SHREE VENKATESHWARA HI-TECH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

REGULATION 2021
II YEAR/IV SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

EC3462 – LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY

Student Name :

Reg.No :

Year/ Section :
 EC3462 – LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
● To gain hands on experience in designing electronic circuits

● To learn simulation software used in circuit design

● To learn the fundamental principles of amplifier circuits
● To differentiate feedback amplifiers and oscillators.
● To differentiate the operation of various multivibrators
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers-Frequency

response, Input and output impedance
2. RC Phase shift oscillator and Wien Bridge Oscillator
3. Hartley Oscillator and Colpitts Oscillator
4. RC Integrator and Differentiator circuits using Op-Amp
5. Clippers and Clampers
6. Instrumentation amplifier
7. Active low-pass, High pass & Band pass filters
8. PLL Characteristics and its use as frequency multiplier, clock synchronization
9. R-2R ladder type D-A converter using Op-Amp

SIMULATION USING SPICE (Using Transistor):

1. Tuned Collector Oscillator

2. Twin -T Oscillator / Wein Bridge Oscillator
3. Double and Stagger tuned Amplifiers
4. Bistable Multivibrator
5. Schmitt Trigger circuit with Predictable hysteresis
6. Analysis of power amplifier

2
 About the uA741 Op-amp IC
The 741 IC was designed by Dave Fullagar of Fairchild Semiconductor in 1968. The 741 IC is the
successful predecessor of the LM 101 IC, and the only difference between the two was that an
additional 30pF internal compensation capacitor was added for the 741 IC. But, this simple addition
has made this IC evergreen in the electronics world and is still manufactured by different companies in
different versions and specifications, and is made recognizable by adding the famous number 741 in
the series.

The 741 IC is available in the market as 8-pin metal can, 10-pin flat pack, 8 or 14 pin DIP. The pin
configuration for 8 pin metal can package is shown below.

Op-amp Symbol:

The input voltage range for a 741 IC is ±15V. i.e VCC+=+15V and VCC- =-15V .

3
Equivalent Circuit of an Op-amp:

Ideal Characteristics of an Op-amp

1.Open Loop Voltage gain = infinite.

2.Input impedance Ri= infinite.

3.Output impedance Ro= Zero.

4.Bandwidth (BW) = infinite.

5. Zero input offset voltage. (if input is zero ,output also zero.)

6. Infinite slew rate

7. Infinite common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)

4
Block Diagram of an µA 741:

Internal Circuit Diagram of an Op-amp:

5
Exp.No: 1 Inverting, Non inverting and differential amplifiers.

Date:

Aim: To design inverting, Non inverting and Differential amplifiers using Op-amp.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. Op-amp µA741

2. Resistor

3. Regulated Power supply

4. Function Generator

5. CRO

Theory:

As the open loop DC gain of an operational amplifier is extremely high we can therefore afford to lose
some of this high gain by connecting a suitable resistor across the amplifier from the output terminal
back to the inverting input terminal to both reduce and control the overall gain of the amplifier. This
then produces and effect known commonly as Negative Feedback, and thus produces a very stable
Operational Amplifier based system.

Negative Feedback is the process of “feeding back” a fraction of the output signal back to the input,
but to make the feedback negative, we must feed it back to the negative or “inverting input” terminal
of the op-amp using an external Feedback Resistor called Rƒ. This feedback connection between the
output and the inverting input terminal forces the differential input voltage towards zero.
This effect produces a closed loop circuit to the amplifier resulting in the gain of the amplifier now
being called its Closed-loop Gain. Then a closed-loop inverting amplifier uses negative feedback to
accurately control the overall gain of the amplifier, but at a cost in the reduction of the amplifiers gain.

6
3 op-amp circuit to achieve a closed loop gain using negative feedback ,

1. Inverting amplifier
Input signal is given to inverting input terminal of an Op-amp.
2. Non inverting amplifier
Input signal is given to non-inverting input terminal of an Op-amp.
3. Differential amplifier
Two input signal V1 and V2 given to both inverting and Non inverting input
terminals of an Op-amp.

Design 1: To design inverting amplifier with the gain of 10.Choose input resistor is equal to 10
KΩ.

𝑹𝑭
Output voltage of inverting amplifier 𝑽𝒐 = − 𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝟏
𝑹𝑭
Closed Loop gain𝑨𝑪𝑳 = If R =10 KΩ and gain is 10 .
1
𝑹𝟏

𝑹𝑭
𝟏𝟎 =
𝟏𝟎 𝑲Ω

So RF = 100KΩ

RF Amplitude Time
Input =
Output =
Input =
Output =
Input =
Output =
Input =
Output =

Note: Find at what gain op amp output will saturate?

7
Circuit:

Output waveform:

8
Design 2: Design a Non inverting amplifier. Let R1=5 KΩ , RF=20 KΩ and Vi=1V. A load resistor
5 KΩ is connected at the output .Calculate (i) Vo (ii) A CL (iii) Load Current IL. Verify the
output both theory and Practical. if both the outputs are not same, justify the reason.

Solution: Theoretical -The output voltage of Non inverting amplifier

𝑹𝑭
(i) 𝑽𝒐 = 𝟏 + 𝑽𝒊
𝑹𝟏

𝑹𝑭
(ii) ACL= 𝟏 +
𝑹𝟏

(iii) IL= Vo/RL

Practical:

Amplitude Time

Input

Output (Vo)

Load Current (IL)

9
Circuit:

Output : Voltage

Current:

10
Design 3: Design a Differential amplifier circuit with unity gain and determine the CMRR for
Different values of V1 and V2.

Solution :

𝑅2
Output of Differential amplifier is Vo = 𝑉𝑜 = (𝑉+ − 𝑉−)
𝑅1

Usually V+ input at non inverting terminal and V - input at inverting terminal of an Op-amp.

Common mode rejection ratio

𝑨𝒅
𝑪𝑴𝑹𝑹 =
𝑨𝒄

Where Ad = Differential Mode gain Ac=common mode gain

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝟐 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑨𝒅 = 𝑨𝒄 =
𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟏

Observation:

S.No V1 V2 Vout Ad Ac CMRR(Ad/Ac)

11
Circuit:

Output:

Result:

12
Exp.No: 2 Integrator and Differentiator

Date:

Aim: To design an Integrator and Differentiator circuit using Op-amp.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. Op-amp µA741

2. Resistor

3. Capacitor

4. Regulated Power supply

5. Function Generator

6. CRO

Theory:

Differentiator:

An op-amp differentiator or a differentiating amplifier is a circuit configuration which produces output

voltage amplitude that is proportional to the rate of change of the applied input voltage.A differentiator
with only RC network is called a passive differentiator, whereas a differentiator with active circuit
components like transistors and operational amplifiers is called an active differentiator. Active
differentiators have higher output voltage and much lower output resistance than simple RC
differentiators.

An op-amp differentiator is an inverting amplifier, which uses a capacitor in series with the input
voltage. Differentiating circuits are usually designed to respond for triangular and rectangular input
waveforms. For a sine wave input, the output of a differentiator is also a sine wave, which is out of
phase by 180o with respect to the input (cosine wave).

Differentiators have frequency limitations while operating on sine wave inputs; the circuit attenuates
all low frequency signal components and allows only high frequency components at the output. In
other words, the circuit behaves like a high-pass filter.

13
INTEGRATOR:

In an integrating circuit, the output is the integration of the input voltage with respect to time. A
passive integrator is a circuit which does not use any active devices like op-amps or transistors.

An integrator circuit which consists of active devices is called an Active integrator. An active
integrator provides a much lower output resistance and higher output voltage than is possible with a
simple RC circuit.

Op-amp differentiating and integrating circuits are inverting amplifiers, with appropriately placed
capacitors. Integrator circuits are usually designed to produce a triangular wave output from a square
wave input. Integrating circuits have frequency limitations while operating on sine wave input signals.

Design Integrator:

Consider the Lossy integrator for the components values.R1=10KΩ ,RF=100 KΩ, CF=
0.01µF.Determine the low frequency limit of integration and study the response for the inputs
(i) Sine wave (ii) Square input.

Solution:

The lower frequency limit of integration 𝒇𝒂 is

𝟏
𝒇𝒂 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑭 𝑪𝑭
𝟏
𝒇 = = 159 Hz.
𝒂 𝟐𝝅 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟏×𝟏𝟎−𝟔

For 99% accuracy , the input frequency should be at least 10𝒇𝒂 .

Tabulation :

Input Amplitude Frequency Theoretical Practical

Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency

Sine

Square

14
(i) Consider Sine wave input 1Vpp and 1000Hz.

15
 Square Input:

Design Differentiator:
Design an Op-amp differentiator that will differentiate an input signal with𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑯𝒛.

1
Solution: Select 𝑓𝑎 = 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 500𝐻𝑧 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐹 𝐶1

Let C = 0.1uf
𝟏
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎𝒇𝒂 =
𝟐𝝅 𝑹 𝟏𝑪𝟏

𝑑𝑉𝑖
Differentiator output = 𝑉0 = −𝑅𝐹 𝐶1 𝑑𝑡

16
Differentiator Circuit:

Tabulation :

Input Amplitude Frequency Theoretical Practical

Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency

Sine

Square

17
Output: input sine wave: Vi= 1sin 2π 500t

Output: input Square wave: Vi= 1V and 1KHz

18
Result:

19
Exp.No: 3 Instrumentation Amplifier

Date:

Aim: To design an instrumentation amplifier and obtain the output for various gain.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. Op-amp µA741

2. Resistor

4. Regulated Power supply

5. Function Generator

6. CRO

Theory:

Instrumentation amplifier is a kind of differential amplifier with additional input buffer stages. The addition of
input buffer stages makes it easy to match (impedance matching) the amplifier with the preceding stage.
Instrumentation are commonly used in industrial test and measurement application. The instrumentation
amplifier also has some useful features like low offset voltage, high CMRR (Common mode rejection ratio),
high input resistance, high gain etc.

The two non-inverting amplifiers form a differential input stage acting as buffer amplifiers with a gain of 1 +
2R2/R1 for differential input signals and unity gain for common mode input signals. Since amplifiers A1 and
A2 are closed loop negative feedback amplifiers, we can expect the voltage at Va to be equal to the input
voltage V1. Likewise, the voltage at Vb to be equal to the value at V2.

As the op-amps take no current at their input terminals (virtual earth), the same current must flow through
the three resistor network of R2, R1 and R2 connected across the op-amp outputs. This means then that the
voltage on the upper end of R1 will be equal to V1and the voltage at the lower end of R1 to be equal to V2.

The voltage output from the differential op-amp A3 acting as a subtractor, is simply the difference between
its two inputs ( V2 – V1 ) and which is amplified by the gain of A3which may be one, unity, (assuming that
R3 = R4). Then we have a general expression for overall voltage gain of the instrumentation amplifier circuit
as:

𝑉 = 𝑉 − [1 + 2𝑅2] 4
𝑜𝑢𝑡 2 1
𝑅1 𝑅3

20
Instrumentation Amplifier Circuit:

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Input signal is connected to the circuit from the signal generator.
3. The input and output signals of the circuit observed from the dual channels 1 and 2 of the
CRO.
4. Suitable voltage sensitivity and time-base on CRO is selected.
5. Change the gain setting resistor value and observe the output.
Design:

21
Tabulation:

Input Theoretical Practical

/Output Amplitude Time

Input

Output V1 V2 Vo V1 V2 Vo

22
Output:

Result:

23
Exp.No: 4 Low Pass, High Pass and Band Pass Filters

Date:

Aim: To design Low pass, High pass and Band pass active filters using Op-amp and obtain frequency
response.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. Op-amp µA741

2. Resistor

3. Capacitor

4. Regulated Power supply

5. Function Generator

6. CRO

Theory:
A filter is often used in electronic circuits to block (or allow) a select frequency to the
circuit. An op-amp is used to design a filters, so it is called Active filters. There are Four types
active filters like Low pass, High pass, band pass and band stop . A low pass filter is used in
circuits that only allow low frequencies to pass through (below the Cutoff frequency). It is
often used to block high frequencies and AC current in a circuit.A high pass filter is used in
circuits that only require high frequencies to operate (above the cut off frequency). It blocks
most low frequencies & DC component.A band pass filter is a combination of a high pass and
a low pass filter. It allows only a select range of frequencies to pass through. It is designed
such a way that the cut off frequency of the low pass filter is higher than the cut off frequency
of the high pass filter, hence allowing only a select range of the frequencies to pass through.

Procedure:
6. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
7. Input signal is connected to the circuit from the signal generator.
8. The input and output signals of the filter channels 1 and 2 of the CRO are connected.
9. Suitable voltage sensitivity and time-base on CRO is selected.
10. The correct polarity is checked.
11. The above steps are repeated for second order filter.

24
Design Low Pass Filter:

Design Second order Butterworth Low Pass filter having upper cut off frequency 1KHz and
determine its frequency response.

The following steps are used for the design of active LPF.

1. The value of high cut off frequency fH is chosen.

2. The value of capacitor C is selected such that its value is ≤1 F.
1
3. By knowing the values of fHand C, the value of R can be calculated using f
H 2 RC
4. Finally the values of R1 and Rf are selected depending on the designed pass band gain by
R
using A 1 f Circuit Diagram:-

R1

25
Low Pass filter Circuit:

Output:

26
Low Pass Filter Tabulation:

S.No Frequency (Hz) O/p voltage(v) Gain=Vo/Vin Gain=20log(Vo/Vin)

27
Second order High Pass Filter:

The high pass filter is the complement of the low pass filter. Thus the high pass filter can be
obtained by interchanging R and C in the circuit of low pass configuration. A high pass filter allows
only frequencies above a certain bread point to pass through and at terminates the low frequency
components. The range of frequencies beyond its lower cut off frequency fL is called stop band.

Design:-

fL 1KHZ ,C 0.1 F ,Gain, Av 2

1
fL
2 R2R3C2C3

Let R2 R3 R
C C C
2 3

1
R R
2 3 2fLC

R2 R3 1.5k

Rf
A 1
R2 1

R R 10k (given)
f 1

28
Second order High Pass Filter Circuit:

Output:

29
High Pass Filter Tabulation:

S.No Frequency (Hz) O/p voltage(v) Gain=Vo/Vin Gain=20log(Vo/Vin)

30
BPF:-

The BPF is the combination of high and low pass filters and this allows a specified range of
frequencies to pass through. It has two stop bands in range of frequencies between 0 to fL and beyond
fH. The band b/w fL and fHis called pass band. Hence its bandwidth is (fL-fH). This filter has a
maximum gain at the resonant frequency (fr) which is defined as

fr fH fL
The figure of merit (or) quality factor Q is given by
fr fr
Q
fH fL BW

Band Pass Filter Circuit:

HPF LPF

Output:

31
Result:

32
Exp.No: 5 Astable and MonostableMultivibrators using op-amp

Date:

Aim: To design Astable and Monostablemultivibrators using Op-amp and obtain duty cycle of the
output.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. Op-amp µA741

2. Resistor

3. Capacitor

4. Regulated Power supply

5. Function Generator

6. CRO

Theory:

Astable Multivibrator: The Op-amp Multivibrator is an astable oscillator circuit that generates a
rectangular output waveform using an RC timing network connected to the inverting input of the
operational amplifier and a voltage divider network connected to the other non-inverting input.
Unlike the monostable or bistable, the astable multivibrator has two states, neither of which are stable
as it is constantly switching between these two states with the time spent in each state controlled by the
charging or discharging of the capacitor through a resistor.
However, because the open-loop op-amp comparator is very sensitive to the voltage changes on its
inputs, the output can switch uncontrollably between its positive, +V(sat)and negative, -V(sat) supply
rails whenever the input voltage being measured is near to the reference voltage, VREF.
Op-amp Monostable Multivibrator (one-shot multivibrator) circuits are positive-feedback (or
regenerative) switching circuits that have only one stable state, producing an output pulse of a
specified duration T.

33
 An external trigger signal is applied for it to change state and after a set period of time, either in
microseconds, milliseconds or seconds, a time period which is determined by RC components, the
monostable circuit then returns back to its original stable state were it remains until the next trigger
input signal arrives.

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Keep the CRO channel switch in ground and adjust the horizontal line on the x axis so that it
coincides with the central line.
3. Select the suitable voltage sensitivity and time base on the CRO.
4. Check for the correct polarity of the supply voltage to op-amp and switch on power supply to
the circuit.
5. Observe the waveform at the output and across the capacitor. Measure the frequency of
oscillation and the amplitude. Compare with the designed value.
6. Plot the Waveform on the graph.

Astable Multivibrator:
Design a square wave oscillator for f0= 5 KHz .use a 741 Op-amp and DC supply voltage ±15V.
T = 2RC
R1= 1.16 R2
Given fO= KHz
Frequency of Oscillation fo = 1 / 2 RC if R1 = 1.16R2
Let R2 = 10 K
R1 = 10
Let C = 0.01 F
R = 1 / 2 fC =

34
Tabulation:

Output Amplitude Time Frequency

Square wave

Voltage across capacitor

Astable Multivibrator Circuit:

35
Output:

Monostable Multivibrator:
β = R2/R1+R2 [β = 0.5 & R1 = 10 K,]
Find R2 = ; R = 5K; Rt = 1K;
Let F = KHz ; C= 0.1µf; Ct = 0.01µf
Pulse width, T = 0.69RC
Find R =

Output Amplitude Time Frequency

Trigger Input

Square wave

Voltage across capacitor

36
Monostable Multivibrator Circuit:

Output :

37
Result:

38
Ex.No: 6 Schmitt Trigger Using Op-amp
Date:

Aim: To design Schmitt trigger using Op-amp and analyze the output.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. Op-amp µA741

2. Resistor

3. Capacitor

4. Regulated Power supply

5. Function Generator

6. CRO

Theory:

If the input to a comparator contains noise, the output may be erratic ,when vin is near a trip point. For
instance, with a zero crossing, the output is low when vin is positive and high when vin is negative. If
the input contains a noise voltage with a peak of 1mV or more, then the comparator will detect the zero
crossing produced by the noise. This can be avoided by using a Schmitt trigger, circuit which is
basically a comparator with positive feedback. Because of the voltage divider circuit, there is a
positive feedback voltage. When OPAMP is positively saturated, a positive voltage is feedback to the
non-inverting input, this positive voltage holds the output in high stage. (vin<vf). If Vin is less than
Vref output will remain +Vsat. When input vin exceeds Vref = +Vsat the output switches from +Vsat to –
Vsat. Then the reference voltage is given by When the output voltage is negatively saturated, a negative
voltage feedback to the inverting input, holding the output in low state. If vin <Vref i.e. vin becomes
more negative than –Vsat then again output switches to +Vsat and so on.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit

2. Set the input voltage as 5V (p-p) at 1KHz. (Input should be always less than Vcc)
3. Note down the output voltage at CRO
4. To observe the phase difference between the input and the output, set the CRO in dual Mode
and switch the trigger source in CRO to CHI.
5. Plot the input and output waveforms on the graph.

39
Design Problem:

To design a Schmitt trigger for VUT =+0.5V and VLT= -0.5V and show it square wave output for
input Vi = 2 VPP sine wave at 1 KHz.

Solution:

Assume Vref = 0 , Vsat = ±14V.

𝑽𝑹𝒆𝒇 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑽𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝑽𝑼𝑻 = +
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝑹𝒆𝒇 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑽𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝑽𝑳𝑻 = −
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

VH = 𝑽𝑼𝑻 − 𝑽𝑳𝑻

Tabulation:

Input Amplitude Frequency Theoretical Practical

/Output Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency

Sine

Square

40
Schmitt Trigger Circuit:

Result:

41
Ex.No: 7 RC Phase shift and Wien Bridge Oscillators Using Op-amp
Date:

Aim: To design RC Phase shift and Wien Bridge Oscillators Using Op-amp.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. Op-amp µA741

2. Resistor

3. Capacitor

4. Regulated Power supply

5. Function Generator

6. CRO

Theory:

RC Phase shift oscillator:

The frequency at which a sinusoidal oscillator will operate is the frequency for which the total phase
shift introduced, as the signal proceeds form the input terminals, through the amplifier and feed back
network and back again to the input is precisely zero or an integral multiple of 2π. Thus the frequency
of oscillation is determined by the condition that the loop phase shift is zero and closed loop gain
Aβ≤1. The above conditions are called Barkhausen criterion.

This op-amp is operated in inverting mode and hence the output signal of the op-amp is shifted by 180
degrees to the input signal appeared at inverting terminal. And an additional 180 degrees phase shift is
provided by the RC feedback network and hence the condition for obtaining the oscillations.

The Wien Bridge Oscillator is so called because the circuit is based on a frequency-selective form of
the Wheatstone bridge circuit. The Wien Bridge oscillator is a two-stage RC coupled amplifier circuit
that has good stability at its resonant frequency, low distortion and is very easy to tune making it a
popular circuit as an audio frequency oscillator but the phase shift of the output signal is considerably
different from the previous phase shift RC Oscillator.
The Wien Bridge Oscillator uses a feedback circuit consisting of a series RC circuit connected with a
parallel RC of the same component values producing a phase delay or phase advance circuit depending
upon the frequency. At the resonant frequency ƒr the phase shift is 0o

42
 Procedure:

1. Connect the circuits as shown in the circuit.

2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Note down the output voltage on the CRO.
4. Plot the output waveforms on the graph.
5. Redesign the circuit to generate the sine wave of 1 KHz.
6. Plot the output waveform on the graph.
7. Compare the practical value of the frequency with the theoretical value.

Problem:

Design RC Phase shift oscillator to produce sine wave at 2 KHz.

Solution:

For RC Phase shift oscillator

𝟏
𝒇𝒐 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪 𝟐𝑵

 Where:
 fo is the Output Frequency in Hertz
 R is the Resistance in Ohms
 C is the Capacitance in Farads
 N is the number of RC stages. (N = 3)

𝟏
𝒇𝒐 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪 𝟔
𝑹𝑭
Choose C=0.01µF ,𝒏 = 𝑨𝑽 =
𝑹
and AV≥ 29

43
RC Phase Shift Oscillator Circuit:

Output:

44
Problem:Design Wien bridge oscillator for generate 5KHz sine wave.

Design:

Gain required for sustained oscillation is Av = 1/ =

3 (PASS BAND GAIN) (i.e.) 1+Rf/R1 = 3

Rf = 2R1

Frequency of Oscillation fo = 1/2 R C, Let C=0.01 F

45
Wien Bridge oscillator Circuit:

Output:

Result:

46
Ex.No: 8 Astable and Monostble Multivibrator using IC555
Date:

Aim: To design Astable and Monostable multivibrator using 555 timer.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. Timer IC IC555

2. Resistor

3. Capacitor

4. Regulated Power supply

5. Function Generator

6. CRO

Theory: IC 555 Timer

The basic 555 timer gets its name from the fact that there are three internally connected 5kΩ resistors
which it uses to generate the two comparators reference voltages. The 555 timer IC is a very cheap,
popular and useful precision timing device which can act as either a simple timer to generate single
pulses or long time delays, or as a relaxation oscillator producing a string of stabilised waveforms of
varying duty cycles from 50 to 100%.
The 555 timer chip is extremely robust and stable 8-pin device that can be operated either as a very
accurate Monostable, Bistable or AstableMultivibrator to produce a variety of applications such as
one-shot or delay timers, pulse generation, LED and lamp flashers, alarms and tone generation, logic
clocks, frequency division, power supplies and converters etc,
555 Timer Block Diagram

47
Design Astable Multivibrator for R A=2.2KΩ,RB=3.9KΩ and C=0.1µF.Determine the positive
pulse width tc, negative pulse width td and free running frequency fo.

Solution:

The capacitor is periodically charged and discharged between 2/3 V cc and 1/3 Vcc respectively.
The time during which the capacitor charges form 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc is equal to the time the output is
high and is given by
Tc = 0.69(RA+RB)C
Where RA and RB are in Ohms and C is in farads. Similarly the time during which the capacitor
discharges from 2/3 Vcc to 1/3 Vcc is equal to the time the output is low and is given by
Td = 0.69 RBC
The total period of the output waveform is
T = T c + T d = 0.69 (RA + 2RB) C
The frequency of oscillation
𝟏 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓
𝒇𝒐 = = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻 (𝑹 𝑨 + 𝟐𝑹𝑩 )𝑪

𝒕𝒄
%𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒖𝒕𝒚 𝑪𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻
𝑹 𝑨 + 𝑹𝑩
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑹𝑨 + 𝟐𝑹𝑩

48
Astable Multivibrator Circuit:

Tabulation:

Amplitude Time Frequency

Output

Capacitor Voltage

Output:

49
Design Monostable multivibrator for R A=10KΩ and the output pulse width t p=10ms.Find C.

The pulse width of the trigger input must be smaller than the expected pulse width of the output. The
trigger pulse must be of negative going signal with amplitude larger than 1/3 Vcc. The width of the
output pulse is given by,

tp = 1.1 RAC

Monostable Multivibrator Circuit:

50
Tabulation:

Amplitude Time Frequency

Trigger Input

Output

Capacitor Voltage

Output:

51
Result:

52
Ex.No: 9 PLL characteristics and its use as Frequency Multiplier, Clock synchronization.

Date:

Aim:

1. To study the PLL characteristics.

2. To use PLL as frequency multiplier and clock synchronization.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. PLL IC565

2. Resistor

3. Capacitor

4. Regulated Power supply

5. Function Generator

6. CRO

Theory:

The PLL IC 565 is usable over the frequency range 0.1 Hz to 500 kHz. It has highly stable centre
frequency and is able to achieve a very linear FM detection. The output of VCO is capable of
producing TTL compatible square wave. The dual supply is in the range of ±6V to ±12V. The IC can
also be operated from single supply in the range 12V to 24V.

The phase locked loop consists of a phase detector, a voltage control oscillator and, in between them,
a low pass filter is fixed. The input signal „Vi‟ with an input frequency „Fi‟ is conceded by a phase
detector. Basically the phase detector is a comparator which compares the input frequency fi through
the feedback frequency fo. The output of the phase detector is (fi+fo) which is a DC voltage. The out
of the phase detector, i.e., DC voltage is input to the low pass filter (LPF); it removes the high
frequency noise and produces a steady DC level, i.e., Fi-Fo. The Vf is also a dynamic characteristic of
the PLL.

53
The following figure shows the pin-out and the internal block schematic of PLL IC LM 565.

Design:

Center frequency or VCO frequency

1.2
𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Hz
4𝑅1𝐶1

𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝐿 = ±8 ; V= V+- (V-)
𝑉

1
𝑓𝐿 2
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐 = ±
2𝜋 × 3.6 × 103 × 𝐶 2

54
PLL Characteristics Circuit:

55
PLL characteristics:

PLL used as Frequency Multiplier:

Design:
Let V+ =10 V and V- = -10
Let the input frequency be 1 Khz, and the output frequency 5 Khz, VCO should run
at 5 Khz frequency , fo=(1.2/4*R1*C1)=5Khz
Take C1=0.01μF Then R1=6K Take
C2=10μF and C3=0.001μF
use Cc=10μF and R=10k for ac coupling of input signal

56
Procedure:

Check the component using multi meter

setup the circuit stage by stage on the breadboard
verify the working of circuit separately.
complete the circuit and apply 5V p-p ,1Khz square wave
observe the multiplied frequency output on the CRO
plot the output wave form on the graph sheet

Output waveform:

Result:

57
Ex.No: 10 R-2R Ladder Type D- A Converter using Op-amp.

Aim:

To design R-2R Ladder Type D- A Converter using Op-amp and observe the output.

Apparatus required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. Op-amp

2. Resistor

3. Regulated Power supply

4. DC power supply

5. Multimeter

Theory:

A digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A or D-to-A) is a circuit that converts digital data
(usually binary) into an analog signal (current or voltage). One important specification of a DAC is its
resolution. It can be defined by the numbers of bits or its step size. Wide range of resistors used
Weighted Resistor type DAC. This can be avoided by using R-2R ladder type DAC where only two
values of resistors are required.

Basic Block diagram of DAC.

DAC

The output voltage of

DAC;
𝑉0 = 𝐾𝑉𝐹𝑆 (𝑑12−1 + 𝑑22−2 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑛 2− )

58
To design 3 bit R-2R Digital to Analog converter to convert analog voltage of
binary bit 100.

Theoretical Calculation:

59
If binary bit 011 :

Tabulation:

Vref = -5V

d1 d2 d3 Theoretical Practical
V0 V0
0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 1

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

60
Procedure:

Check the component using multi meter.

Setup the circuit stage by stage on the breadboard
Verify the working of circuit separately.
Complete the circuit and apply -5V ref if bit=1.
Observe the output using multimeter.
Plot the output wave form on the graph sheet.

Result:

61
Ex.No: 11 DC power supply using LM317 and LM723.

Aim:

To design DC power supply using LM 317 and LM 723.

Apparatus required:

S.No Components Specification Quantity

1. Voltage regulator IC

2. Resistor

3. Capacitor

4. Regulated Power supply

5. Multimeter

Theory:

The power supply received at the load end or consumer end has fluctuations in the voltage levels due
to irregular loads or based condition of the local power grid. These voltage fluctuationsmay lead to the
reduction of lifespan ofthe electrical and electronic appliances of the consumer or damage to the
loads. So, it is required to protect loads from over and under voltages or need to provide a constant
voltage to the loads and to maintain stability in system voltage using regulation technique. Voltage
regulation can be defined as maintaining constant voltage or maintaining the voltage level of a system
within acceptable limits over a wide range of load conditions and thus, voltage regulators are used for
voltage regulation. For linear voltage regulation, occasionally adjustable LM317 voltage regulators are
used wherein non-standard voltage is intended.

Voltage Regulator

62
LM317 Voltage Regulator

It is a type of positive-linear-voltage regulators used for voltage regulation, which is invented by

Robert C. Dobkin and Robert J. Widlar while they worked at National Semiconductor in 1970. It is a
three-terminal-adjustable-voltage regulator and is easy to use because to set the output voltage it
requires only two external resistors in LM317 voltage regulator circuit. It is majorly used for local and
on card regulation. If we connect a fixed resistor between the output and adjustment of LM317
regulator, then the LM317 circuit can be used as a precise current regulator.

The three terminals are input pin, output pin and adjustment pin. The LM317 circuit is shown in the
below figure is a typical configuration of the LM317 voltage regulator circuit diagram including the
decoupling capacitors. This LM317 circuit is capable to provide variable DC power supply with output
of 1A and can be adjusted up to 30V.

Design a DC power supply for a constant output voltage 5V using LM317.

𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝑽(𝟏 + )+𝑰
𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟏

63
LM317 Voltage Regulator Circuit:

Tabulation:

Line Regulator Load Regulator

Vin Vo Radj Vo

64
IC723 Voltage regulator:
The 723 voltage regulator is commonly used for series voltage regulator applications. It can be used as
both positive and negative voltage regulator. It has an ability to provide up to 150 mA of current to the
load, but this can be increased more than 10A by using power transistors. It also comes with
comparatively low standby current drain, and provision is made for either linear or fold-back current
limiting. LM723 IC can also be used as a temperature controller, current regulator or shunt regulator
and it is available in both Dual-In-Line and Metal Can packages. The input voltage ranges from 9.5 to
40V and it can regulate voltage from 2V to 37V.

Features of 723 Voltage Regulator

150 mA output current without external pass transistor

Output currents in excess of 10A possible by adding external transistors
Input voltage 40V max
Output voltage adjustable from 2V to 37V
Can be used as either a linear or a switching regulator

PIN Layout

65
LM723 Low Voltage Regulator:

𝑹𝟏𝑹𝟐
Note: 𝑹𝟑 =
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐

Regulated Output Voltage 2 to 7 V.

IC723 High Voltage Regulator:

66
Tabulation:

Line Regulator Load Regulator

Vin Vo Radj Vo

Result:

67
Ex.No: 12 Study of SMPS

Aim:

To study the working of Switched mode power supply (SMPS) .

Theory of SMPS:

Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Like a linear power supply, the switched mode power supply
too converts the available unregulated ac or dc input voltage to a regulated dc output voltage. However
in case of SMPS with input supply drawn from the ac mains, the input voltage is first rectified and
filtered using a capacitor at the rectifier output. The unregulated dc voltage across the capacitor is then
fed to a high frequency dc-to-dc converter. Most of the dc-to-dc converters used in SMPS circuits have
an intermediate high frequency ac conversion stage to facilitate the use of a high frequency
transformer for voltage scaling and isolation. In contrast, in linear power supplies with input voltage
drawn from ac mains, the mains voltage is first stepped down (and isolated) to the desired magnitude
using a mains frequency transformer, followed by rectification and filtering. The high frequency
transformer used in a SMPS circuit is much smaller in size and weight compared to the low frequency
transformer of the linear power supply circuit.

The „Switched Mode Power Supply‟ owes its name to the dc-to-dc switching converter for conversion
from unregulated dc input voltage to regulated dc output voltage. The switch employed is turned „ON‟
and „OFF‟ (referred as switching) at a high frequency. During „ON‟ mode the switch is in saturation
mode with negligible voltage drop across the collector and emitter terminals of the switch where as in
„OFF‟ mode the switch is in cut-off mode with negligible current through the collector and emitter
terminals. On the contrary the voltage regulating switch, in a linear regulator circuit, always remains in
the active region.

68
Block Diagram of DC-DC Converter SMPS:

Result:

69
 SIMULATION USING SPICE
AIM:

To simulate the following circuits using

PSPICE. SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

ORCAD CAPTURE CIS

LITE 16.5 PROCEDURE:

1. Double Click the software icon the following window will appear.

2. Open your project

70
3. Enter your project name.

4. Create blank project

71
5. Schematic window will be open, draw your project circuit by choosing the components
from place part.

6. Finish your circuit and save your project.

72
7. Create new simulation profile.

8. Give simulation file name.

73
9. Simulation settings window will be open, give the appropriate settings and click ok.

10. set the output probe and Click run

74
11. Simulated output window will open. check your output.

12. Enter exit project.

1. (A) LOW PASS FILTER

CIRCUIT
R3 R4

1k
10k
V2

0 15Vdc
0
4

2 1
V-

- OS1
6
R1 R2 OUT
3 5
V
+ 7 OS2
7.5k 7.5k V+
V1 uA741
2Vac U1
V3
0Vdc
0
C1 C2
0.1uf 0.1uf 15Vdc

0
0

75
* source LOWPASS
V_V1 N00311 0 DC 0Vdc AC 2Vac
X_U1 N00322 N00444 N00386 N00374 N00400
uA741 R_R1 N00311 N00318 7.5k TC=0,0
R_R2 N00318 N00322 7.5k
TC=0,0 R_R3 0 N00444 1k
TC=0,0
R_R4 N00444 N00400 10k TC=0,0
C_C1 N00400 N00318 0.1uf
TC=0,0 C_C2 0 N00322 0.1uf
TC=0,0
V_V2 0 N00374
15Vdc V_V3 N00386 0
15Vdc
AC/SWEEP NOISE- LOGARTHMIC 1HZ to 10 Khz / 20 decade

1 (B) HIGHPASS FILTER

R3 R4

1k
10k
V2

0 15Vdc
4 0
2 V- 1
- OS1
6
C1 C2 OUT
3 5 V
+7 OS2
V+ uA741
V1
2Vac 0.1uf 0.1uf
V3 U1
0Vdc

R1 R2
0
7.5k 7.5k 15Vdc

0
0

76
* source HIGH PASS
C_C1 N01234 N00999 0.1uf
TC=0,0 R_R3 0 N01107 1k
TC=0,0
R_R1 N01083 N01234 7.5k TC=0,0
X_U1 N01248 N01107 N01067 N01051 N01083
uA741 V_V1 N00999 0 DC 0Vdc AC 2Vac
V_V2 0 N01051
15Vdc V_V3 N01067 0
15Vdc
R_R2 0 N01248 7.5k TC=0,0
R_R4 N01107 N01083 10k TC=0,0
C_C2 N01248 N01234 0.1uf
TC=0,0
AC/SWEEP NOISE- LOGARTHMIC 1HZ to 10 Khz / 20 decade

1(C ) BAND PASS FILTER

R7 R8
R3 R4
1k
1k 10k
10k V5
V2

0 15V dc
0
4

15Vdc
2 1 0
V-
4

0 - OS1
2 1 6
V-

- OS1 R5 R6 OUT
6 3 5
V
C1 C2 OUT + 7 OS2
3 5 7.5k 7.5k V+ uA741
+ 7 OS2
U2
V1 V+ uA741
0.1uf 0.1uf V6
2Vac U1
V3
0Vdc C3 C4
0
0 0.1uf 0.1uf
R1 R2 15Vdc
7.5k 7.5k 15Vdc
0
0
0

HPF LPF

77
* source BAND PASS

R_R2 0 N01937 7.5k

TC=0,0 V_V2 0 N01825

15Vdc

V_V1 N01815 0 DC 0Vdc AC 2Vac

C_C2 N01937 N01923 0.1uf

TC=0,0 R_R1 N01957 N01923

7.5k TC=0,0 R_R3 0 N01873 1k

TC=0,0

C_C1 N01923 N01815 0.1uf

TC=0,0 V_V3 N01849 0 15Vdc

X_U1 N01937 N01873 N01849 N01825 N01957

uA741 R_R4 N01873 N01957 10k TC=0,0

V_V5 0 N03185 15Vdc

R_R6 N02635 N02639 7.5k TC=0,0

R_R8 N02733 N02709 10k TC=0,0

C_C4 0 N02639 0.1uf TC=0,0

C_C3 N02709 N02635 0.1uf TC=0,0

V_V6 N02693 0 15Vdc

R_R7 0 N02733 1k TC=0,0

R_R5 N01957 N02635 7.5k TC=0,0

X_U2 N02639 N02733 N02693 N03185 N02709 uA741

AC/SWEEP NOISE- LOGARTHMIC 1HZ to 10 Khz / 20 decade

78
 2 (A) ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555 TIMER

0
C2
0
0.1uf

C1
X1 .01uf V
R1
1

555D 4.7k
GND

7
DISCHARGE 6
R3 THRESHOLD 5
3 CONTROL 4
OUTPUT RESET 2
VCC

1k TRIGGER
V

R2
8

0 6.8k

V1
5Vdc

* source 555ASTABLE
X_X1 0 N00262 N00580 N00251 N00208 N00262 N00258 N00251 555D PARAMS:
+ MAXFREQ=3E6
V_V1 N00251 0 5Vdc
R_R1 N00258 N00262 4.7k
TC=0,0 R_R2 N00251 N00258
6.8k TC=0,0 C_C1 N00208 0 .01uf
TC=0,0 C_C2 N00262 0 0.1uf
TC=0,0
R_R3 0 N00580 1k TC=0,0 Run time 10 ms

79
 2(b) MONO STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555 TIMER

0
0 C2
uf

C1
X1 .01uf
1

555D
GND

7
DISCHARGE 6
R3 THRESHOLD 5
3 CONTROL 4
OUTPUT RESET 2
VCC

1k TRIGGER
V
V
R2 V2
8

0 10k

V1 TD = 0.25ms
5Vdc TF = 1ms
PW = 0.5ms
0
PER = 5ms
0 V1 = -2v
TR = 1ms
V2 = 2v

* source MONO555
R_R2 N01006 N01034 10k
TC=0,0 C_C1 N00988 0 .01uf
TC=0,0 R_R3 0 N01124 1k
TC=0,0
X_X1 0 N01321 N01124 N01006 N00988 N01034 N01034 N01006 555D PARAMS:
+ MAXFREQ=3E6
C_C2 N01034 0 0.1uf TC=0,0
V_V1 N01006 0 5Vdc
V_V2 0 N01321
+PULSE -2v 2v 0.25ms 1ms 1ms 0.5ms 5ms Run time 20ms

80
3. A/D CONVERTER

81
 4. ANLOG MULTIPLIER

V R1
1k

IN1- OUT+

IN2+ OUT-
E1
EMULT

IN1+

IN2-
V2
V
V1 V

FREQ = 500hz
FREQ = 500hz VAMPL = 0.5v
VAMPL = 2v VOFF = 0v
VOFF = 0v AC =
AC =
0

* source MULTIPLIER
E_E1 N00944 0 VALUE
{V(N00158,0)*V(N00182,0)} V_V1 0
N00158
+SIN 0v 2v 500hz 0 0 0
V_V2 0 N00182
+SIN 0v 0.5v 500hz 0 0 0
R_R1 0 N00944 1k TC=0,0

82
 Content beyond the Experiments:
1. Temperature Controlled System
A Temperature Controlled System is a type of control system that automatically controls
the temperature of an object or an area. We commonly use temperature control systems in
Air Conditioners, Refrigerators, geysers, etc. where the temperature is automatically
adjusted as per the input settings. In order to implement a temperature control system, we
need a temperature sensor, a controller, and a cooling system. In this Experiment, we have
implemented a simple Temperature control system using simple components. The aim of
this project is to automatically turn on or off the fan by detecting the surrounding
temperature.

Circuit Diagram

Required Components

 1 x LM35 Temperature Sensor

 1 x LM358 Op – Amp
 1 x L293D Motor Driver IC
 1 x 12V DC Fan
 1 x 10 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 1 x 5 KΩ Potentiometer
 1 x Breadboard
 Connecting Wires
 12V Power Supply

83
Working :
The working of the Temperature Control System project can be explained easily by comparing it with
a closed loop control system.A closed loop control system consists of an input, a control device, output
and feedback. The input is typically a sensor that continuously monitors the test parameter. Here, the
input is the LM35 Temperature Sensor and the parameter we are interested in measuring is the
Temperature.

The data from the input is given to a control device or system. This control device will actuate the
output according to the input signals. In our project, LM358 Op – Amp is controller and it acts as a
comparator.If the temperature is more than the desired temperature, we need to activate the fan.So, we
need to adjust the Potentiometer such that if the temperature increases above a value, the output from
the Op – Amp should be HIGH.

This HIGH output from the Op – Amp is given to the Motor Driver, which along with the Fan, forms
the output part of the Control System.Since the other drive input of the motor driver is already
connected to GND, whenever the output from the Op – Amp is HIGH, the Input to the L293D is HIGH
and the Fan starts rotating.

This will cool down the surroundings and this phenomena acts as the feedback in the control system. If
the temperature decreases, the LM35 senses it and signals the Op – Amp to turn off the Fan.The
following image shows the closed loop control system representation of the temperature control
system.

84
 Advantages

 The project implements a closed loop type control system for automatically adjusting the
temperature.
 Closed loop type control system is more efficient than an open loop system as the output is
continuously monitored as feedback.

Applications

 The Temperature Control System is a common type of control system implemented in different
types of systems like Air Conditioning, Water Heaters, Refrigerators, etc.
 This type of Temperature Controlled Systems can also be implemented in industries,
automobiles.

Result:

85
2. Comparator Application: Window Detector
The window comparator detects input voltage levels that are within a specific band or window of
voltages, instead of indicating whether a voltage is greater or less than some preset or fixed voltage
reference point.

This time, instead of having just one reference voltage value, a window comparator will have two
reference voltages implemented by a pair of voltage comparators. One which triggers an op-amp
comparator on detection of some upper voltage threshold, VREF(UPPER)and one which triggers an op-
amp comparator on detection of a lower voltage threshold level, VREF(LOWER). Then the voltage levels
between these two upper and lower reference voltages is called the “window”, hence its name.

Using our idea above of a voltage divider network, if we now use three equal value resistors so
that R1 = R2 = R3 = R we can create a very simple window comparator circuit as shown. Also as the
resistive values are all equal, the voltage drops across each resistor will also be equal at one-third the
supply voltage, 1/3Vcc. Then in this simple example, we can set the upper reference voltage
to 2/3Vcc and the lower reference voltage to 1/3Vcc. Consider the window comparator circuit below.

86
 Output:

VOLTAGE RED LED GREEN LED YELLOW LED

0 to 3 V OFF OFF ON
3.1 to 6 V OFF ON OFF
Above 6.1 V ON OFF OFF

Result:

87