Nepalko Itihas
Nepalko Itihas
Nepalko Itihas
PsfO M rf/
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs Joj:yf
$=! cfw'lgs Oltxf;M dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts 36gfj|md
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;
k|frLgsfnM g]kfn k|f/Deb]lv g]kfn ;+jt\ ;'? ;Dd -lj=;+= (#^ ;Dd_ -uf]kfn j+z, clx/ j+z, ls/fFt
j+z / lnR5jL j+z_
dWosfnM lj=;+= (#^ b]lv !*@% ;Dd g]kfn PsLs/0f ;Dd
cfw'lgs sfnM lj=;+= !*@% b]lv xfn;Dd
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] cf}krfl/s ?kdf n]vgM c+u|]h Oltxf;sf/ ljlnod ss{ Kofl6«s -;g\ !*^!_
ljlnod ss{ Kofl6«sn] n]v]sf] k':tssf] gfdM An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal
g]kfnsf] Oltxf; lz/f]d0fLM afa'/fd cfrfo{
afa'/fd cfrfo{n] n]v]sf] k':tsM g]kfnsf] ;+lIfKt j[QfGt
g]kfn zAb pNn]v ePsf] k|yd clen]vM j;Gtb]jsf] l6i6'ª clen]v
g]kfn zAbsf] k|of]u ;j{k|ydM cyj{j]bdf ePsf]
g]kfn pkTosfnfO{ a;f]af;o'Qm agfpg] JolQmM d~h'>L, rLg
g]kfn cfpg] a'4M ljkZjL, lzvL, ljZjDe', d~h'>L, j|ms'R5Gb
g]kfn ;Djt\sf] ;'?jft /f3jb]jsf] kfnfdf ePsf] -lj=;+= @)^%.&.* ut] dfGotf kfPsf]_
g]kfnnfO{ s'g o'udf s] elgGYof] <
;Too'uM ;TojtL
q]tfo'uM tkf]jg
åfk/o'uM d'lQm;f]kfg
slno'uM g]kfn
c+z'jdf{n] /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf] k|aGw u/] . hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf ;lDdlnt u/fpg pgn] …kf~rfnLnfO{ a9L
clwsf/ k|bfg u/L hgtfnfO{ ;lj|mo agfpg] sfo{ u/]
ha;Dd d]/f] zflns dfly /x]sf] r/f p8]/ hfGg ta;Dd dnfO{ hLljt g} ;Demg' eGg] /fhf
tdfv'df ljif ldnfO{ dfl/Psf
of]ug/]Gb| dNnsf] d[To'df ;lt hfg] /fgLx? M #! hgf
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |101
/0flht dNn
em\ofndf l;;f /fVg] rng rnfpg] /fhf
…z/0fsf] d/0f ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] /fhf
eQmk'/sf clGtd /fhf
ljZjlht dNn
zf;g cjlw M lj=;+= !##! b]lv !#^% ;Dd
g]kfn dfly cfj|md0f ug]{ s0ff{nL k|b]zsf v; /fhf M lhtf/L dNn
dNn /fhfx? ;DaGwL cGo s]xL hfgsf/L
gfdsf] cufl8 ;'dlt n]Vg] /fhfM lhtfldq
l;dl;d] /fhfM lzjl;+x dNn
g]kfn]Zj/M >Llgjf; dNn
uGwj{ ljBfu'?M hut k|sfz dNn
tn]h' dlGb/df dfl/g]M ljZjfldq
dxfdf/Ldf k/L dg]{M efis/ dNn
sflGtk'/sf dNn /fhfx¿
!= /Tg dNn @= ;"o{ dNn #= cd/ dNn $= dx]Gb| dNn
%= lzjl;+x dNn ^= nIdLg/l;+x dNn &= k|tfk dNn *= g[k]Gb| dNn
(= kfly{j]Gb| dNn !)= e"kfn]Gb| dNn !!= efis/ dNn !@= hoHho dNn
!#= hok|sfz dNn
kf6gsf dNn /fhfx¿
!= /Tg dNn @= lji0f' dNn #= g/l;+x dNn, k'/Gb/l;+x dNn, p4jl;+x dNn
$= xl/x/l;+x dNn %= l;l4g/l;+x dNn ^= >Llgjf; dNn &= of]ug/]Gb| dNn
*= nf]sk|sfz dNn (= OGb| dNn !)= dlxGb| dNn !!= jL/g/l;+x dNn
!@= Cl4g/l;+x dNn !#= efis/ dNn !$= of]uk|sfz dNn !%= lji0f' dNn
!^= /fHok|sfz dNn !&=ljZjlht dNn !*=hok|sfz dNn !(=/0flht dNn
@)= t]hg/l;+x dNn
efbufpFsf dNn /fhfx¿
!= /fo dNn @= ;'j0f{ dNn #= k|f0f dNn $= ljZj dNn
%= huHof]lt dNn ^= g/]Gb| dNn &= hutk|sfz dNn *= lhtfldq dNn
(= e"kltGb| dNn !)= /0flht dNn
l;d|f}gu9sf] s0ff{6s /fHo
l;d|f}gu9 /x]sf] :yfg M xfn dw]z k|b]zsf] af/f lhNnf
klZrdsf] v; /fHosf] :yfkgf ePtfsf g} blIf0f / k"jL{ t/fO{ e]s ;d]6]/ s0ff{6sj+zsf] 8f]k -lt/x't]_ /fHo
v8f ePsf]
lt/x'tdf :yflkt s0ff{6s /fHo gfGob]jn] lj=;= !!%$ -O{=;=!)(&_— O{=;= !#@^ ;Dd
l;4fy{ uf}td g} a'4wd{sf k|jt{s dxfTdf uf}td a'4sf] ?kdf kl/lrt u/fpg] :yfg
k|frLg slknj:t' gu/sf] k|s[lt M k~re'hfsf/ lsNnfsf] ?kdf a;fOPsf] gu/
j|ms'5Gb, sgsd'lg, l;4fy{ uf}td nufotsf a'4x?sf] hGd ePsf] :yfg
a'4sf] hGd]sf] a]nf sfo{sf/L ;efsf d'Vo JolQm M z'4f]wg
l5d]sL /fHo sf]znsf] cfj|md0fdf k/]/ ktg x'g] /fHo M slknj:t' /fHo
/fd zfx
bfh' 5q zfxsf] lgwg kl5 /fhf ePsf, rf}yf] k':tfsf /fhf
9s, t/fh', dfgf, kfyL, d'/L, bfd, k};fsf] k|rng
wd{ x/fP sfzL hfg', Gofo gkfP uf]/vf hfg' eGg] egfO k|rlnt ePsf]
g]kfnsf Ps /fli6«o lje"lt
d[To'b08 lbg] lgod
hGdM lj=;+= !^$#
/fHosfnM lj=;+= !^^# b]lv !^() ;Dd
Aofhb/ lhG;Ldf @% k|ltzt / gubdf !) k|ltzt eGbf a9L Aofh lng gkfOg]
cof{n, kGt, vgfn, kfF8], af]xf]/f, /fgf nufot ^ y/x? /x]sf
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
hGdM lj=;+= !&&( k'if @& ut]
eQmk'/sf /fhf /0fhLt dNnsf 5f]/f jL/g/l;+x dNn;Fu ldt nufPsfM lj=;+= !&(*
uf]/vfsf /fhfM lj=;+= !&((
axfb'/ zfx
hGdM lj=;+= !*!$ df g'jfsf]6df
afNosfnsf] gfdM kmQ] axfb'/ zfx
gfoaLsfndf g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgf k"j{df l6:6fb]lv klZrddf ;tnh;Dd k'u]sf]
xfnsf] g]kfnsf] If]qkmn eGbf t]Aa/ a9L If]qkmn lj:tf/
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf sfG5f 5f]/f
of]Uo afa'sf ;'of]Uo 5f]/f eg]/ lrlgg]
/fh]Gb| nIdL
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf h]7f 5f]/f k|tfkl;+x zfxsL /fgL
logsf] gfojLsfndf kj{t, u/x'F, tgx'F, ;tx'F, k}o'F, rl/sf]6, l/l;ª h:tf /fHox? lhtL g]kfndf uflePsf]
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df jL/ª\ugf eg]/ lrlgg]
Ifo/f]usf sf/0f lgwg ePsf]
g]kfndf qoL zf;g
106| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
/0f axfb'/ zfxsf kfnfdf
/0f axfb'/ zfxn] lk|o /fgL sflGtjtLsf] 5f]/f lujf{0f'o'4nfO{ /fhf agfO{ wd{ sd{df nfu]sf
lujf{0f'o'4sf] kfnfdf g'jfsf]6nfO{ /fhwfgL 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]
kf6g, sf7df8f}F / g'jfsf]6af6 zf;g ;~rfng ePsf] ;donfO{ qoL zf;g ;do elgg]
sflGtjtLsf] lgwg kZrft dxf/fgL ;'j0f{k|efn] lujf{0f'o'4sf] gfojL rnfPsL
k'gM /0faxfb'/n] kf6gaf6 zf;g ;~rfng ug{ ;'? u/]sf, ;'j0f{k|efn] sf7df8f}Faf6 zf;g ;~rfng u/]sL,
bfdf]b/ kfF8]n] lujf{0f'o'4nfO{ g'jfsf]6 nuL zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf
af;7\7Lx/0f
lj=;+= !*^@ df
/fhf /0faxfb'/ zfx / led;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf
hgtfsf] ljtf{ x/0f u/]sf] 36gf
g]kfn c+u|]h o'4
c= gfnfkfgL o'4 -lj=;+= !*&! sflt{s !$_
g]kfntkm{sf] g]t[Tjstf{ M aneb| s'Fj/
c+u|]htkm{sf] g]t[Tjstf{ M hg/n lhn]:kL
d[To' ePsf c+u|]h ;]gfklt M hg/n lhNn]:kL
o'4sf] cGTo M c+u|]hx?n] kfgLsf] d'xfg y'lglbPsf sf/0f kfgLsf] cefj x'Fbf g]kfnLx?n] v's'/L b]vfpFb}
lsNnfaf6 cfkm}F aflxl/Psf
cf= b]pynsf] o'4 -lj=;+= !*&@ j}zfv #_
g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M elQm yfkf
c+u|]htkm{sf] g]t[Tjstf{ M uf8{/
elQm yfkfsf] 5fltdf uf]nL nfu]/ ePsf] lgwg M lj=;+= !*&@ j}zfv ^
jL/tf / ;fx;nfO{ k|z+;f u/L d[t z/L/df c+u|]hx?n] bf];Nnf cf]9fPsf ;]gfklt M elQm yfkf
O= h}yssf] o'4 -lj=;+= !*&@ c;f]h (_
g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M /0fhf]/ l;+x yfkf / sfhL h;kfp yfkf
g]kfnL jL/ kmf}hx?n] c+u|]hnfO{ k/flht u/]sf] o'4 M h}yssf] o'4
h}yssf] o'4df c+u|]h;Fusf] cfw'lgs xltof/sf] lj?4 g]kfnLx?n] k|of]u u/]sf] xltof/ M 3/]n' xftxltof/
c+u|]h kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M d]h/ l/r8{; / n8\nf]
O{= cndf]8fsf] o'4 -lj=;+= !*&@ j}zfv !#_
g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M cd/l;+x yfkf
c+u|]hx?sf] nf]enfnrfdf gk/L jL/tfk"j{s n8\g] sdf08/ M cd/l;+x yfkf
g]kfnsf] lhpFbf] l;+x M cd/l;+x yfkf
c+u|]h kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M cS6/nf]gL
p= dnfpsf] o'4
g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M cd/l;+x yfkf
c+u|]h kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M cS6/nf]gL
pm= lhtu9L o'4 -lj=;+= !*&!_
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |107
lhtu9L o'4 ePsf] :yfg M xfnsf] a'6jn lhNnf
g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M plh/ l;+x yfkf
c+u|]h kmf}hsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M ;'n]dfg p8
;d;'l4g Olnof;sf] cfj|md0f
lj=;+= !$)^ df /fhf /fhb]jsf] ;dodf a+ufnsf /fhf ;d;'l4g Olnof;n] g]kfn dfly u/]sf] cfj|md0f
;d;'l4gsf] cfj|md0f M kz'kltgfy, :joDe'sf] r}To Wj:t ePsf] tyf ;ft lbg;Dd zx/df cfuf] nfu]sf] /
7"nf] dfqfdf ;DklQ n'l6Psf] 36gf
vf;f ;lGw
vf;f ;lGw M k|tfkl;+xsf] kfnfdf g]kfn / ltAataLr d'b|fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ePsf] ljjfbsf sf/0f lj=;+=
!*#@ df ul/Psf] ;lGw
?kgf/fo0f sfsL{sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf]
s]?ª ;lGw
;g\ !&** df g]kfn / ltAataLr ePsf] klxnf] o'4
g]kfnn] k/flht u/]sf]
g]kfn ltAat o'4df g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ —bfdf]b/ kf08] / ad zfx
;g\ !&*( -lj=;+= !*$^_ df g]kfn / s]?ª aLr s]?ªdf ePsf] ;lGw, pQm ;lGwdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6
adaxfb'/ zfx / ltAatsf] tkm{af6 ;fsLof nfdf, sfnf]g 3f]l/ª nufotn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf
j]qfjtL ;lGw
lj=;+= !*$( g]kfn / ltAataLr ePsf] bf];|f] o'4
g]kfn tkm{af6 b]jLbQ yfkf / rLgsf] tkm{af6 km'–sfªn] x:tfIf/
yfkfynL ;lGw
lj=;+= !(!@ df g]kfn / ltAataLr ePsf]
g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff / ltAatsf] tkm{af6 sf]nfg–!&, Ramsay n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf
;'uf}ln ;lGw
;g\ !*!^ dfr{ # df x:tfIf/ ePsf] / dfr{ $ af6 nfu' ePsf]
cfw'lgs xftxltof/n] o'Qm c+u|]h;Fu n8fO{F ug{ ;Sg] l:yltsf] geP kl5 Ol08of sDkgL;Fu g]kfnn] u/]sf]
;lGw
/fhf lujf{0fo'4 / k|wfgdGqL eLd;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf ePsf]
g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 /fhu'? uh/fh ld> / Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 n]lÇ6g]G6 hgn/ a|f8 zfn] x:tfIf/
;'uf}nL ;lGwdf ( j6f wf/fx? /x]sf
;'uf}nL ;lGwsf c;dfg k|fjwfgx?
!= Oi6 Ol08of sDkgL / g]kfnsf dxf/fhlw/fhaLr lr/:yfoL zflGt / d}qL sfod /xg]5
@= o'4eGbf klxnf ljjfbdf k/]sf ;Dk"0f{ e"efu g]kfnsf dxf/fhfn] kl/Tofu ug]{ / tL 7fpFdf Oi6 Ol08of
sDkgLsf] clwkTo sfod x'g]5
jL/ zdz]/
wL/ zdz]/sf 5f]/f jL/ zdz]/ g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL M lj=;+= !($@
jL/ zdz]/sf] zf;gsfn M lj=;+= !($@ b]lv !(%& ;Dd
cfÇgf] gfdsf k5fl8 ha/f n]Vg] k/Dk/f ;'? ug]{ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL M jL/ zdz]/
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ klg b/af/ xfO{:s'ndf k9\g] cg'dlt lbg] JolQm
nfnb/af/ / ;]tf] b/af/sf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= !($& df jL/ c:ktfnsf] lgdf{0f
lj=;+= !(%! df g]kfnsf] k|yd sf/fuf/ s]Gb|Lo sf/fuf/sf] :yfkgf
112| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
g]kfndf dlxnf lzIffsf] ;'?jft ug]{ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
uf]/vf blIf0fafx' / lk|oblz{sf pkflwsf] :yfkgf ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/ / 306f3/sf] lgdf{0fstf{
g]kfnnfO{ #% lhNnfdf ljefhg
#% lhNnfx? dWo] !@ lhNnf t/fO{df kb{y] eg] o; a]nf lhNnfsf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo kb M ;'Aaf
jL/zdz]/n] :yfkgf u/]sf] k':tsfnosf] gfd M jL/ k':tsfno
/fhb/af/ xg'dfg9f]sfaf6 gf/fo0flx6L ;fg]{ JolQm M jL/ zdz]/
b]j zdz]/
wgs'6] k|wfgdGqL egL lrlgg] /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
b]j zdz]/sf] zf;g cjlw M lj=;+= !(%& -!!$ lbgdfq_
cIf/f+s lzIffsf] ;'?jft ug]{ JolQm M hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x
sfof{no ;do !) ah]b]lv % ah];Dd tf]Sg] /f0ff k|wfgdGqL M b]j zdz]/
!@ ah] tf]k k8\sfpg] rng rnfpg] JolQm M b]j zdz]/
uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzgsf] ;'?jft tyf efiff kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf ug]{ JolQm
rGb| zdz]/
k|yd ljZjo'4 x'Fbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
3/sf] af3 / jgsf] :ofn egL lrlgg] /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
lkm:6] dxf/fh egL lrlgg] JolQm
/f0ffx?nfO{ P, jL, / ;L Snf;df ljefhg
d]l6«s kf; ug]{ g]kfnsf k|yd k|wfgdGqL
lj=;+= !(^* df cdfnL k|yfsf] vf/]hL ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
lj=;++= !(^( df uf]/vf efiff k|sflzgL ;ldltsf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= !(&% lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= !(&& df rGb| zdz]/sf] kfnfdf 36]sf] ds} kj{
lj=;+= !(*! df bf; k|yfsf] cGTo u/]sf rGb| zdz]/n] u/]sf] ;lt k|yfsf] cGTo M lj=;+= !(&&
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd hnljB't pTkfbg M lj=;+= !(^*
v8\u lgzfgf 5fksf] k|rng rnfpg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
ldln6/L c:ktfn / l;+xb/af/sf] lgdf{0f
lj=;+= !(^* df g]kfndf hgu0fgfsf] sfo{sf] ;'?jft
ds} kj{
sf}zn c8\8fsf ;'Aaf s[i0fnfn clwsf/Ln] ‘…ds}sf] v]tL’ gfds k':ts n]vL 5kfP afkt ( jif{ lbOPsf]
h]n ;hfo M lj=;+= !(&&
ds}sf] v]tL gfds k':ts 5fKg] kz'klt 5fkfvfgfnfO{ %) ?k}ofF hl/jfgf lbOPsf]
5flkPsf !))) k|lt dWo] ((( k|lt gi6 ul/Psf] / ! k|lt ga'emfPsf] sf/0f ;hfo lbOPsf]
tTsfnLg zf;g Joj:yfsf] lj/f]wdf n]lvPsf s]xL zAbx? M a]nfotL s's'/n] la|l6; ;d'bfonfO{, ds}df
nfUg] /ftf] 6fps] sL/fn] rGb| zdz]/nfO{ / sfnf] 6fps] sL/fn] eLd zdz]/nfO{ O+lut ub{Yof]
rGb| zdz]/n] /ftf] / eLd zdz]/n] sfnf] Sofk 6f]kL nufpg] ePsfn] /ftf] 6fps] / sfnf] 6fps] elgPsf]
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |113
s[i0fnfn clwsf/Lsf] hGd M /fd]5fk
s[i0fnfn clwsf/L h]nd} lgwg ePsf g]kfnsf] k|yd ;flxlTos zlxb
u]x]Gb| zdz]/
g]kfnsf k|yd j}1flgs
jL/ug, xfjfaf6 rNg] ldn, wL/ug, wfg s'6\g] ldn , afnfh'df 5fnf k|zf]wg sf/vfgf cflb :yfkgf
ljif v'jfP/ cfkm\g} sfsf rGb| zdz]/sf] lgb]{zgdf xTof ul/Psf
eLd zdz]/
lj=;+= !(*^ b]lv !(*( ;Dd k|wfgdGqL
5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ aGws agfpg] k|yfdf /f]s nufPsf
lj=;+= !(** df eLd zdz]/sf kfnfdf 36]sf] 36gf M k|r08 uf]vf{ kj{
k|r08 uf]vf{ kj{sf] d'Vo Wo]oM /f0ffsfnsf] cGTo ug]{
k|r08 uf]vf{sf d'Vo g]t[Tjstf{ M pd]z ljj|md zfx
k|r08 uf]vf{ cleofgsf] p2]Zo M ltxf/df h'jf v]n]sf] ;dodf /f0ffx?nfO{ ad k|xf/ u/L xTof u/]/ /f0ff
zf;g cGTo ug]{
nfOj]|/L kj{, j;Gt kj{ / k|r08 uf]vf{ kj{ x'Fbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
g'g / skf;df eG;f/ dfkmL, skf; v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
pFv8f hfFr sld;gsf] :yfkgf, rvf{ k|rf/df /f]s
h'4 zdz]/
/fhlif{ dxf/fh egL lrlgg]
h'4 zdz]/ g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL M lj=;+ !(*( b]lv @))@ ;Dd
lj=;+= !(() sf] dxfe"sDk hfFbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
u2L Tofu u/]kl5 h'4 zdz]/ uP/ a;]sf] :yfg M kfNkf, l/8L
lj=;+= !(() df P;=Pn=;L= af]8{sf] :yfkgf
hGd, d[To' btf{ c8\8fsf] :yfkgf
;L Snf;sf /f0ffx?nfO{ pkTosf aflx/ lgisf;g ug]{ k|wfgdGqL M h'4 zdz]/
g]kfndf sfuhL gf]6sf]] ;'?jft
;j{k|yd /]l8of] ;]6 /fVg] JolQm
låtLo ljZjo'4 x'Fbf g]kfndf k|wfgdGqL
gfufh'{g b/af/sf] lgdf{0f, g]kfnsf] klxnf] a+}s g]kfn a+}ssf] :yfkgf
pBf]u kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{
lj=:f+= !(($ df h'4 jf?0f lgoGq0f oGqsf] :yfkgf
kb\d zdz]/
lj=;+= @))@ b]lv @))$ ;Dd kb\d zdz]/sf] zf;g
?Gr] k|wfgdGqL eg]/ lrlgg]
‘hot' ;+:s[td\’ cfGbf]ng x'Fbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
g]kfn / cd]l/sfaLr s'6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf
114| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
:s'nsf lktf tyf t];|f] k':tfsf /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
…æd /fi6«sf] gf]s/ x'FÆ eGg] wf/0ff
df]xg zdz]/
lj=;+= @))$ b]lv lj=;+= @))& ;Dd df]xg zdz]/sf] zf;g
lj=;+= @))% df df]xg cfsfzjf0fLsf] :yfkgf
df]xg xjfOx8\8fsf] :yfkgf
g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ /]l8of] /fVg cg'dlt
g]kfndf k|hftGq :yfkgf x'Fbfsf] ;dosf clGtd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
g]kfnsf dxfg $ zlxbx?
j|m=;+= zlxbsf] gfd y/ hGd -lj=;+=_ hGd:yfg d[To'b08 lbOPsf] ldlt d[To'b08 lbOPsf] :yfg
!= z'j|m/fh zf:qL !(%) sf7df8f}F !((& df3 !) 6]s' krnLsf] v/Lsf] ?vdf
@= wd{eQm dfy]df !(^% sf7df8f}F !((& df3 !@ l;kmnsf] asfOgf]sf] ?vdf
#= uuf+nfn >]i7 !(&% /fd]5fk !((& df3 !$ zf]ef eujtLdf uf]nL xfg]/
$= bz/y rGb 7s'/L !(^) a}t8L !((& df3 !$ zf]ef eujtLdf uf]nL xfg]/
uf]/vf–/fhj+zsf] ;DaGw ef/tsf] lrtf}8sf l;;f}lbof /fhk'tx¿l;t sfod /x]sf] a'lemG5 . d';ndfgL
cfqmd0faf6 lrtf}8sf] ktg ePkl5 ToxfFsf zf;sx¿ efu]/ oqtq nfu] . oxL /fhj+zsf e"kfnn]
g]kfnsf] l/8L / kl5 le/sf]6df a;f]af; u/] . e"kfnsf b'O{ 5f]/fx¿ xl/x/l;+x / chol;+xn] kxf8L
Onfsfdf cf–cfkm\gf] :jtGq /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] . Oltxf;df logLx¿ vfFrf vfg / ldrf vfg eg]/ klg
lrlgG5g\ . sfG5f chol;+xsf] j+zdf logLkl5 ljlrq vfg, s'nd08g cflb eP . s'nd08gn] lbNnLsf
afbzfxaf6 zfx kbjL kfP . o;y{ s'nd08gsf] kfnfb]lv g} o; /fhj+zn] cfkm\gf] gfdsf] ;fy zfx k|of]u
ug{ yfn]sf] dflgG5 . s'nd08g zfxsf] ;dodf ndh'ªsf] /fhu2L vfnL ePsf]n] ndh'ªsf] cg'/f]wdf
logsf sfG5f 5f]/f ozf]a|Xd zfxnfO{ ToxfFsf] /fhf agfOof] . ozf]a|x \d zfxsf b'O{ efO 5f]/fx¿ lyP . h]7f
g/xl/ zfx / sfG5f b|Jo zfx . ozf]a|Dx zfxsf sfG5f 5f]/f b|Jo zfxn] uf]/vfdf ljho u/]/ cfkm\gf] /fHo
:yflkt u/] . uf]/vf /fHo rf}la;]s} ju{df k/ klg o;sf] ndh'Ë] /fhf o;f]a|Xdsf 5f]/f /fhf b|Jozfx
lj=;=!^!^ -O{=;= !%%(_ df uf]/vfsf] /fhu2Ldf a;]kl5 g} uf]/vf zfxj+zLo /fHosf] ¿kdf ljsf; eof] .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
& dlxgfdf hlGdPsf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hGd M lj=;+= !&&( kf}if @&
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf dftf÷lktf M sf}zNofjtL / g/e"kfn zfx
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf afa' g/e"kfn zfxsf /fgLx? M $ hgf -rGb|k|efjtL, sf}zNofjtL, a'l4dtL /
z''eb|fjtL_
agf/;sf /fhk't cledfgl;+xsL 5f]/L g/]Gb|nIdL;Fu k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] bf];|f] ljjfx M lj=;+= !&(^
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] /0flht dNnsf 5f]/f jL/g/l;+x dNn;Fu ldt nufPsf M lj=;+= !&(&
@) jif{sf] pd]/df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx uf]/vfsf /fhf M lj=;+= !&(( r}q @%
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf afa' g/e"kfn zfxn] g'jfsf]6df u/]sf] k|yd cfj|md0f / k/fho M lj=;+= !&($
dsjfgk'/sf /fhf x]ds0f{sL 5f]/L OGb|s'df/L;Fu k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] k|yd ljjfx M lj=;+= !&($
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f g'jfsf]6df bf];|f] k6s cfj|md0f / k/fho M lj=;+= !*))
t];|f] k6s g'jfsf]6 cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*)!
g'jfsf]6 dflysf] ljho;Fu} 5fnf sf9L dfl/g] g'jfsf]6 ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M hoGt /fgf
PsLs/0f sfnsf lqzlQm eg]/ lrlgg] b]zx? M kfNkf, tgxF' / ndh'ª
gfnb'ddf cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*)# >fj0f #
bxrf]s / dxfb]jkf]v/L cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*!!
sfe|] cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*!^
lj=;+= !*!$ sLlt{k'/ dfly k|yd k6s cfj|md0f / k/fho M lj=;+= !*!$
sl/a ^ 306f eGbf a9L aNv' vf]nfdf n8fO{F rNbf dfl/g] uf]/vfnL ;]gfsf sdf08/ M sfn' kf08]
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f cfÇg} h]7fg lbuaGwg ;]g;Fu o'4 u/L dkjfgk'/ ljho M lj=;+= !*!(
lbuaGwg ;]gåf/f o'4 xf/]kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx lj?4 n8\g egL a+ufnsf /fhfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cfu|x
u/]adf]lhd a+ufnsf /fhfn] o'4 ug{ egL k7fPsf] sdf08/ M ld/sfl;d
uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] k/flht u/]sf] cleofgsf sdf08/ M ld/sfl;d
;'/k|tfk zfxsf] g]t[Tjdf sLlt{k'/df bf];|f] k6s cfj|md0f t/ ;"/k|tfk zfxsf] cfFvf km'6\of], bnhLt zfx
3fOt] eP / w]/} uf]/vfnL ;]gf dfl/Psf sf/0f k'gM k/fho M lj=;+= !*@! ebf}
sLlt{k'/dfly t];|f] / clGtd k6s cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*@@ r}q #
hok|sfz dNnn] c+u]|h;Fu ;xof]u dfu u/]kl5 uf]/vfnL ;]gf lj?4 rnfPsf] k/flht ePsf] cleofg M
lsngs cleofg
pkTosfsf /fHox?nfO{ k/flht ug{sf nflu k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lnPsf] gLlt M cfly{s gfsfaGbL
pgsf] gfsfaGbLaf6 tx;gx;df k/]sf kf6g jf nlntk'/sf ^ k|wfgx?n] k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ kf6gsf] /fhf
aGg cfu|x u/]adf]lhd pgn] k7fPsf] /fhf M bndb{g zfx
uf]/vfnL ;]gfåf/f sflGtk'/ cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*@% cflZjg !#
uf]/vfnL ;]gfåf/f nlntk'/ cfj|md0f / ljho M lj=;+= !*@% c;f]h @$
uf]/vfnL ;]gfåf/f eQmk'/ cfj|md0f / ljho M !*@^ d+l;/ !
eLd;]g :yfg, 6'Fl8v]n / g/b]jL u/L tLglt/af6 sf7df8f}F dfly cfj|md0f ePsf] lbg M OGb|hfqfsf] lbg
118| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
sf7df8f}+ jf sflGtk'/nfO{ g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL 3f]if0ff M lj=;+= !*@^ r}q !)
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] d[To' M lj=;+= !*#! df3 ! -g'jfsf]6_
g'jfsf]6sf] z]/f b/af/df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lbPsf lbJof]kb]zx?
g]kfn b'O{ 9'ÍfaLrsf] t?n xf], pQ/ / blIf0fsf l5d]s;Fu a/fa/ ;DaGw /fVg'
k|hf df]6f eof b/af/ alnof] x'G5
7s'/L hfFrL l87\7f lbg', du/ hfFrL ljrf/L lbg'
blIf0fsf] afbzfx dxfrt'/ 5
hfO{ s6s gug'{, lemsL s6s ug'{
g]kfn rf/ hft 5QL; j0f{sf] ;femf km"naf/L xf]
d]/f ;fgf b'Mvn] cfHof{sf] d'n's xf]Og, ;a}nfO{ r]tgf eof
3'; lnGof / lbGof b'j} b]zsf zq' x'g\
vfgL eofsf 7fpFdf ufpF eof klg c? hUufdf ;f/Lsg vfgL rnfpg'
k|tfkl;+x zfx
k[YJfLgf/fo0f zfxsf h]7f 5f]/f
k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] hGd M lj=;+= !*)*
@ jif{ !) dlxgf zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf
k|tfkl;+x zfxsL /fgLsf] gfd M /fh]Gb|nIdL zfx
OGb| hfqfsf] lbg lnª\uf] uf8\g] k|rngdf Nofpg] /fhf
lj=;+= !*#$df k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] cNkfo'd} d[To'
axfb'/ zfx
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf sfG5f 5f]/f, k|tfkl;+x zfxsf efO
afNosfnsf] gfd kmQ]axfb'/ zfx
g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf axfb'/ zfxsf] g]t[Tjsfn M :j0f{sfn
nfdf] ;do ef/tsf] agf/;lt/ a;]sf axfb'/ zfxsf uf]/vfnL ;]gfsf] /fHo lj:tf/ M s'dfp u9jfn x'Fb}
;tnh gbL kf/L;Dd
/0faxfb'/ zfxsf] gfoaL rnfPsf t/ /fHosf]if b'?kof]u nufotsf cf/f]kdf aGbL agfOPsf JolQm M axfb'/
zfx
lj=;+= !*%# df axfb'/ zfx dfly cf/f]k nufOPsf] / d[To' lj=;+= !*%$ d[To' -aGbL cj:yfdf_
/0faxfb'/ zfx
k|tfkl;+x zfx / /fh]Gb|nIdLsf 5f]/f /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] hGd M lj=;+= !*#@ h]i7 !)
afa'sf] d[To' ePkl5 c9fO{ jif{sf] slnnf] pd]/d} /fhf ePsf
:jfdL dxf/fh egL lrlgg] /fhf
/fh/fh]Zj/L, ;'j0f{k|efjtL / sflGtdtL M/0faxfb'/ zfxsf # j6L /fgLx?
afn ljwjf sfGtLdltaf6 hlGdg] 5f]/fnfO{ /fhf agfpg] zt{df ljjfx ug]{ /fhf M /0faxfb'/ zfx
j}wflgs /fgL ;'j0f{k|efjtL tkm{sf h]7f 5f]/fnfO{ /fhf gagfO{ sflGtdtLtkm{ af6 /fhf agfOPsf /fhs'df/ M
uLjf{0fo'4
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf |119
/fhvnsdf ljjfb, if8\oGq / dte]b l;h{gf eO{ ljjfb cf/De ug]{ /fhf /0faxfb'/ zfx
afnfh'sf] @@ cf}F wf/fsf] lgdf{0f
/0faxfb'/ zfxsf kfnfdf rn]sf] zf;g M qoL zf;g
af;7\7Lx/0f sf08 36]sf] a]nfsf /fhf
eLd;]g yfkf
g]kfnsf k|yd k|wfgdGqL
eLd;]g yfkfsf] hGd M lj=;+= !*#@ ;fpg ( -uf]/vfsf] af]nf{ª_
lj=;+= !*$$ lt/ /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] ;]jssf] ?kdf b/af/ k|j]z u/]sf eLd;]g yfkfsf afa'÷cfdf M cd/l;+x
yfkf -;fg'sfhL_ / cfdf ;To?kf
eLd;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf g]kfnnfO{ #( lhNNffdf ljefhg
sdf/f sdf/L /fVg gkfpg] Joj:yf, g]jf/x?sf] rf8df vr{sf] ;Ldf tf]Sg] sfd, x'nfssf] Joj:yf,
hUufnfO{ xn], kf6], sf]bfn]sf] cfwf/df clen]v /fVg] Joj:yf h:tf ;fdflhs ;'wf/ ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
lj=;+= !**!df ;'Gwf/f lgdf{0f
lj=;+= !*^# g]kfndf /fxbfgL k|yfsf] ;'?jft ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
s]xL hfltdf k|rlnt ;flgdf / efph' Joxf]g{] k|yfsf] cGTo ug]{ JolQm
aUuL r9\g] rng rnfpg] k|wfgdGqL
afub/af/, w/x/f, jfudtL k'n lgdf{0f
5fpgL ;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgf
;]gfdf ;]gf, hg]{n, sg]{n, SofK6g cflb kbsf] l;h{gf u/L ;}lgsnfO{ tflnd lbg] Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft
/fhs'df/ b]j]Gb|sf] xTofsf] cleof]u nufO{ h]n rnfg
d[To' M lj=;+= !*(^ -h]nleq} cfTdxTof_
uLjf{0fo'4 ljj|md zfx
lujf{0fo'4sf] hGd M lj=;+= !*%$ cflZjg !!
8]9 jif{sf] pd]/d} /fhf agfOPsf
/0faxfb'/ zfx / sflGtdtLsf 5f]/f
lj=;+= !*%% b]lv !*&# ;Dd uLjf{0fo'4n] zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf]
uLjf{0fo'4 ljj|md zfxsf @ j6L /fgLx? M l;l4nIdL / uf]/IfnIdL
jL/ljj|md pkflw kfpg] g]kfnsf] klxnf] zfxj+zLo /fhf M uLjf{0fo'4 jL/ljj|md zfx
c+u]|h / g]kfnaLr ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ $ df ;'uf}nL ;lGw
;'uf}nL ;lGw x'Fbf g]kfnsf /fhf M lujf{0fo'4 jL/ljj|md zfx
;'uf}nL ;lGwdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 x:tfIf/stf{ M uh/fh ld>
;'uf}nL ;lGwdf Oi6 Ol08of jf c+u|]hsf tkm{af6 x:tfIf/ ug{] JolQm M n]lkm\6g]G6 hg/n a|f8 zf
lj=;+= !*&# d+l;/ * df lujf{0fo'4sf] lgwg , lztnf /f]usf sf/0f ePsf] elgPsf lgwg
/fh]Gb| ljj|md zfx
lujf{0fo'4 ljj|md zfx / uf]/IfnIdL zfxsf k'q
/fh]Gb| ljj|md zfxsf] hGd M lj=;+= !*&) df3 @$
120| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cj:yf
lj=;+= !*&# b]lv !()$ ;Dd /fh]Gb| ljj|md zfxn] zf;g rnfPsf]
/f0ff zf;gsf] pbo x'Fbf g]kfnsf /fhf
cnf} kj{sf] d'Vo of]hgfsf/
cfkm\gf] kgflt /fhf x'Gh]n;Dd klg hLljt /xg] /fhf
sf]tkj{, e08f/vfn kj{ 36]sf] a]nf g]kfnsf /fhf
/fh]Gb| ljj|md zfxsf] d[To' M lj=;+= !(#* c;f/ #)
;'/]Gb| jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
/fhf /fh]Gb|sf 5f]/f
;'/]Gb| jL/ljj|md zfxsf] hGd M lj=;+= !**^ c;f]h @!
sf]tkj{sf] 36gfkl5 ePsf /fhf
lj=;+= !()$ b]lv !(#* ;Dd ;'/]Gb| jL/ljj|md zfxsf] zf;g
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd d'n'sL P]g nfu" x'Fbf g]kfnsf /fhf
ax'nfxf o'j/fh / ;GsL dxf/fh pkflw kfPsf
o'j/fh q}nf]So
/fhf ;'/]Gb|sf 5f]/f tyf a'n]6 dxf/fhfsf gfdn] lrlgg] o'j/fh
/fhf gx'Fb} d[To' x'g] o'j/fh
k[YjL jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
o'j/fh q}nf]Sosf 5f]/f k[YjL jL/ljj|md zfxsf] hGd !(#@
^ jif{sf] pd]/d} /fhf
k[YjL jL/ljj|md zfxsf] zf;g cjlw M lj=;+= !(#* b]lv !(^* ;Dd
lqe'jg jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
k[YjLjL/ljj|md zfxb]j / nIdL lbJo]Zj/L k'q
lqe'jgsf] hGd M lj=;+= !(^# c;f/ !&
zfx j+zd} ;a}eGbf nfdf] ;do zf;g ug{] /fhf
lj=;+= !(^* b]lv @)!! ;Dd lqe'jgn] g]kfndf zf;g u/]sf
/fi6«lktf, hgtfsf /fhf h:tf pkgfdn] lrlgg]
g]kfndf k|hftGq :yfkgf x'Fbf g]kfnsf /fhf
dx]Gb| jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
lqe'jgsf 5f]/f /fhf dx]Gb|sf] hGd M lj=;+= !(&& h]7 #)
dx]Gb|sf @ j6L /fgLx? M OGb|/fHonIdL / /Tg /fHonIdL
lj=;+= @)!! r}q ! df /fHo/f]x0f ug]{ tyf ‘pm afFRg nfos 5, hf] dg{ b]lv 8/fpFb}Gf’ eGg] /fhf M dx]Gb|
;fDojfb df]6/ r9]/ cfpFb}g eGg] /fhf
lrtjgsf] lbofnf] a+ufnfdf /fhf dx]Gb|sf] d[To' M lj=;+= @)@* df3 !&
‘p;}sf nflu’ / ‘km]l/ p;}sf nflu’ s[ltsf n]vs
jL/]Gb|| jL/ljj|md zfxb]j
af/sf :jfdL
af/ af/sf :jfdL af/ af/sf :jfdL af/ af/sf :jfdL af/ af/sf :jfdL
cfOtaf/ clUg ;f]daf/ hn dª\unaf/ e"ld a'waf/ xl/
lalxaf/ OGb| z'j|maf/ OGb|fo0fL zlgaf/ a|Ådf
s]xL wfld{s kfqsf gfd / To;nfO{ a'emfpg] ljleGg cy{x?
gfd a'emfpg] cy{ gfd a'emfpg] cy{ gfd a'emfpg] cy{ gfd a'emfpg] cy{
;/:jtL ljBfsL b]jL PsnJo u'?eQm blwrL bfgL nIdL wgsL b]jL
o'lwli7/ ;TojfbL rf0fSo gLltjfg ;'bfdf ul/a xl/zrGb| ;TojfbL
gf/b s'/f}6] ld/f elStgL s'j]/ wgL eLid b[9 k|lt1f
ljleif0f s'nb|f]xL ;fljqL kltj|tf b'jf{zf l/;fxf a'4 zflGtb"t
elu/y kl/>dL s'Des0f{ ;'tfxf xg'dfg sfd kmQ] ug]{ /fd dof{bfk'?if