Lecture 5 from Chapter 5

Force and Motion–I

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 Goals for Lecture 5

 To understand the meaning of force in physics.

 To view force as a vector and learn how to combine forces
 To understand the behavior of a body on which the forces
balance: Newton’s First Law of Motion.
 To learn the relationship between mass, acceleration, and
force: Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
 To relate mass and weight.
 To see the effect of action-reaction pairs: Newton’s Third
Law of Motion.
 To learn to make free-body diagrams.

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Introduction

• We’ve studied motion in one, two, and three dimensions…

but what causes motion?
• This causality was first understood in the late 1600s by Sir
Isaac Newton.
• Newton formulated three laws governing moving objects,
which we call Newton’s laws of motion.
• Newton’s laws were deduced from huge amounts of
experimental evidence.
• The laws are simple to state but intricate in their application.

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Force

 A force:
o Is a “push or pull” acting on an object
o Causes acceleration
 We will focus on Newton's three laws of motion:
o Newtonian mechanics is valid for everyday situations
o It is not valid for speeds which are an appreciable fraction of
the speed of light
o It is not valid for objects on the scale of atomic structure
o Viewed as an approximation of general relativity

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Superposition of forces

 Several forces acting at a point on an object have the same effect as

their vector sum acting at the same point.

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Superposition of forces

 The vector sum of all the forces on an object is called the

resultant of the forces or the net forces.

    
  
R= F1+ F2 + F3 += ∑F

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Superposition of forces - Example

Example:

   
R = F1 + F2 + F3
Rx = F1x + F2 x + F3 x = 250cos127 0 + 50 + 0
= −150 + 50 = −100 N
R y = F1 y + F2 y + F3 y = 250sin 127 0 + 0 − 120
= 200 − 120 = 80 N
R = (−100) 2 + 80 2 = 128 N
80
θ = tan −1 = −390 + 180
− 100
= 1410

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Newton's First Law

 Simply stated — “An

object at rest tends to
stay at rest, an object in
motion tends to stay in
uniform motion.”
 More properly, “A body
acted on by zero net
force moves with
constant velocity and
zero acceleration.”

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Newton’s Second Law

 Characteristics of forces:
 Acceleration of a mass is proportional to the exerted force.
 Forces are vectors
 Unit: N, the newton; 1 N = 1 kg m/s2

 Net force is the vector sum of all forces on an object,

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Newton's Second Laws

 Summarize these behaviors as:

 As an equation, we write:
Eq. (5-1)

 Identify the body in question, and only include forces

that act on that body!
 Separate the problem axes (they are independent):
Eq. (5-2)

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Newton's First and Second Laws

 If the net force on a body is zero:

o Its acceleration is zero
o The forces and the body are in equilibrium
o But there may still be forces!
 Units of force:

Tab. (5-1)
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Catalogue of Forces

 The gravitational force:

o A pull that acts on a body, directed toward a second body
o Generally we consider situations where the second body is
Earth
 In free fall (y direction, with no drag from the air):

Eq. (5-8)

 This force still acts on a body at rest!

 We can write it as a vector:
Eq. (5-9)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Catalogue of Forces

Weight :
 The name given to the gravitational force
that one body (like the Earth) exerts on an
object
o It is a force measured in newtons (N)
o It is directed downward towards the center

Eq. (5-12)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Catalogue of Forces

 Measuring weight:
o Use a balance to compare a body to known masses, find its
mass, and compute its weight
o Use a spring scale that measures weight on a calibrated
scale
o Weight is not the same as mass: a pan balance will read the
same for different values of g, a scale will read differently for
different values of g
 Weight must be measured when the body is not
accelerating vertically
o E.g., in your bathroom, or on a train
o But not in an elevator

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

5-2 Some Particular Forces

 The normal force:

o If you are standing on a surface, the push back on you from
the surface (due to deformation) is the normal force
o Normal means perpendicular

Figure 5-7

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Catalogue of Forces

Example Normal force for a block resting on a horizontal

surface that is:
o Accelerating vertically at ay:
Eq. (5-13)
o Vertically at rest:
Eq. (5-14)

Answer: (a) equal to mg (no acceleration)

(b) greater than mg (see 5-13, with positive acceleration)
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Catalogue of Forces

 Frictional force or friction:

o Occurs when one object slides or attempts to slide over
another
o Directed along the surface, opposite to the direction of
intended motion

Figure 5-8

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Catalogue of Forces

 Tension force:
o A cord (or rope, etc.) is attached to a body and pulled taut
o Cord pulls on the body with force T directed along the cord
o The cord is said to be under tension
o The tension in the cord is T
 A massless and unstretchable cord
exists only as a connection between two bodies
o It pulls on both with the same force, T
o True even if the bodies and cord are accelerating, and even
if the cord runs around a massless, frictionless pulley
o These are useful simplifying assumptions

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 Using Newton’s 2nd Law: Example

 Example

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 Using Newton’s 2nd Law: Example

 Example

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Example

Figure 5-9

Answer: (a) equal to 75 N (b) greater than 75 N (c) less than 75 N

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Newton's 3rd Laws

 Objects interact when they push or pull on each other:

 We can write this law as a scalar or vector relation:

Eq. (5-15)

 We call these two forces a third-law force pair

 Any time any two objects interact, there is a third-law
force pair

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Newton's 3rd Law

 Third-law force pairs:

 This includes the gravitational forces between Earth

and the cantaloupe!
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Free-Body Diagram

 To solve problems with forces,

we often draw a free body
diagram
 The only body shown is the one
we are solving for
 Forces are drawn as vector
arrows with their tails on the
body
 Coordinate system shown
 Acceleration is NEVER part of a
free body diagram – only forces
on a body are present.

Figure 5-3
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5-3 Applying Newton's Laws

Sample Problem:
A block of mass M = 3.3 kg, connected by a cord and pulley to a
hanging block of mass m = 2.1 kg, slides across a frictionless
surface

Figure 5-12 Figure 5-13

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5-3 Applying Newton's Laws

 Draw the forces involved

 Treat the string as unstretchable, the pulley as
massless and frictionless, and each block as a particle
 Draw a free-body
diagram for each mass
 Apply Newton's 2nd law
(F = ma) to each block →
2 simultaneous eqs.
 Eliminate unknowns (T)
that are the same, and
solve for the acceleration
Figure 5-14
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-3 Applying Newton's Laws

 For the sliding block:

Eq. (5-18)

 For the hanging block:

Eq. (5-20)

 Combining we get:
Eq. (5-21) Eq. (5-22)

 Plugging in we find a = 3.8 m/s2 and T = 13 N

 Does this make sense? Check that dimensions are
correct, check that a < g, check that T < mg (otherwise
acceleration would be upward), check limiting cases
(e.g., g = 0, M = 0, m = ∞)
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5-3 Applying Newton's Laws

Sample Problem A block being pulled up a ramp:

Figure 5-15

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5 Summary

Newtonian Mechanics Force

 Forces are pushes or pulls  Vector quantities
 Forces cause acceleration  1 N = 1 kg m/s2
 Net force is the sum of all
forces on a body

Newton's First Law Inertial Reference Frames

 If there is no net force on a  Frames in which Newtonian
body, the body remains at rest mechanics holds
if it is initially at rest, or moves
in a straight line at constant
speed if it is in motion.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Summary

Mass Newton's Second Law

 The characteristic that relates Eq. (5-1)
the body's acceleration to the
net force  Free-body diagram represents
the forces on one object
 Scalar quantity

Some Particular Forces Newton's Third Law

 Weight:  Law of force-pairs
Eq. (5-12)  If there is a force by B on C,
then there is a force by C
 Normal force from a surface on B:
 Friction along a surface
Eq. (5-15)
 Tension in a cord
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.