CYCLE-III: ANALOG COMMUNICATION AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

EXPERIMENTS:

1. AM Modulation and Demodulation system

Aim:

To simulate an AM (Amplitude Modulation) system using LabVIEW and understand the

process of modulation and demodulation.

Equipment and software:

LabVIEW software
Theory:

Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave
c(t) is varied about a mean value, linearly with the baseband signal. An AM wave may thus
be described, in the most general form, as a function of time as follows.

S(t)=Ac{1+Kam(t)}cos(2πfct)
Where Ka- Amplitude sensitivity of the modulator

S(t) –Modulated signal

Ac- carrier signal

m(t) –modulating signal

The amplitude of Ka m(t) is always less than unity, that is Ka m(t) 1 for any carrier wave
becomes over modulated ,resulting in carrier phase reversal whenever the factor 1+Kam(t)
crosses zero. The modulate wave then exhibits envelope distortion. The absolute maximum
value of Ka m(t) multiplied by 100 is referred to as the percentage modulation.
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑋−𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
Percentage modulation= *100
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥+𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

The carrier frequency fc is much greater than the highest frequency component ω of the
message signal m(t),that is fc >>W

Where W is the message bandwidth.

If the condition is not satisfied, and envelope cannot be visualized satisfactorily. The trainer
kit has a carrier generator, which can generate the carrier wave of 100 KHz when the trainer
50

is switched on. The circuit’s carrier generator, modulator and demodulator are provided with
the built in supplies, no supply connections are to be given externally.
Procedure:

1. Open LabVIEW software and create a new VI(Virtual Instrument)

2. In the block diagram window, create a sine wave signal which will act as your carrier
signal.
3. Create another signal which will act as your modulating signal.
4. Use the “Multiply” function to multiply these two signals together. This will give you
your modulated signal.

Precautions:

1. Make sure to choose appropriate values for the frequency and amplitude of your
carrier and modulating signals.
2. Be careful when connecting the blocks in the block diagram window.
Result:

Hence, the AM (Amplitude Modulated) system is simulated using LabCVIEW.

 2.FM modulation and demodulation system

Aim:

To simulate an FM(Frequency Modulation)system using LabVIEW and understand the

process of modulation and demodulation.

Equipment and software:

LabVIEW software
Theory:

Frequency modulation (FM) was introduced by E.A. Armstrong in the 1930’s as an

alternative to the AM commonly in use at the time for broadcasting. The advantage to
frequency modulation is that, for a given transmitted power, the signal-to-noise ratio is much
higher at the receiver output than it is for AM. The digital version of FM, frequency-shift
keying, has been in use since an even earlier date.

Modulation is the process of encoding information in a transmitted signal, while

demodulation is extracting information from a transmitted signal. This demodulation is also
called FM detection or FM discrimination. Moreover, this term is often used in older circuits
and technology. FM demodulation plays an integral part in the reception of frequency-
modulated signals. This article elaborates on the concept of frequency demodulation.

In FM, the frequency of the carrier is modulated to follow the amplitude of the message
signal. To be more specific, if m (t) is a message signal with peak value mp , then the
instantaneous frequency f (t) of the carrier is given by

f(t)= fc+ kf m(t),

where fc is the carrier frequency

kf is a proportionality constant called the “frequency sensitivity”

kf m(t) is called the ”frequency deviation” of the instantaneous frequency from the
carrier frequency.
Frequency demodulation is the inverse of frequency modulation. The original modulating
signal is obtained as output following demodulation. After the signal has been received,
filtered, and amplified, the original modulation from the carrier must be recovered. This is
known as demodulation or detection.

FM demodulator circuits can be found in any FM receiver, including broadcast receivers,

two-way radios such as walkie-talkies and handheld radios that use FM, and any receiver that
uses frequency modulation.
Procedure:

1. Open LabVIEW software and create a new VI(Virtual Instrument)

2. In the block diagram window, create a sine wave signal which will act as your carrier
signal.
3. Create another signal which will act as your modulating signal.
4. Use the “Multiply” function to multiply these two signals together. This will give you
your modulated signal.

Precautions:

1. Make sure to choose appropriate values for the frequency and amplitude of your
carrier and modulating signals.
2. Be careful when connecting the blocks in the block diagram window.
Result:

Hence, FM (Frequency Modulation) system is simulated using LabVIEW.

 3.PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To generate pulse amplitude modulated signal and demodulate it

EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS:

I. Apparatus:

1. PAM trainer kit

2. Function generator

3. CRO
4. Bread Board

5. Power supply

Description of Apparatus:

CRO: The 20 MHz dual channel oscilloscope 201 is a compact, low line and light weight
instrument. It is a general purpose Dual Trace Oscilloscope having both vertical amplifiers
offering a bandwidth of DC- 20 MHz and maximum sensitivity of 2mv/cm.

The 201 offers five separate add-on modules.

- frequency counter

- Curve tracer
- Power supply

- Function generator

- Digital voltmeter
The add-on modules enhance measuring capabilities of instrument at low cost.

This instrument is meant for giving three types of periodic waveforms – SINUSOIDAL,
SQUARE and TRIANGULAR waveforms – where frequency can be selected from 0.1
Hz to 1 MHz and whose amplitude also can be selected from 0 to 20 volts peak to peak
independently. The power on switch in pressed position will connect supply to the
instrument. The amplitude switch varies the amplitude of output waveforms from 20 mv
to 20 v(p-p). The function is a interlocked 3 station push button which switches to select
the desired waveform for output.
3. Wire Connections are usually carried out using a system called Bread Board. It is a
rectangular board divided into a number of nodes. This component has a provision on
which any circuit can be constructed by interconnecting components such as resistors,
capacitors, diodes, transistors etc., for testing the circuit.

Components

1. 100KΩ - resistor – 1 No.

2. 4.7KΩ- resistor – 1 No.

3. 5.6KΩ - resistor – 1 No.

4. 1KΩ - resistor – 1 No.

5. 22 KΩ- resistor – 1 No.

6. 0.01 µF capacitor – 2 No.

7. BC 547 transistor – 1 No.

8. 555 Timer– 1 No

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS:

a. 100KΩ - resistor

Most circuits need contrast resistances. There are different types of resistors available for
different applications. Typical specifications of resistor are

Rating : 10Ω to 10MΩ

Wattage : ¼ W to 2 W

Tolerance : Normally 5% and above.

b. 4.7KΩ - resistor

Same as above

c. 5.6KΩ - resistor

Same as above

d. d. 1KΩ - resistor

Same as above
e. e. 0.01 µF capacitor

Capacitors are made by sandwiching an insulating material between two conductors

which form the electrodes. They are rated by their maximum working voltage. The
breakdown voltage depends upon temperature and hence upon the losses in the dielectric.

The factors to be considered in the choice of capacitors are

1. Required capacity
2. Working voltage

3. Tolerances

The specifications of 0.01µF capacitor are

1. capacity – 0.01 F
2. voltage range 16v to 3kv

3. tolerance ±10%

BC 547 transistor – 1 No.

A bipolar junction transistor has two junctions. The conduction through the device
involving two types of charge carriers holes and elements.

BJT’s are available in two varieties: PNP and NPN. Either type can be treated as
equivalent to two diodes connected back to back with three terminal leads, emitter, base
and collector. Width of the base region is smaller than that of emitter or collector layer.
555 IC – 1 No

The NE/SE 555 monolithic timing circuit is a highly stable controller capable of
producing accurate time delays, or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for
triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely
controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For a stable operation as an oscillator,
the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both accurately controlled with two
external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling
waveforms and the output structure can source or sink large currents or drive TTL circuit

THEORY:-
In PAM the amplitude of regularly spaced rectangular pulse vary with Instantaneous
sampled values of a continuous message signal.

A PAM wave, s(t) = ∑[ 1 + Ka m(nTs) ] * g(t –nTs)

Where summation is from –ꝏ to +ꝏ

M(nTs)= nth sample of the message signal

Ts = sampling method

Ka = is a constant called amplitude sensitivity

g(t) = denotes the pulse.

PAM signals can be easily demodulated by a Low Pass Filter with cut-off frequency large
enough to accommodate the highest frequency component of the message signal m(t).
CALCULATIONS
F2 = 1 / 2πRC
Since C = 0.01µF find the value of R.

Procedure:

1. Switch ‘ON’ the experimental kit.

2. Observe the modulating signal and the carrier clock generators outputs.
3. Adjust the modulating signal generator O/P to 1 Vp-p amplitude.
4. Apply the modulating signal generator output and the clock generator output to the
PAM modulator.
5. Following Fig. shows the testing procedure.

Modulating signal
generator

PAM PAM
Modulator Demodulator

Clock generator

6. By varying the amplitude of the modulating signal, depth of modulation changes.

7. During the demodulation, connect PAM output to the input of PAM demodulator and
observe the output of PAM demodulator.

Observations:

Message signal voltage:

Message signal frequency:

Carrier signal voltage:

Carrier signal frequency:

Result:

Thus the Pulse amplitude modulated signal is generated and detected. The corresponding
graphs are drawn.
 4 . Frequency Division Multiplexing and Frequency Division Demultiplexing.

AIM:
To study the frequency division multiplexing and De multiplexing Techniques.

Apparatus:

1. Frequency division multiplexing and De multiplexing trainer kit.

2. CRO
3. Patch chords.
4. PC with windows(95/98/XP/NT/2000)
5. MATLAB Software.

Program:

clc

close all
clear all

t= 0: 0.01: 5;

x1=sin(2*pi*2*t);

z1=fft(x1);

z1=abs(z1);

x2=sin(2*pi*10*t);

z2=fft(x2);
z2=abs(z2);

figure;

subplot(4,1,1)

plot(x1)

xlabel("time")

ylabel("amp")

title("sgn 1")

subplot(4,1,2)
plot(x2)
xlabel("time")

ylabel("amp")

title("sgn 2")

subplot(4,1,3)
plot(z1)

xlabel("freq")

ylabel("mag")

title("spectrum of sgn 1")

subplot(4,1,4)

plot(z2)

xlabel("freq")
ylabel("mag")
title("spectrum of sgn 2")

z=z1+z2;

figure;

plot(z)

title("freq multiplexed signals")

figure;

f1=[ones(10,1);zeros(182,1);ones(10,1)]
dz1=z.*f1;

d1=ifft(dz1);

subplot(2,1,1)

plot(t*100,d1)

f2=[zeros(10,1);ones(182,1);zeros(10,1)]

dz2=z.*f2;

d2=ifft(dz2);
subplot(2,1,2)

plot(t*100,d2)
xlabel("time")
ylabel("amp")

title("recovered signal")

Procedure:

FDM Multiplexer:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Set the amplitude of each modulating signal as 5Vp-p and frequency of each AF signal
to 1KHz and 2KHz respectively.
4. Monitor the outputs at Tp-1(signal-1), Tp2(signal-2),TP10(RF-16KHz),TP12(RF-
32KHz),Tpq(modulation-1),Tp11(modulator-2),Tp17(BPF&adder).
5. Set the output frequency of RF oscillator to 455KHz and amplitude to 10Vp-p.
6. Monitor the output at Tp18 the FDM DSB-SC wave will be observed.

FDM Demultiplexer:

1. Connect the TP18 to Tp22 and observe the output of main demodulator at Tp23.
2. Connect the main demodulator output to the BPF1 (28-32KHz) and BPF (12-16KGz).
3. Connect the output of BPFs to the respective demodulator and then to LPFs.
4. Monitor the demodulator signal1 and at Tp32 and demodulator signal2 at Tp39.
Result:

Hence, the frequency division multiplexing and De multiplexing Techniques are studied.
 5.Study of quantization and PCM technique

Aim:
To study pulse code modulation SIMULINK Models on MATLAB.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

❖ Sinusoidal Wave Generator

❖ Pulse Generator
❖ Sample & Hold
❖ Uniform Encoder
❖ Integer To Bit Converter
❖ Bit To Integer Converter
❖ Uniform Decoder
❖ Analog Filter Design
❖ Scope(S)

Simulink Model of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):

BLOCK(s) used in PCM scheme:

SINOSOIDAL WAVE GENERATOR: The Sine Wave block generates a multichannel real
or complex sinusoidal signal, with independent amplitude, frequency, and phase in each
output channel. The block supports floating point and signed fixed-point data types.
PULSE GENERATOR: The Pulse Generator block generates square wave pulses at regular
intervals. The block waveform parameters, Amplitude, Pulse Width, Period, and Phase delay,
determine the shape of the output waveform. The following diagram shows how each
parameter affects the waveform. The Pulse Generator block can emit scalar, vector, or matrix
signals of any real data type. To emit a scalar signal, use scalars to specify the waveform
parameters. To emit a vector or matrix signal, use vectors or matrices, respectively, to specify
the waveform parameters. Each element of the waveform parameters affects the
corresponding element of the output signal. For example, the first element of a vector
amplitude parameter determines the amplitude of the first element of a vector output pulse.
All the waveform parameters must have the same dimensions after scalar expansion. The data
type of the output is the same as the data type of the Amplitude parameter.
SAMPLE and HOLD: The Sample and Hold block acquires the input at the signal port
whenever it receives a trigger event at the trigger port (marked by ). The block then holds the
output at the acquired input value until the next triggering event occurs.
UNIFORM ENCODER: The Uniform Encoder block performs the following two
operations on each floating-point sample in the input vector or matrix:
o Quantizes the value using the same precision.

o Encodes the quantized floating-point value to an integer value.

INTEGER TO BIT CONVERTER: The Integer to Bit Converter block maps each integer
(or fixed-point value) in the input vector to a group of bits in the output vector. This block is
single-rate and single-channel.

BIT TO INTEGER CONVERTER: The Bit to Integer Converter block maps groups of bits
in the input vector to integers in the output vector. If M is the Number of bits per integer
parameter, then the block maps each group of M bits to an Integer between 0 and 2M-1. As a
result, the output vector length is 1/M times the input vector length.
UNIFORM DECODER: The Uniform Decoder block performs the inverse operation of the
Uniform Encoder block, and reconstructs quantized floating- point values from encoded
integer input. Inputs can be real or complex Values of the following six integer data types:
unit 8, uint16, uint32, int8, int16.

ANALOG FILTER DESIGN: The Analog Filter Design block designs and implements a
Butterworth, Chebyshev type I, Chebyshev type II, elliptic, or bessel filter in a high pass, low
pass, band pass, or band stop configuration. The Analog Filter Design block uses a state-
space filter representation, and applies the filter using the State-Space (Simulink) block in the
Simulink Continuous library. All of the design methods use Signal Processing Toolbox
functions to design the filter.

SCOPE: The Scope block displays its input with respect to simulation time. The Scope block
can have multiple axes (one per port); all axes have a common time range with independent
y-axes. The Scope allows you to adjust the amount of time and the range of input values
displayed.

OBSERVATION:
Output of Scope 2 & Scope 3
Fig.1 Sine wave & Pulse generator output

Fig.2 Pulse generator & Uniform Encoder Output

Output of Scope 4

Fig. 3 Uniform Encoder & Integer to Bit Converter Output

Output of Scope 1

Fig.4 Sine wave, Pulse generator, Sample & hold, Uniform Encoder, Integer to Bit Converter
output

Final Output

Fig.5 Sine wave & Analog Filter Design output

SINE WAVE & ANALOG FILTER DESIGN OUTPUT

Fig.6 Demodulated Output Along With Input
RESULT:

Hence, the pulse code modulation SIMULINK Models on MATLAB are studied.