o'u M kf}if cfdfj:o -k';] cf}F;L_
ljleGg hfltsf ;Ddfg÷;Daf]wg ;"rsx?
hfthftL ;Ddfg ;"rs hfthftL ;Ddfg ;"rs
a|fXd0f u'?, Ho", afh], kl08t lnDa'÷ysfnL ;'Aaf
If]qL sfhL ;fsL{ ldhf]/
rdf/ /fd, df}rL yf? rf}w/L
tfdfª nfdf sfo:y d'lgdhL
bdfO{ bhL{÷gurL{ zfx, /f0ff 7s'/L afa';fx]a
ugufO{ b]plgof /fhj+zL b]plgof
ljleGg hfltsf s'n b]jtf÷O{i6b]jtf
hfthftL s'nb]jtf÷O{i6b]jtf hfthftL s'nb]jtf÷O{i6b]jtf
dfemL eLd;]g uGufO{ dxflj/÷7fs'/
b';fb ;xn]; lh/]n÷;'/]n emfFlj|mgL–luofldgL
lnDa' Oi6b]jL Odf;ª lnDa' cf/fWob]jL r'df
yf? 3f]8f d]r] l;pF8Lsf] af]6
z]kf{ hL 8u d';x/ lbgeb|L
ufOg] laem'nfÍf] emfFu8 efOhg
g]kfnsf s]xL wfld{s :ynx?
wfld{s :yn lhNnf
kz'ktLgfy, :joDe'gfy, af}4gfy, u'x]Zj/L, a'9flgns07, eb|sfnL, blIf0fsfnL sf7df8f}
a/fx If]q, bGtsfnL, a'9f;'Aaf, lk08]Zj/, /fdw'gL ;'g;/L
Jof; u'kmf, b]j3f6, 5fAbLjf/fxL, 9f]/jf/fxL tgx'F
xn]zL dxfb]j vf]6fª
uh'/d'vL dlGb/, k~rsGof, dfO{kf]v/L Onfd
;tf;Lwfd, ch'{gwf/f, lsrsjw emfkf
l;4sfnL ;+v'jf;ef

138| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


hfgsL dlGb/, wg'iffwfd, u+uf;fu/ wg'iff
ls/fFt]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/, l;4afaf dlGb/, sdnfdfO{ l;Gw'nL
l5Ggd:tf eujtL ;Kt/L
kfyLe/f dlGb/ tfKn]h'ª
ljj|md afafsf] yfg, ;f]d]Zj/ dlGb/ lrtjg
sfln~rf]s eujtL, bf]nvf led;]g bf]nvf
gdf]a'4, knf~rf]s eujtL, r08]Zj/L sfe|]knf~rf]s
kf6g s[i0f dlGb/, aunfd'vL dlGb/ nlntk'/
e}F;fnf]6g, jflNdsL cf>d gjnk/f;L
sfua]gL, d'lQmgfy, bfdf]b/s'08 d':tfª
dgsfdgf uf]/vf
n'lDagL, ;}gfd}gf ?kGb]xL
rGbggfy dlGb/ h'Dnf
b]jL3f6 g'jfsf]6
un]Zj/ dxfb]j, slknf>d, k'nxf>d, h8e/t u'kmf DofUbL
jfUn'ª sflnsf jfUn'ª
dflnsfh'{g bfr'{nf
/fd/f]zg c5fd
:ju{åf/L Ko"7fg
sfFqm]ljxf/, b]ptL aHo} ;'v]{t
lqk'/f;'Gb/L a}t8L
uf];fOs'08, ;"o{s'08 /;'jf
g]kfnL efiff
 h'Dnfsf] l;~hf pkTosfaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] dflgg]
 ltAatsf] 3fF6Laf6 g]kfn k|j]z u/L v; /fHosf] :yfkgf gfu/fhn] u/]sf
 ;'?df o; efiffnfO{ v; efiff jf l;~hfnL efiff elgPsf]
 lj=;+= !#!@ df czf]s rNnn] tfd|kqdf n]v]sf] cflwsfl/s n]v o; efiffsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] clen]v
dflgPsf]
g]kfnL efiffsf] k|frLgsfn
 v; /fHob]lv afO{;L rf}la;L /fHosf] pbo;Ddsf] cjlw
 lj=;+= !)$) b]lv !%$( ;Dd
 lj=;+= !)#* sf] bfd'kfnsf] clen]v
 czf]s rNnsf] b'Nn'sf] lznfn]v
 uf]/vfsf] af3afO{ u'Dafdf k|fKt cflbTo dNnåf/f lnlvt tfd|kq
 k'0o dNnsf] tfd|kq
g]kfnL efiffsf] dfWolds sfn
 afO{;L rf}la;L /fHosf] pbob]lv g]kfn PsLs/0f;Ddsf] cjlw

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |139


 lj=;+= !%%% sf] tfd|kq
 lj=;+= !($* sf] df]lt/fd e§åf/f lnlvt efg'eQmsf] hLjg rl/q
g]kfnL efiffsf] cfw'lgs sfn
 uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzgb]lv xfn;Ddsf] cjlw
 lj=;+= !(%* j}zfv @$ ut] b]j zdz]/sf] kfndf uf]/vfkqsf] ;'?jft ePsf]
/fli6«o ufg
 g]kfnsf] gofF /fli6«o ufgsf /rgfsf/ k|lbk s'df/ /fO{ x'g\
 Jofs'n dfOnfsf] pkgfdn] ;d]t lrlgg]
 gofF /fli6«o ufgdf * x/km $^ zAb / !@* cIf/ /x]sf
 w'gsf] ;do M ! ldg]6 % ;]s]08
 ;+uLt cDa/ u'?ªsf] /x]sf]
 ;fj{hlgs M lj=;+= @)^$ ;fpg !* ut]
hfgsL dlGb/
 dw]z k|b]zsf] wg'iff lhNnfsf] hgsk'/wfddf cjl:yt
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dlGb/
 d'un jf /fhk"t z}nL lgdf{0f ul/Psf
 lj=;+= !($! MhfgsL dlGb/ lgdf{0f
 /fdgjdL kj{df hfgsL dlGb/df g]kfn, ef/t, >Ln+sf nufotsf xhf/f}+ lxGb" wdf{nDaLx?sf] eL8 nfUg]
 j[ifefg' -l6sdu9sL dxf/fgL_ n] lgdf{0f u/]sL
 gf} nfv vr{ u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psfn] gf}nvf dlGb/ eGg] ul/Psf]
 hfgsL dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f k'/f ug{ !^ jif{ nfu]sf]
cf/Wob]j kz'kltgfy
 kz'kltgfy /x]sf] :yfg M jfudtL k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}Fdf cjl:yt
 kz'kltgfysf] ;+:yfks M k|r08b]j
 kfFrf}F wfdsf] ?kdf k|:tfj ul/Psf] wfd M kz'kltgfy
 kz'kltgfynfO{ /fh dfGotf k|bfg M cz'+jdf{
 lj=;+= !(&( df ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t
 lj=;+= !@&! df hol;+xb]jn] kz'kltgfysf] clxn]sf] :j?k lgdf{0f
 kz'kltgfydf e§ k"hf/L /fVg] rng oIf dNnn] rnfPsf
 kz'kltgfysf $ 9f]sfx?sf] lgdf{0f] rfFbLaf6 lgdf0f{ ul/Psf
 kz'kltgfysf k|yd e§ k'hf/L M z]v/fgGb
 % j6f d'v ePsf]
 kz'kltgfysf] If]qkmn M @^$ x]S6/
 kz'kltgfynfO{ a'4sf] d's'6 k|To]s sflt{s z'Sn ci6dL klx/fpg] ul/Psf]
lbzf d'vsf] gfd k|flKt lbzf d'vsf] gfd k|flKt lbzf d'vsf] gfd k|flKt
k"j{ tTk'?if 1fg klZrd ;Bf]hft ;DklQ pQ/ jfdg bDklQ
blIf0f c3f]/ zq'gfz cfsfz Ozfg elQmefj

140| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


d'lQmgfy dlGb/
 cjl:yt lhNnf M u08sL k|b]zsf] d':tfª
 cf:yf /fVg] d'Vo wdf{nDaLx? M lxGb" / af}4
 d'lQmgfy kl/;/df /x]sf hDdf wf/fx? M !)* wf/f
 d'lQm If]q cjl:yt gbLsf] lsgf/ M sfnLu08sL
 d'lQmgfy dlGb/ /x]sf] prfO M #,*)) ld6/
g]kfnsf rf/ wfdx?
!= xl/x/ If]q M tgx'F @= d'lQm If]q M d':tfª #= a/fx If]q M ;'g;/L $= ?? If]q M u'NdL
kf}/fl0fs kfqsf dftf lktfx?
kfq lktf dftf kfq lktf dftf
b'of]{wg w[t/fi6« ufGwf/L k|ltjGWo o'lwli7/ b]jsL
k|B'Dg s[i0f ?lDd0fL O/fjg ch'{g pn'kL
36f]Tsr eLd lx8Djf je'jfxg ch'{g lrqfª\gf
k/z'/fd hdbUgL /]0f'sf aa{l/s 36f]Tsr df]eL{
kfj{tL lxdfno d]gsf j]bJof; k/fz/ dT:ouGwf
>Ls[i0f jf;'b]j b]jsL cledGo' ch'{g ;'eb|f
w|'j pQfgkfb ;'gLlt s0f{ ;"o{ s'GtL
ci6fjj|m sxf]8 ;'htf bQfq]o clq cg';"of
ljlrqjLo{ ;Gtg' ;TojtL bz/y ch OGb'dlt
kf08' ljlrqjLo{ cDjflnsf w[t/fi6« ljlrqjLo{ clDjsf
c+ub afnL tf/f k~rkf08j kf08' s'GtL / dfb|L
ljb'/ j]bJof; bf;L sZok dl/rL snf
kf}/fl0fs JolQm / ltgsf kTgLx?
kf}/fl0fs JolQm kTgL kf}/fl0fs JolQm kTgL kf}/fl0fs JolQm kTgL
lzj kfj{tL ljeLif0f ;/dL b'of]{wg efg'dlt
a|Ådf a|fÅdL, ;t?kf, ufoqL cqL cg';"of uf}td clxNof
/fj0f dGbf]b/L / wGodflngL jfnL tf/f b[ZoGt zs'Gtnf
e/t df08jL hgs ;'gogf j]bJof; lkª\unf
s[i0f ?lSd0fL u0f]z Cl4 / l;l4 s0f{ kb\dfjtL
ljb'/ ;'nef ;'lu|j /df / tf/f /fd ;Ltf
k~rkf08j b|f}kbL cledGo" pQ/f an/fd /]jtL
o'lwli7/ b|f}kbL, b]ljsf s'Des0f{ ah|Hjfnf anL c;gf
;"o{ ;GWof nId0f pld{nf kf08' s'GtL / dfb|L
l;4fy{ uf}td ozf]w/f sflnbf; ljBf]Qdf b|f}0ffrfo{ s[kL
jf;'b]j b]jsL lji0f' nIdL jlzi7 c?GwtL
lxdfno d]g'sf clUg :jfxf OGb| zrL

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |141


wfld{s n]vsx?
n]vs wfld{su|Gy n]vs wfld{su|Gy
j]bJof; dxfef/t, efujtuLtf dxlif{ aflNdsL /fdfo0f
sflnbf; /3'j+z, s'df/;Dejd\, d]3b"t dg' dg':d[lt
j]bJof;sf lktf -k/f;/_ c7f/ k'/f0f kfl0fgL ci6WofoL

af/sf :jfdL
af/ af/sf :jfdL af/ af/sf :jfdL af/ af/sf :jfdL af/ af/sf :jfdL
cfOtaf/ clUg ;f]daf/ hn dª\unaf/ e"ld a'waf/ xl/
lalxaf/ OGb| z'j|maf/ OGb|fo0fL zlgaf/ a|Ådf
s]xL wfld{s kfqsf gfd / To;nfO{ a'emfpg] ljleGg cy{x?
gfd a'emfpg] cy{ gfd a'emfpg] cy{ gfd a'emfpg] cy{ gfd a'emfpg] cy{
;/:jtL ljBfsL b]jL PsnJo u'?eQm blwrL bfgL nIdL wgsL b]jL
o'lwli7/ ;TojfbL rf0fSo gLltjfg ;'bfdf ul/a xl/zrGb| ;TojfbL
gf/b s'/f}6] ld/f elStgL s'j]/ wgL eLid b[9 k|lt1f
ljleif0f s'nb|f]xL ;fljqL kltj|tf b'jf{zf l/;fxf a'4 zflGtb"t
elu/y kl/>dL s'Des0f{ ;'tfxf xg'dfg sfd kmQ] ug]{ /fd dof{bfk'?if

142| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf


$=# ;f+:s[lts ;DkbfM lsl;d, l:ylt, ljz]iftf, dxTj / ;+/If0f
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf M
k|frLgsfnb]lv k/Dk/fsf] ¿kdf rlncfPsf dfgj ;+:sf/nfO{ g} ;+:s[lt elgG5 . wfld{s cf:yf / ljZjf;
emlNsg] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf elgG5 . xfd|f k/Dk/fut dfGotfx¿, cfrf/ljrf/, /xg;xg, wd{ /
wfld{s u|Gyx¿, nf]sg[To, clen]v, lznfkqx¿ g} ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ x'g\ . ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ljZjsf
P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxTjsf &)$ j6f :yfgx¿ ljZj ;Dkbfdf k/]sf 5g\ . h;dWo] g]kfnsf !) j6f
:yfgx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5, To;dWo] * :yfgx¿ P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts
dxŒjsf /x]sf 5g\ . log} ljleGGf ;Dkbfn] g} ;dfhsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ k|ltljlDat ub{5g\ . ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf]
;+/If0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] k'/ftŒj ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ef}lts / cef}lts u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf x'G5g\ .
ef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿
kf}/fl0fs d7dlGb/, u'Daf, :t"k, d"lt{, zflns, P]ltxfl;s b/af/, tfd|kq, lznfn]vh:tf clen]vx¿,
nf]sg[To, nf]safhf, lrqsnf, Clifd'lgsf tkf]e"ldsf ¿kdf /x]sf lxdfn–kxf8 tyf gbLx¿ P]ltxfl;s
u'kmf tyf tLy{:yn, >Lv08, ¿b|fIf, wfld{s dxTjsf j[Ifx¿, k|frLg u/uxgf, k|frLg xftxltof/ cflb .
cef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?
wd{, k/Dk/f, /xg;xg, e]ife"iff, rfnrng, /Lltlylt, rf8kj{, ltyL, j|t, cflb cef}lts ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbfx¿ x'g\ .
/fli6«o ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg gLlt g]kfn ;/sf/af6 /fli6«o ;f+:s[lts gLlt @)^&
hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . efiff, snf, ;+:s[lt, nlntsnf / ;ª\uLt gf6\o If]qsf] ljsf;, k|j4{g / ;+/If0fsf] nflu
g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg / g]kfn ;ª\uLt tyf gf6\o k|1f k|lti7fgsf] u7g eO{
;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o clen]vfno, /fli6«o ;ª\u|xfno 5fpgL, /fli6«o d'b|f ;ª\u|xfno, /fli6«o snf
;ª\u|xfno eQmk'/, If]qLo ;ª\u|xfno kf]v/f, If]qLo ;ª\u|xfno ;'v]{t, If]qLo ;ª\u|xfno wgs'6f, uf]/vf
;ª\u|xfno, slknj:t' ;ª\u|xfnosf] :yfkgf eO{ k'/ftflTjs j:t'x¿ ;+/If0ftkm{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
eO/x]sf 5g\ .
To;}u/L &@ lhNnfsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;"rLs/0f eO{ To;} cg'¿ksf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fy},
ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]s f / kljq
wfld{s:yn b]j3f6 If]qsf] @) jif]{ u'?of]hgf :jLs[t ePsf], cGo hftLo ;ª\u|xfnox¿ :yfkgf sfo{nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbO{ :yfgLo lgsfo / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf w/fg, lrtjg, sLlt{k'/, kf]v/f, bfª / h'Dnfdf
hftLo ;ª\u|xfnox¿ ;'? ul/Psf], sf7df8f}Fsf] uf]s0f{df hgcfGbf]ng tyf zlxb :d[lt ;ª\u|xfnosf]
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;'? ul/Psf], gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ ;ª\u|xfno :yfkgf eO{ s]xL efu ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
cjnf]sgsf nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf] ;fy} d}lynL ;flxTosf dxfslj ljBfkltsf] :d[lt k'/:sf/sf] nflu ¿ !
s/f]8sf] cIfosf]if :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . n'lDagL, kz'klt / hgsk'/ If]qsf u'?of]hgf cg'¿k k"jf{wf/
ljsf;;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿;d]t ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ .
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] lsl;d M
 ;f+:s[lts ;DkbfnfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ul/G5 < @ efudf
 ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf lsl;d s] s] x'g\ < ef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx? / cef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?
 ef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?df s] s] s'/fx? kb{5g\ < d7, dlGb/, u'Daf, :t"k, d"lt{, zflns, P]ltxfl;s
b/af/, tfd|kq, lznfn]v h:tf clen]vx?, nf]sg[To, nf]safhf, lrqsnf, Clifd'lgsf tkf]e"ldsf

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |143


?kdf /x]sf lxdfn–kxf8 tyf gbLx? P]ltxfl;s u'kmf tyf lty{:yn, >Lv08, ?b|fIf cflb h:tf wfld{s

Created by free version of DocuFreezer


dxTjsf j[Ifx?, k|frLg u/uxgf, k|flrg xftxltof/ cflb .
 cef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?df s] s] s'/fx? kb{5g\ < wd{, k/Dk/f, /xg;xg, e]ife"iff, rfnrng, /Llt
lylt, rf8kj{, ltly j|t cflb .
 g]kfndf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] sfof{no s'g xf] < k'/ftTj ljefu
ljZj ;Dkbf / g]kfn
qm=;+= ;Dkbfsf] gfd ;"rLs[t ldlt cjl:ylt lsg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 <
! kz'kltgfy ljleGg sfnsf snf, ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff
@ :joDe" cflb emNsg] P]ltxfl;s ;f+:s[lts
# af}4gfy ;Dkbf ePsfn]
sf7df8f}+
$ eQmk'/ ;g\ !(&(
pkTosf
% kf6g
^ xg'dfg9f]sf
& rfFu'gf/fo0f
* ;u/dfyf /fli6«o ;g\ !(&( ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf / b'n{e
lgs'~h jGohGt'
( lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h ;g\ !(*$ b'n{e jGohGt'
!) n'lDagL ;g\ !((& uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn
 ;ª\u|xfnosf] :yfkgf lsg ul/G5 < P]ltxfl;s, snfTds, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbfx?sf]
;+/If0f ug{
 k|s[ltsf cfwf/df ;ª\u|xfno slt k|sf/sf 5g\ < $ k|sf/ -;fwf/0f, snf, P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k'/ftflTjs
/ lj1fg_
 snfsf lx;fan] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ s:tf] ;ª\u|xfno dflgG5 < v'nf ;ª\u|xfno
 ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"lrs[t ;DkbfnfO{ slt efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < # efudf -;f+:s[lts,
k|fs[lts / ldl>t_
g]kfnsf ;ª\u|xfnox?
;ª\u|xfnosf] gfd cjl:yt lhNnf ;ª\u|xfnosf] gfd cjl:yt lhNnf
/fli6«o ;ª\u|xfno 5fpgL, sf7df8f}+ /fli6«o wft'snf ;ª\u|xfno kf6g b/af/ :Sjfo/, nlntk'/
gf/fo0flx6L ;ª\u|xfno sf7df8f}+ k|fs[lts Oltxf; :joDe", sf7df8f}+
;ª\u|xfno
n]Krf ;ª\u|xfno Onfd ;k{ ;ª\u|xfno bds, emfkf
r]kfª ;ª\u|xfno zlQmvf]/, lrtjg yf? ;ª\u|xfno lrtjg
yf? ;f+:s[lts ;ª\u|xfno 7fs'/åf/, alb{of hghflt ;ª\u|xfno e[s'6L d08k
h'4hftLosnf ;ª\u|xfno 5fpgL u'?ª ;ª\u|xfno 3n]ufpF, ndh'ª tyf sf:sL
/fli6«o d'b|f ;ª\u|xfno 5fpgL /fli6«o km'6an ;ª\u|xfno ;fg]kf
/fli6«o sfi7snf ;ª\u|xfno k"hf/L d7, eQmk'/ k'/ftflTjs ;ª\u|xfno slknj:t'
/fli6«o wft'snf ;ª\u|xfno kf6g b/af/ hgo'4 ;ª\u|xfno /f]Nkf
:Sjfo/
cf]nlDks ;ª\u|xfno lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ Hofk' ;ª\u|xfno eQmk'/
lh/]n ;ª\u|xfno lh/L ls/fFt ;ª\u|xfno vf]6fª
dfemL ;ª\u|xfno :ofª\hf s'dfn ;ª\u|xfno :ofª\hf

144| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf

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