Outlines

• Network Types
• Network Components
• Communication Medium
• Routing
– Example 1: Uploading a photo to the Internet
– Example 2: Viewing the photo uploaded to the Internet

• Trace the Route

• Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses
• IP Addresses Lookup
• Domain Name Servers
• Protocols and Standards
• IoT Connecting

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Network Types
• Network types can be defined on the basis of network size, their
capabilities and the geographical regions they cover.

WAN (wide area network); MAN (metropolitan area network); LAN (local area network); PAN (personal area network)

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Network Types (cont.)
• In your home office you might have a computer and a printer. When you
print something, the computer sends a message to the printer, and this
message travels by either copper cable or wireless communication. This is
your home network.
network

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Network Types (cont.)
• When you want to look at a web page or send an email, you need to
connect your computer, smartphone, or other device, to the internet. The
internet is a network of networks, or internetwork.
internetwork

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Network Components

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Network Components (cont.)

• This simple network has several key components:

– Devices - includes the computers, printers, routers and servers.
– Media - includes the cabling or wireless connections.
– Services - includes the software that support operations, such as email hosting.

• You should know that the Internet of Things adds many more devices as
well as more services to networks

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Communication Medium
• Communication in the network is carried through a medium – currently
this means via either a cable (for example, metallic wires in copper cables,
or glass or plastic fibres in fibre optic cables) or the air (wireless
transmission).

Transfers data in electrical

Metallic wires in cables signals that match specific
– Cooper patterns

Transfers data in pulses of

Glass or plastic fibers in light in either infrared or
cables – Fiber optic visible light range

Transfers data in patterns

Wireless transmission of electromagnetic waves

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Communication Medium (cont.)
• The different media have different characteristics, which makes
each better suited to different circumstances, taking into
consideration factors such as:
– the distance a signal needs to travel
– the environment it is travelling in
– the amount and speed of the data
– the cost of the media and its installation.

• The IoT adds even more circumstances and considerations for

connectivity, making the ‘world wide web’ look more like a web
than ever before.

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Routing
• Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network, or between or
across multiple networks.

• Broadly, routing is performed in many types of networks, including circuit-switched

networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and computer
networks, such as the Internet.

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Routing – Example 1
• Example 1: uploading a photo from your camera to the Internet.

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Routing – Example 1 (cont.)
• Example 1: uploading a photo from your camera to the Internet.

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Routing – Example 1 (cont.)
• Example 1: uploading a photo from your camera to the Internet.

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Routing – Example 1 (cont.)
• Example 1: uploading a photo from your camera to the Internet.

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Routing – Example 1 (cont.)
• Example 1: uploading a photo from your camera to the Internet.

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Routing – Example 1 (cont.)
• Example 1: uploading a photo from your camera to the Internet.

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Routing – Example 1 (cont.)
• Example 1: uploading a photo from your camera to the Internet.

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Routing – Example 1 (cont.)
• Example 1: uploading a photo from your camera to the Internet.

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Routing – Example 1 (cont.)
• Example 1: uploading a photo from your camera to the Internet.

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Routing – Example 2
• Example 2: view the photo uploaded to the Internet using smart phone.

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Routing – Example 2 (cont.)
• Example 2: view the photo uploaded to the Internet using smart phone.

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Routing – Example 2 (cont.)
• Example 2: view the photo uploaded to the Internet using smart phone.

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Routing – Example 2 (cont.)
• Example 2: view the photo uploaded to the Internet using smart phone.

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Routing – Example 2 (cont.)
• Example 2: view the photo uploaded to the Internet using smart phone.

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Routing – Example 2 (cont.)
• Example 2: view the photo uploaded to the Internet using smart phone.

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Trace the Route
• Step 1: Open your Command Prompt by navigating to the search field,
field
and typing cmd into the search field.
– (Another fast way to open the Command Prompt is to press the Win +R keys on your
keyboard then type in cmd)
cmd

• Step 2: Try a 'ping

ping'
ping to see if a computer on the network is there. You will
see the approximate time it takes for the round trip of the 'ping
ping.
ping.‘
– For example, type: ping edx.
edx.com and press Enter.

• Step 3: Now type: tracert edx.

edx.com or substitute edx.
edx.com with whatever
website you would like to ping.

• Sending a command to trace the route of a website request (StepStep 3) will

show you the route in detail - you will see all the different routers and
networks that the request travels through, and finally the destination site
with its IP address.

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Trace the Route (cont.)

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Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses
• End devices are those that provide a way for users to interact with the network.
Examples include computers, smartphones and sensors.
• End devices are either the source or destination of data going over the network.
• Every device has a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address,
address so it is distinguishable
from all other devices. When sending a message, the IP address of the destination
is used to specify where the message is being sent, similar to the address printed
on the envelope of a letter.

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Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses (cont.)
• Intermediary devices interconnect end devices; host to the network, and
networks to other networks. Intermediary devices also manage the data
through the network - they act like the 'post
post master'
master in mail delivery
scenarios.

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Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses (cont.)
• The addresses used to send data in networks are called Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses. Ipv4 (version 4) is what is typically in use currently.
addresses
• Ipv4 addresses consist of four sets of numbers separated by periods, and each
number is between 0 - 255.
• Ipv6 is being developed using eight groups of four hexadecimal numbers separated
by colons to allow many more destination addresses. These will help to facilitate IoT,
as well as adding features for improved routing, security and data flow.

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IP Addresses Lookup
• Step 1: Open Command Prompt (PC) or Terminal (Mac) as described
previously in the Trace the Route activity.
• Step 2: Type nslookup and press Enter/Return.
• Step 3: Type in the address of a web site you want to look up. Try looking
up a website you use often.

DISCUSSION:
DISCUSSION: Facebook IP addresses
Q: Large and popular websites often use multiple internet servers, and
therefore have multiple IP addresses. How many IP addresses do you think
Facebook and Google might have?

Hint: Use nslookup.

nslookup

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Domain Name Servers (DNS)
• When you 'look up' a website the way you just did, you are looking up its
IP address in the Domain Name Service or DNS, DNS which is the Internet
equivalent of a telephone book. It matches a name (like facebook.com) to
a number (like 157.240.8.35) - because humans prefer to deal with names
and computers prefer numbers.
• The DNS is a large database of computer names and their internet
addresses, but it is spread out so that no server has all the information.
• If a computer requests a domain name and that server doesn’t have it, it
forwards the request to another DNS server. The Domain Name Service
has a hierarchical structure, so requests get sent from the bottom up.
up
• As you can see in the diagram below, at the top of the hierarchy are the
most familiar domain roots: .com, .org, .gov, etc.
• When setting up an internet connection on a computer, it is usual to
allocate a primary DNS server and one or more secondary servers.
servers This
information is generally provided by your ISP.

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Domain Name Servers (DNS)

Source: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/2005.01.howitworksdns.aspx

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Protocols and Standards
• Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are one of many protocols that operate within the
Internet. Combining IoT ‘things’ and applications increases the number of protocols
required.
• Having agreed protocols that operate at a set standard allows for computers on
different sides of the world to communicate with each other.
• A protocol is an agreed (or accepted) set of rules for a procedure.
procedure For example,
there are many protocols in place across the world that help to determine how
people interact with each other.

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Protocols and Standards (cont.)
• In the same way, the internet has many protocols to make sure computers can
interact with each other in an agreed, standard way.
• The internet operates on a layered structure.
structure When data is sent from one place to
another, the data passes through different layers. Each layer has a protocol
determining what and how information passes through.
• It is similar to when you go to the shops to buy groceries. We can break that trip
down into layers of operation - and at each layer there is a procedure you need to
follow for a successful shopping trip!
1. You leave the house – you need to remember to take your keys, wallet and
shopping bag.
2. You get transport to (and from) the shop – you either need to find the right
public transport, or follow traffic laws while driving/riding and find a parking
spot.
3. In the shop, you locate and select your groceries – you follow a system of aisles
and a way to choose your items.
4. You check out of the shop – you need to use a payment method and have a
way to carry your groceries home.

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Protocols and Standards (cont.)
• The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is the premier Internet standards body.
They define the TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
which is the most common networking protocol suite.

Layer Function Example Protocol

Services to user applications such as web Hypertext Transfer
Application
browsers. Protocol (HTTP)
Manages conversations between servers
Transmission Control
Transport and browsers and divides data into
Protocol (TCP)
segments to be sent down a layer.
Packages segments with source and
Internet Internet Protocol (IP)
destination addressing.
Network Access Transmits data over a physical link. Ethernet

• Standards and protocols exist so that messages can get through and
miscommunication is minimised.
• It helps to remember that communication between machines and communication
between people fit the same model.

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IoT Connecting – LoRa WAN
• LoRa stands for Long
Lo Range
Ra Radio. It is a wireless technology targeting M2M
(Machine to Machine) and IoT networks.

• LoRa is a type of Narrowband RF technology.

technology Narrowband RF technologies operate
over longer distances and at lower power levels, but their trade-off is that they only
offer smaller bandwidth connectivity, limiting their use to restricted data and
bandwidth applications.
• The main advantage of Narrowband RF technologies is that they are low cost to set
up and operate, and the devices that they support use minimal power
power.

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Case Study Protocols

Communication media or
Case study Consideration protocol choice
 Transmit from sensor to server up to 1km
 Low power in sensor – stays on cow for
Dairy farm UHF
life of battery (about 5 years)
 RFID on cow entering/leaving dairy

 Lightweight devices (low power but

RF
Foot drop rechargeable)
could use PAN or Bluetooth
 Range in home or clinic situation.

 Mobile device Wired and 3G, 4G (LTE) GPS,

Autonomous bus
 Safety and security critical RF, WiFi

 Large structure
Sydney Harbour Bridge Fibre optics / Ethernet
 3200 sensors

 Various situations, some of them remote

Bluetooth, WiFi, Bluetooth
Rotating machines monitoring or difficult to access
(Low Energy) LoRa, Zigbee
 Low range and long range

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THANK YOU ALL FOR LISTENING
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS