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Chapter

Wavelet Theory and Application

in Communication and Signal
Processing
Nizar Al Bassam, Vidhyalavanya Ramachandran
and Sumesh Eratt Parameswaran

Abstract

Wavelet analysis is the recent development in applied mathematics. For several

applications, Fourier analysis fails to provide tangible results due to non-stationary
behavior of signals. In such situation, wavelet transforms can be used as a potential
alternative. The book chapter starts with the description about importance of fre-
quency domain representation with the concept of Fourier series and Fourier trans-
form for periodic, aperiodic signals in continuous and discrete domain followed by
shortcoming of Fourier transform. Further, Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT)
will be discussed to induce the concept of time frequency analysis. Explanation of
Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
will be provided with the help of theoretical approach involving mathematical
equations. Decomposition of 1D and 2D signals will be discussed suitable examples,
leading to application concept. Wavelet based communication systems are becom-
ing popular due to growing multimedia applications. Wavelet based Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique and its merit also presented.
Biomedical signal processing is an emerging field where wavelet provides consider-
able improvement in performance ranging from extraction of abnormal areas and
improved feature extraction scheme for further processing. Advancement in multi-
media systems together with the developments in wireless technologies demands
effective data compression schemes. Wavelet transform along with EZW, SPIHT
algorithms are discussed. The chapter will be a useful guide to undergraduate and
post graduate who would like to conduct a research study that include wavelet
transform and its usage.

Keywords: 1-D and 2-D signals, continuous wavelet transform (CWT), discrete
wavelet transform (DWT), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM),
image compression, cough detection

1. Introduction

We are familiar with real world signals such as speech signal, temperature of a
patient in every hour etc. Generally, signals are visualized as a time domain graph.
In literature, it is possible to express same information in many different languages;
in a similar fashion signals can be represented in frequency domain to convey the
message [1]. These signals can be processed to achieve desired outputs or to carry
out certain actions according to the application.
1
Wavelet Theory

2. Concept of frequency and time domain analysis

2.1 Frequency domain

Figure 1 represents a sinusoidal signal expressed in time and frequency domain.

The representation in frequency domain shows there is only one frequency compo-
nent in the waveform. This representation is simple to extract behavior of signal
compared to that in time domain in majority of real-world applications.
In real world, not the signals are processed in frequency domain to arrive at
desired output, since they simplify the analysis mathematically [2]. In applications
like control engineering, differential equations are used to represent systems.
Frequency domain analysis converts the differential equations to algebraic
equations which are relatively easy to solve. Applications related to speech, image
and video also gets simplified with the use of frequency domain approach since the
sensory organs interprets the signal in frequency domain.

2.2 Fourier analysis - the tool used to convert to frequency domain

Any signal which satisfy Dirichlet conditions (signals with finite number of
discontinuity, finite maximum or minimum magnitude) can be converted to
frequency domain by Fourier analysis. For analog signals Fourier series or Fourier
transform if signal is periodic or aperiodic, respectively. The corresponding
counterparts for discrete signals are Discrete Fourier series and Discrete Fourier
transform [1]. Fourier analysis can be visualized as inner product of a kernel
function with the signal. For example, to find the coefficient corresponding to
100 Hz, find the inner product of signal with a kernel which is a unit sine wave
of 100 Hz.

Figure 1.
Representation of a 100 Hz sinusoidal signal in time and frequency domain.

2
Wavelet Theory and Application in Communication and Signal Processing
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95047

2.2.1 Time frequency analysis - short time Fourier transform

Fourier transforms (FT) assumes periodicity if waveform is known for a finite

duration of time and it works only for stationary signals. For non-stationary signals
it fails to provide complete behavior of signal. As an example, consider the wave-
form given in Figure 2. The signal has constantly changing frequency. But Fourier

Figure 2.
Non-stationary sinusoidal signal of varying frequency in time and frequency domain.

Figure 3.
STFT of chirp signal.

3
Wavelet Theory

analysis represents it as a combination of 1 Hz and 2 Hz present all the time. If the

application demands to initiate some operations when the frequency starts to
change, Fourier analysis cannot be used for the application. In order to tackle these
difficulties Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is used.
In STFT signal is divided into small sub intervals or windows and FT is calcu-
lated for each sub interval separately. The problem of STFT is the choice of time
windows; low frequencies require large time windows and high frequencies need a
short time windows to provide required resolution in time and frequency. This
resolution issue is similar to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle relating position
and speed which are analogous to time and frequency respectively [3]. Figure 3
shows STFT of the chirp signal given in Figure 2. It is evident that the time
localization of frequency is not clearly defined in STFT output. Frequency
values corresponding to the 200 Hz and 300 Hz are present across the time
interval 49.5 to 50 ms. But Figure 2 indicated only 300 Hz was present between
time 49.5 to 50 ms.

3. Wavelets

As discussed in Section 1.2 the kernel of FT is not time limited (exists for all time
values) and this is the bottleneck for analyzing a non-stationary signal. Wavelets are
waveforms which are time limited or exists only for a given time period only.
Wavelets are useful for examining aperiodic, noisy signal in both time and fre-
quency domain simultaneously. The word “wavelet” means a “small wave”. There
are variety of wavelets available which are selected according to the application.
The short duration wavelet is superimposed to the signal under consideration for a
short duration of time and decompose them to useful form. This process is called
wavelet transform. The method of transforming the decomposed signal to original
wave is called inverse wavelet transform.
There are the two ways the wavelets are manipulated. The transform of the
entire signal is done by translating the wavelet to the next instance of time called as
translation. If the signal is of different frequency the mother wavelet is expanded or
contracted. This method is called as dilation.

3.1 Continuous wavelet transform (CWT)

Mathematical expression for wavelet function is

 
1 t b
ψ a,b ðtÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi ψ (1)
jaj a

where a represents the scaling parameter for dilation and ‘b’ represents the
moving parameter for translation for the entire signal location [4].
Continuous wavelet transform follows two properties.

∞
ð
ψ ðtÞdt ¼ 0 (2)
∞
ð∞
jψ ðtÞj2 ¼ 0 (3)
∞

4
Wavelet Theory and Application in Communication and Signal Processing
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95047

For the CWT the mathematical expression C(a, b) obtained by integrating the
input function with the wavelet is
 
1 t b
ð
Cða, bÞ ¼ f ðtÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffi ψ dt (4)
t jaj a

Figures 4 and 5 represent the translation and dilation of wavelets respectively.

3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)

Eq. 1 represents the CWT, on substituting a ¼ 2 j and b ¼ k2 j the equation will

become as Dða, bÞ ¼ t f ðtÞ2 j ψ 2 j t k dt, where j refer to the scale.
Ð  

Haar scaling and wavelet functions are given as

1, 0≤t<1

ϕðtÞ ¼ (5)
0 otherwise
1, 0 ≤ t < 1=2

ψ ð tÞ ¼ (6)
1 1=2 ≤ t < 1

The scaling coefficients are [h(0), h(1)]= [1, 1] and wavelet coefficients are [g(0),
g(1)] = [1, 1]. The scaling and the wavelet functions shown in Figure 6 are orthogonal
with each other. The decomposition of coefficients done by scaling function is done by
the low pass filter and wavelet function is by the high pass filter [5].
For eg. Let us consider a signal having function f(t) as
8
< 2, 0 < t ≤ 1
>
f ðtÞ ¼ 4, 2 < t ≤ 3 (7)
>
3, 4 < t ≤ 5
:

If the signal is decomposed by Haar scaling, the function will be

f ðtÞ ¼ 2ϕðtÞ þ 4ϕðt 1Þ þ 4ϕðt 2Þ þ 3ϕðt 3Þ þ 3ϕðt 4Þ (8)

Figure 4.
Signal with the translated Morlet wavelet [5].

5
Wavelet Theory

Figure 5.
Dilated Morlet wavelet [5].

Figure 6.
Haar scaling ϕ (t) and wavelet function ψ(t) [5].

3.3 Properties of the scaling and wavelet functions

1. The scaling and wavelet functions are orthogonal to each other

2. The scaling function and translates are orthogonal to each other.

3. The area of the scaling function is equal to one.

4. The scaling function and translates of wavelet function are orthonormal to

each other.

All the above conditions are satisfied by all the scaling and wavelet coefficients.
Nonlinear equations are derived using the numerical values of the coefficients [5].

6
Wavelet Theory and Application in Communication and Signal Processing
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95047

4. Analysis and synthesis of signals

As discussed in Section 2, h(n) and g(n) are the dilation coefficients.

The refinement relation can be written as

N 1
X pffiffiffi
ϕð tÞ ¼ hðnÞ 2ϕð2t nÞ (9)
n¼0

N 1
X pffiffiffi
ψ ð tÞ ¼ gðnÞ 2ϕð2t nÞ (10)
n¼0

where h(n) and g(n) are the scaling and wavelet coefficients, N is the support of
wavelet [4].

4.1 Decomposition of signal

The analysis of the signal or the decomposition of the signal can be represented
in a block diagram as decomposing input into low frequency and high frequency
samples.
Let us consider a signal having function f(t) as

2, 0<t≤1
8
>
>
>
<
f ðtÞ ¼ 4, 2<t≤3 (11)
>
>
>
:
3, 4<t≤5

If the signal is decomposed by Haar scaling, the function will be

f ðtÞ ¼ 2ϕðtÞ þ 4ϕðt 1Þ þ 4ϕðt 2Þ þ 3ϕðt 3Þ þ 3ϕðt 4Þ (12)

The decomposed output of the low pass filter shown in Figure 7 can be
visualized as the average of the immediate signals.
Figure 7 represents the decomposition and reconstruction of one level of the
signal. Let us consider the vector space of the input function f(t) is V 2 . After
decomposition the samples are decomposed as f1(t) of low frequency samples
spanning the vector space of V 1 and high frequency samples g1(t) of high frequency
spanning the vector space of W 1 .

Figure 7.
Block diagram of one level of decomposition of signal.

7
Wavelet Theory

If the signal f1(t) is again decomposed (second level of decomposition), then

they are still split up as low frequency samples say f2(t) spanning the vector space
V 0 and the high frequency samples say g2(t) spanning the vector space W 0 . Like
this, the signal can be decomposed for any level there by splitting the signal with the
cut off frequency as per the coefficients of the filter h(n) and g(n).
For V 2 space the vector space can be written as

V2 ¼ V1 ⊕ W1
V2 ¼ V0 ⊕ W 0 ⊕ W 1 (13)

Frequency band split and the vector space is shown in the Figure 8.
Thus, decomposition is the process in which the signal of high resolution is
converted to signal of two orthogonal signal of low resolution [5].

4.2 Reconstruction of signal

The synthesis or the reconstruction of the signal can be represented in a block

diagram (Figure 9) combining input low frequency and high frequency samples.
For a perfectly matched filter the signal f(t) given as input in the analysis filter
and the output of the reconstruction filter r(t) will be equal.
Any signal resolution in the present level and previous level are orthogonal.
This property was useful for the wavelets to be used for Multiresolution
Analysis (MRA) [4].

Figure 8.
Frequency split for a two-level decomposition.

Figure 9.
Block diagram of one level of reconstruction of signal.

8
Wavelet Theory and Application in Communication and Signal Processing
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95047

4.3 Decomposition of 2-D signal

Two-dimensional signal is an image that has row and column pixel or samples.
Wavelet decomposition of the image can be done by scanning the pixel values in a
regular fashion and given as input to the decomposition block as explained in
Section 3.1. Two types of scanning methods are used for reading the row-column
pixel values thereby converting the 2-D signal to 1-D. They are raster scanning and
Morton scanning.
Figure 10 shows the scanning of pixel values in the horizontal direction. Once
the samples are decomposed by sending it to the block in Figure 7, then the pixels
are then scanned vertically and again decomposed. This completes one level of
decomposition of 2-D signal. After horizontal decompose, the image will be sepa-
rated as Low pass and high pass pixels in horizontal fashion. Once the vertical
decompose is done followed by horizontal the image is divided into two rows and
two columns named as LL, LH, HL, HH as shown in Figure 11.
For a second level of decomposition the scanning process is done to the LL band
of the first level and LL band is again decomposed as LL1, LH1, HL1, HH1. Thus, the
high-resolution signal is transformed to Low frequency and high frequency bands.
For higher levels, the process is repeated for the LL bands leading to the coarser
resolutions [5].

4.4 Reconstruction of 2-D signal

The decomposed signal after processing can be reconstructed by up sample the

data by two and then convoluted with the filter of low and high frequency coeffi-
cients. This need to be done for all the sub bands and the values are summed up to
move from the coarser scale to high resolution scale. This process is repeated to
reach the final image is reached [5].

Figure 10.
Scanning of pixels.

9
Wavelet Theory

Figure 11.
Bands of 2-D after one level of decomposition.

5. Applications

5.1 Wavelets in communication system

Wavelets are suited for communication systems due to its potential to handle
non stationary behavior and to segregate information into uncorrelated segments.
This section provides a brief about various methodologies to extract benefits of
wavelets into communication systems.

5.1.1 OFDM systems using wavelets

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) uses multicarrier tech-

nique by dividing the spectrum into many subcarriers and each subcarrier gets
modulated by low data rate. If M symbols are required to be transmitted, M
orthogonal subcarriers are used to modulate each symbols.
Wavelet packet transforms can be effectively used in OFDM systems Figure 4.1
shows a wavelet packet based system.
In Figure 12, M band IDWT is used to split the signal to smaller sub bands while
the M band DWT is used to combine the sub bands. The wavelet packet transform
structure is given in Figure 13. Here sub band division is done in both approxima-
tion and detail coefficients compared with a discrete wavelet transform.
Wavelet based OFDM systems provides improved Bit Error Rate (BER) and
peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) performance compared to conventional
OFDM system using FFT. Due to large number of sub band carriers, OFDM has
high PAPR and makes it sensitive to nonlinear effects. Wavelet based system con-
trols the PAPR ratio and results in improved performance compared to FFT based

Figure 12.
Wavelet based OFDM system [6].

10
Wavelet Theory and Application in Communication and Signal Processing
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95047

Figure 13.
Wavelet packet based combining or splitting into sub bands in OFDM system.

systems. Applications of Wavelets in 4G, 5G and beyond was reported in literature

[6–8]. Selection of wavelet and level plays an important role and is promising field
for future research.

5.2 Wavelets in biomedical applications

Bio medical signal processing is a promising field for future research. Wavelet
transform can be used effectively in combination with artificial intelligence to
provide solution to many problems. Bio medical signals are generally one dimen-
sional time series data (Electro Cardiogram- ECG, electroencephalogram -EEG) or
an image (X ray, ultrasound scan, MRI). Accordingly a 1D or 2D wavelet transform
can be used to process the signal. Wavelet transform helps to divide the signal to
uncorrelated sub bands due to orthogonality property. The transform coefficients or
a part of it (say certain level coefficients) are used as feature for classifying the
signal is a common methodology that can be adopted for a variety of applications.
Recent advancement in neural networks like CNN with wavelet coefficients as
input features opens up stage for a wide variety of research solutions. Another
promising category of application is in signal preprocessing to remove unwanted
information in biomedical signals [9] with thresholding techniques. A complete list
of applications is beyond the scope of this book chapter, a few applications of
wavelets are described briefly in coming sections.

11
Wavelet Theory

5.2.1 Wavelets in EEG signal processing

Wavelet transform with suitable mother wavelet and appropriate level of trans-
form has to be selected to extract maximum performance for a given application.
Figure 14 gives a general block level representation for an EEG signal classification
system to detect abnormality type.
EEG signal after required preprocessing steps to remove noise is passed through
a DWT step to divide it to different sub bands. The required sub bands are further
passed through a thresholding step (optional) to remove certain features that do not
contribute to abnormalities. The DWT coefficients are fed as input to a neural
network classifier to classify the signal to different categories based on the abnor-
mality. The challenges in these signal processing is selection of wavelets, level of
transform, threshold calculations, selection of neural network of appropriate level
and availability of data to train the network to achieve a desired accuracy [10]. In
[11] EEG classification system 5 level decomposition with Db4 wavelet is used to
extract features for a neural network classifier is described to arrive at success rate
of 94% to identify healthy, epilepsy syndrome and seizure cases with 250 and 50
training and testing samples of EEG respectively. Similar kind of systems can be
used to classify ECG signals as well. In [12] Haar wavelet transform was used to
identify characteristics of ECG wave. QRS complex detection sensitivity above 99%
was reported. Here wavelet packet transform for 20 levels are done and D20 coef-
ficient was used to detect R wave of ECG signal.

5.2.2 Wavelets in cancer detection

Wavelets can be effectively used for abnormality detection in biomedical

images. In [13] wavelet decomposition coefficients are used to extract features by
calculating 2 level Haar wavelet transform and extract mean, standard deviation
and energy of the transform coefficients as features for extraction of abnormal areas
in image.
Figure 15 shows the block schematics of the system described in [13].

5.2.3 Research scope for wavelets in COVID 19

Cough detection is one of the important application in monitoring of public

places and to monitor people in isolation or quarantine. Ability of wavelet to model
nonstationary signal is a potential strength here since cough signals (audio) are non
stationary time series signal. Currently Arduino based cough detection systems are
being developed as low cost cough detection system. In these system Mel Frequency
Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) are used to extract feature from cough signals to train
neural network model like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) [14]. Wavelets
can be used instead of MFCC for feature extraction to improve system accuracy.
This require further research to arrive at optimized set of wavelets and appropriate
level of transform.

Figure 14.
Wavelet based EEG signal classification system.

12
Wavelet Theory and Application in Communication and Signal Processing
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95047

Figure 15.
Block diagram of breast cancer diagnosis system [13].

5.3 Image compression

In today’s world handling of huge amount of data is complex. Conversion of

large data files into smaller one is important for storing and transmission. This
conversion process is called as data compression. This is important in this digital
era. The reverse process is called as decompression. Several algorithms are proposed
for efficient conversion process. Lossy and Lossless compression techniques are
used in different applications. JPEG image compression technique is the standard
technique used. It uses Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for the frequency domain
conversion followed by Huffman coding [5].

5.3.1 EZW (embedded zero tree) coder

EZW algorithm was proposed by Shapiro. After applying Wavelet transform on

an image the pixels will be converted to four bands of pixels as explained in Section
3.3. then the wavelet coefficients are passed to the EZW encoder. It is a progressive
encoding which is embedded encoding with high accuracy. EZW is a lossless com-
pressor which can be applied for any level of decomposition [15].
EZW takes care of coding both time and space. After decomposition, the pixels
are represented as trees. One coefficient in the lower sub band will have four
children. Each of the children will have four more grandchildren in the next higher
sub band. Figure 16 represents the relationship between the coefficients of lower
sub bands with the higher sub bands.
Each tree is coded with a symbol as P, N, T, Z. For every decomposition levels,
the pixels are categorized to two passes as Dominant pass and Subordinate pass.
Dominant pass will find the pixel values which are above the threshold value and
subordinate pass quantize all the pixel values in the present pass and the previous
dominant pass. The threshold value is calculated using the equation

T 0 ¼ 2⌊ log 2 ðMaxðjCðx,yÞjÞ⌋ (14)

where (x, y) are the coordinates of the image and C (x, y) represent the pixel
coefficient. The main advantage of the EZW coder is that the output can be coded
for the desired size. The eliminated pixels are least significant bits and the low
frequency pixel are not eliminated entirely.

13
Wavelet Theory

Figure 16.
Wavelet coefficients and their relationships with sub bands.

5.3.2 SPIHT Coder:

SPIHT algorithm was designed by Said and Pearlman. This algorithm has a
spatial relationship with the children and grandchildren of the pixels. As in EZW
algorithm SPHIT algorithm has two passes, sorting and refinement pass. In the
sorting pass, the List of Insignificant Pixel (LIP) is updated comparing with the
threshold value. Then the List of Insignificant Set (LIS) is updated. The sorting of
LIS is to have a single zero for the set of coefficients and zero trees. In the refine-
ment pass, the List of significant Pixel (LSP) is used to refine the coefficients with
the current threshold. For the next level the threshold will be halved [16].

5.3.3 Performance analysis.

The performance of the compressor algorithms is evaluated by PSNR (Peak

Signal to Noise Ratio) and MSE (Mean Square Error)

2552
 
PSNRðdbÞ ¼ 10 log 10 (15)
MSE
m 1Xn 1h
1 X i
MSE ¼ ðIði, jÞ K ði, jÞÞ2
mn i¼0 j¼0

where m and n are the number of rows and columns.

where Iði, jÞ is the coefficients of the original image and K ði, jÞ is the coefficients of
the decompressed image. When the original image and the decompressed image are
same, they subtracts each other and the value of MSE is equal to zero. So lesser the
value of MSE the better the compression by the coder. The performance of SPHIT
algorithm and EZW algorithm outperforms the JPEG standard compression algorithm.

14
Wavelet Theory and Application in Communication and Signal Processing
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95047

6. Conclusion

Frequency domain approach is a powerful tool in signal processing since many

of the natural system like human auditory system works based on frequency con-
tent of audio signals. Fourier transform is a conventional tool to convert the signal
from time to frequency domain. However, FT fails for non-stationary signals. In
such a situation wavelet transforms are primarily useful for processing non station-
ary signals. Applications demanding time and frequency information simulta-
neously wavelets are considered as a potential tool to provide tangible results.
Ability of wavelet transform to split signals into orthogonal bands makes them
suitable in communication systems. Improved BER and PAPR performance is high-
light of wavelet based system. Biomedical signals like speech, scan images etc. can
be processed effectively with wavelet transform in conjunction with techniques like
neural network classifier can be thought as an efficient method to solve a multitude
of problems. Compression and preprocessing of signal are other categories of
wavelet applications. Artificial Intelligence techniques are considered as a hot
research topic in recent technology. A combination of wavelet based feature
extraction and AI techniques can be applied to problems demanding processing of
big data.

Acknowledgements

The research leading to these results has received funding from the Ministry of
Higher Education, Research and Innovation in the Sultanate of Oman under
Covid19 Funding Program. TRC Block Funding Agreement No [TRC/CRP/MEC/
COVID-19/20/09].

Author details

Nizar Al Bassam*, Vidhyalavanya Ramachandran and Sumesh Eratt Parameswaran

Middle East College, Muscat, Oman

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

15
Wavelet Theory

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