hnology &

Thirunavukarasu et al., J Biotechnol Biomater 2023, 13:3

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Journal of Biotechnology &

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Bi
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Biomaterials
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ISSN: 2155-952X

Review Article Open Access

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

Kishore Thirunavukarasu1,2, Muhammed Ali Siham1,3*, Jayenth Jayachandran1,4, Mohan Rao1,4, Gandhi Raj1 and Kurunchu Divya1,5,6
1
hettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
3
Garden City University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
4
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology
5
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
6
University of Madras

Abstract
Over the years, there have been numerous attempts to develop new green synthesis technologies. Precious metals
like copper, zinc, titanium, magnesium, silver, gold, and platinum are used to make nanoparticles. They have drawn a
lot of interest due to their versatility as theragnostic agents. Significant antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as antifungal activity against Trichosporon seinelii and Candida albicans, has
been demonstrated by silver nanoparticles (Ag NP). AgNPs function in both drug delivery and successfully inducing
the death of cancer cells. With the addition of Enterobacteriaceae cell filtrate (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia,
and Enterobacter cloacae) to AgNO3 solution, the silver ions are rapidly reduced within 5 minutes. The Temperature,
pH, and AgNO3 concentration all influence the size of AgNPs generated using Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
and Enterobacter cloacae, all of which create AgNPs. Since pH is essential for the effective synthesis of nanoparticles,
this element increases the reactivity of plant extract with silver ions. Silver nanoparticle dilutions of 10,20,40,80,160 g/
ml were prepared and used in this analysis. 200μl of bacterial suspension was inoculated into each test tube containing
varying amounts of AgNPs and a comparable volume of Muller Hinton Broth (MHB) and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C.

Keywords: Green Synthesis; Fourier-transform infrared of the most important Materials in nanomedicine. In the treatment
spectroscopy; Transmission electron microscopy; Silver nanoparticle of bacterial skin infections, silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) have been
utilized as an antibacterial agent for topical administration. In other
Introduction situations, Ag NPs have drawn a lot of attention due to their possible
Nanotechnology has become one of the largest and most active application in cancer treatment. AgNPs successfully trigger cancer cell
areas of research, offering unique properties and broad applications in death and also have a role in medication delivery. The development
various fields such as agriculture, food, and biomedicine. Compared of new chemical and physical methods has led to environmental
to larger particles in bulk solids, nanoparticles have completely pollution as the chemical processes used to synthesize the materials
new or improved properties, and these new properties are based on generate a large no. of hazardous by-products. Whereas the green
variations in specific properties such as particle size, morphology synthesis method does not require the use of high energy, pressure or
and distribution. Nanoparticles are made of precious metals such as temperature and toxic chemicals for the production.
silver, gold, platinum, copper, zinc, titanium, and magnesium. They The Biological methods include the synthesis of nanomaterials
have received considerable attention because of their multifunctional from extracts of plants, bacteria, fungi, etc. Plant extracts comprising
theranostic ability. Nanoparticles have various structures with shapes leaves, fruit, bark, roots, flowers, rhizoids and latex, are utilized
such as rods, spheres, tubes, hollow spheres, and blood platelets. There for nanoparticles synthesis. These nanoparticles have different
were different types of nanoparticles like semiconductors, core-shell morphological features including size, shape, and dispersion that
particles, polymers, metal and metal oxides . These types of metal are more efficient than those synthesized by chemical or physical
nanoparticles have exceptionally high physical and chemical properties. processes. Hence, using green plants for nanoparticle biosynthesis
AgNPs have the properties like large surface area to volume ratio (silver process is an exciting method that is compatible with pharmaceutical
is a powerful bactericidal metal as it is non-toxic to animal cells and and biomedical applications as no toxic chemicals are used for
highly toxic to bacteria, have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties nanoparticle synthesis. When the nanoparticles are produced with an
and AgNPs are used in coatings or inlays for medical purposes. In extract method, the extract is added at room temperature to a metal
addition to their medical use, AgNPs are also used in clothing, Paints, salt solution and the reaction is finished within a few minutes. With
Food, Electronics, and Other Areas AgNPs are used worldwide to this process, nanoparticles were produced from silver, gold, and other
manufacture a wide range of products including aerosols, water filters,
water treatment, detergents, refrigerators, paints, cosmetics, washing
machines and electronic products, because of its high antimicrobial *Corresponding author: Muhammed Ali Siham, Garden City University Bengaluru,
properties [1-6]. Karnataka, India, Tel: +917397239448, E-mail: [email protected], hrsiham.
[email protected], [email protected]
In recent years the increase in antibiotic resistance of microbes Received: 01-May-2023, Manuscript No. jbtbm-23-88274; Editor assigned: 03-
posed a serious threat to the health sector. Nanoparticles are a May-2023, PreQC No. jbtbm-23-88274 (PQ); Reviewed: 17-May-2023, QC No.
promising antibacterial agent candidate due to their small size and jbtbm-23-88274; Revised: 22-May-2023, Manuscript No: jbtbm-23-88274 (R);
Published: 29-May-2023, DOI: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000324
high surface to volume ratio, which assures a broad assault area on
the bacterial surface. Silver functions as a highly efficient antibacterial. Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al.
Several tests were carried out on silver nanoparticles to investigate (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater, 13: 324.

their antimicrobial activity. It showed significant antibacterial activity Copyright: © 2023 Thirunavukarasu K, et al. This is an open-access article
against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and antifungal activity distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
against Trichosporon seinelii and Candida albicans. AgNPs are one the original author and source are credited.

J Biotechnol Biomater, an open access journal Volume 13 • Issue 3 • 1000324

ISSN: 2155-952X
Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al. (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater,
13: 324.

Page 2 of 11

metals in the amount of silver and the released silver. Silver is inactive extracellularly. As a result, they could be used as biofactories to produce
in metallic form, but reacts with moisture in the skin and wound fluids gold and silver nanoparticles. Shahverdi et al. demonstrated fast
and ionizes. Silver ions are highly reactive and stick to tissue proteins production of Ag NPs (within 5 minutes) using culture supernatants of
this leads to structural changes in the bacterial cell wall and the cell K. pneumonia, E. coli, and Enterobacter cloacae. Saravanan et al. have
nuclear membrane and ultimately to deformations and Cell death. The reported an extracellular production of Ag NPs using B. megaterium
use of plants to synthesize nanoparticles prevents the release of large culture supernatant in the presence of Aq solutions of silver ions
amounts of toxic chemicals in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms into the in minutes. With the addition of Enterobacteriaceae cell filtrate
environment and also eliminates the adhesion of toxic substances to
(Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterobacter cloacae) to
synthesized nanoparticles [7-9].
AgNO3 solution, the silver ions are rapidly reduced within 5 minutes.
The size, stability, morphology as well as physical and chemical Saifuddin et al. used a combination of B. subtilis culture supernatant
properties of nanoparticles, plays an important role in their and microwave irradiation in water to show extracellular production
applications. Tools are needed to control the size and shape of of Ag NPs (5–50 nm). Bacillus flexus formed anisotropic nanoparticles
metallic nanostructures and improve their specific uses, much like with spherical (12 nm) and triangular (61 nm) dimensions. For the
metals developed for macroscopic devices. The size and shape of manufacture of AgNPs utilizing Bacillus cereus, an incubation time of
the nanoparticles can be controlled by maintaining several reaction 3–5 days at room temperature is required. The interaction of silver ions
parameters such as temperature, Ph, the concentration of the metal
with bacteria influences the size and structure of AgNPs generated by
solution, and concentration of reducing agents, the particles obtained
microorganisms.
were analyzed and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning
electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron Microscope The Temperature, pH, and AgNO3 concentration all influence the
(TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform spectroscopy size of AgNPs generated using Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
(FTIR).The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was investigated by and Enterobacter cloacae, all of which create AgNPs. Green synthesis
performing Agar well diffusion test and MIC. based on bacteria is adaptable, affordable, and suited for large-scale
Green synthesis manufacturing. The biggest disadvantage of utilizing bacteria as
nano factories is the sluggish synthesis rate and the restricted variety
Using Bacteria: of shapes and sizes accessible when compared to standard chemical
Bacteria are one of the best bioagent for nanoparticle synthesis synthesis methods. As a result, fungi-based nano factories and chemical
due to their remarkable ability to reduce heavy metal ions. Bacteria reactions involving plant-based materials have been studied [10-14]
are known to produce inorganic materials either intracellularly or (Table 1).

Table1: Bacteria based synthesis of AgNPs.

s.no Article/Author Particle Characterization Operating Conditions Particle Particle Characteristics

Characterization
1 Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Fibrinolytic URAK enzyme 1 mM, 24 hr without NaOH TEM XRD Size- 50 - 80 nm
Using Purified URAK. Colloids and Surfaces B: produced by Bacillus and 5 min with NaOH, 37˚C. UV-Vis Shape--spherical. Structure-
Bio-interfaces. cereus NK1 FCC
2 Extracellular Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Aqueous cell filtrate of 1 mM, 28˚C,48 hr,. Dark. UV-Vis TEM SEM 10 - 100 nm Spherical
Using Cell Filtrate of Streptomyces sp. ERI-3. Streptomyces sp. ERI-3 Shaken XRD
3 The Antibacterial and Anti-Biofouling Lactobacillus fermentum.L 10 g/L, UV-Vis TEM XRD 6 nm
Performance of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles by 24 hr, 30˚C, 10 g/L, Shaken, 6 spherical
Lactobacillus fermentum. min at 5000 rpm and 10 min at FCC
6000 rpm
4 Biogenic Synthesis of Antimicrobial Silver Reducing Agent 1 or 5mM, 30˚C, 24 hr, Ratio UV-Vis TEM Size-~5 nm
Nanoparticles Caped with L-Cystine. of AgNO3: L-cysteine = 1:5, FTIR
Shaken, 10 min at 1851 g
5 Biosynthesis, Purification and Characterization of E. coli supernatant 1 - 10mM, , 20˚C - 90˚C, 24 UV-Vis TEM FTIR 10 - 90 nm
Silver Nanoparticles Using Escherichia coli. hr, pH: 5 - 12, 10 min at 10000 DLS Spherical
rpm Stati Crystalline
6 Rapid Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using K. pneumonia 1mM, UV-Vis EDS Average: 52.25 nm
Cultural Supernatants of Enterobacteria: A Novel (Enterobacteria) 5 min, Room temperature. TEM Spherical.
Biological Approach.
7 Biosynthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Brevibacterium casei 1mM, 24 hr, 37˚C, 1 g, UV-Vis XRD FTIR 10 - 50 nm. Spherical. FCC
Using Brevibacterium casei. Shaken, 30 min at 16000 g TEM
8 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Supernatant of 1 mM AgNO3, AFM 160 - 180 nm
Staphylococcus aureus and Its Antimicrobial Staphylococcus aureus 5 min UV-Vis Nature-PD
Activity against MRSA and MRSE.
9 Production and Structural Characterization of Bacillus cereus PGN1 1 mM, 10 g/100 ml, UV-Vis 4-5 nm Spherical
Crystalline Silver Nanoparticles from Bacillus cells 12hr, 37˚C, FTIR TEM FCC.
cereus Isolate. 15 min at 15000 rpm. Shaken XRD Nature-MD.
10 Intensified Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles supernatant of Ureibacillus 1 - 100 mM, UV-Vis DLS XRD 10 - 100 nm Spherical FCC
Using a Native Extremophilic Ureibacillus thermo sphaerius 24 hr, 60˚C - 80˚C, Dark, FTIR
thermosphaerius Strain. 15 min,13000 rpm Static
11 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanocrystals by Bacillus Bacillus icheniormis cells 1 mM, UV-Vis SEM EDX 50 nm
licheniformis. 24 hr, 37˚C, XRD Crystalline
30 min at 15000 rpm. Shaken

J Biotechnol Biomater, an open access journal Volume 13 • Issue 3 • 1000324

ISSN: 2155-952X
Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al. (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater,
13: 324.

Page 3 of 11

12 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rhodobacter sphaeroides 1mM, 5g, UV–vis XRD TEM 3–15nm
Rhodobacter sphaeroides. 30˚c, 72hr, and HRTEM Spherical
10min at 4000g crystalline
13 Intracellular and extracellular biosynthesis of Vibrio alginolyticus 1M, UV-Vis SEM EDX 50–100 nm; Spherical
silver nanoparticles by using marine bacteria 24-48hr,37˚C,
Vibrio alginolyticus. 7500rpm for 15min
14 Intra/extracellular biosynthesis of silver Proteus mirabilis 1mM, UV–Visible 10–20 nm; spherical
nanoparticles by an autochthonous strain of 24hr,37˚C, Spectroscopy,
Proteus mirabilis isolated from photographic 7000rpm for 30 min TEM and EDS
waste.
15 Synthesis and characterization of bactericidal Klebsiella pneumoniae 1mM, UV-Vis FTIR TEM 15–37 nm; spherical
silver nanoparticles using cultural fltrate 72hr,35˚C,
of simulated microgravity grown Klebsiella 10000rpm for 30 min
pneumoniae.
16 In vitro antiplatelet activity of silver nanoparticles Gluconobacter roseus 1mM, UV-Vis TEM EDS 10 nm
synthesized using the microorganism 24hr,37˚C, FTIR
Gluconobacter roseus: an AFM-based study. 7000rpm for 12hr
17 Synthesis, optimization, and characterization Acinetobacter 1mM, UV-Vis XRD TEM 8–12 nm; spherical
of silver nanoparticles from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 72hr,40˚C, SEM
calcoaceticus and their enhanced antibacterial 6000rpm for 10min
activity when combined with antibiotics.
18 Biosynthesis of silver B. thuringiensis 1mM, UV-Vis SEM EDX 43.52–142.97 nm
nanoparticles using Bacillus thuringiensis against 72hr,37˚C, XRD
dengue vector, Aedes 5000rpm for 10min
aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).
19 Mechanistic antimicrobial approach of Exiguobacterium sp. 1mM, UV-Vis FTIR TEM 5–50 nm; spherical
extracellularly synthesized silver nanoparticles 24hr,30˚C, XPS
against gram positive and gram negative 8000g for 10min
bacteria.
20 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using B. safensis LAU 13 1mM, UV-Vis FTIR TEM 5–30 nm; spherical
keratinase obtained from a strain of Bacillus 2hr,30˚C, XRD
safensis LAU 13 10000rpm for 20 min
21 Microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Bacillus sp. 3.5mM, TEM EDX 5–15 nm
Bacillus sp. 7days,27˚C,
10,000rpm for 10min
22 Synthesis of anisotropic silver nanoparticles B. fexus 1mM, UV-Vis FTIR AFM 12 & 65 nm; spherical and
using novel strain, Bacillus fexus and its 24hr,30˚C XRD EDAX triangular
biomedical application.
23 Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using a B. licheniformis Dahb1 1mM, UV-Vis TEM 18.69–63.42 nm
probiotic Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 and 24hr,37˚C, XRD Spherical.
their antibioflm activity and toxicity efects in 5000g for 10 min
Ceriodaphnia cornuta.
24 Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles Geobacillus 0.01M, UV-Vis TEM 5–35 nm; spherical
using thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus 48hr,27˚C, XRD
stearothermophilus. 5000rpm for 10 min
25 comparative study of morphology, reactivity and B. subtilis 1mM, UV-Vis XRD Triangular, hexagonal
stability of synthesized silver nanoparticles using 24hr,27˚C EDAX
Bacillus subtilis and Catharanthus roseus.

Using Fungi: pentagonal, and hexahedral structures (10–60 nm). Silver ions are
reduced by the enzymes present on the surface of Verticillium, and
Fungi, like bacteria, have been studied in the biological creation of
cells were observed to grow even after the formation of AgNPs.
metallic nanoparticles because of their high binding capacity and metal
bioaccumulation ability, high tolerance and intracellular absorption. Thus, the biomimetic conduit towards plant species has been
The switch from bacteria to fungus as a technique of generating natural established using the microbially aided syntheses of AgNPs. Enzymes
nano factories has the advantage of simplified biomass handling found in microbes are responsible for the reduction of silver ions,
and downstream processing. Fungus is known to release far greater which results in the formation of AgNPs. Higher amounts of silver ions
amounts of proteins than bacteria, which increases the productivity of are toxic to these species. As a result, when employed in biomedical
this biosynthetic technique; also, fungi might be utilized to produce applications, nanosilver generated by microorganisms presents several
enormous numbers of metal nanoparticles Polydispersed spherical challenges(Table 2).
AgNPs with sizes ranging from 17-33 nm were produced with Using Plants:
Helminthosporium tetramera cell-free filtrate and had considerable
antibacterial activity. Plant components such as leaves, stems, roots, shoots, flowers,
barks, seeds, and their metabolites have been effectively employed for
Fungi are easier to work within a laboratory setting than bacteria. the efficient production of nanoparticles. The Protocol for nanoparticle
Fungus employs a distinct process to produce nanoparticles; fungi synthesis includes that the section of the plant of interest is collected at
release enormous amounts of enzymes that are utilized to decrease the accessible places and rinsed in tap water twice/three, completely, to
Ag ions that stimulate the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Bipolaris eliminate the two epiphytes and the necrotic plants. These are clean and
nodulosa was used to create silver nanoparticles with spherical, semi fresh sources, then pulverized by the household blender for 10-15 days

J Biotechnol Biomater, an open access journal Volume 13 • Issue 3 • 1000324

ISSN: 2155-952X
Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al. (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater,
13: 324.

Page 4 of 11

Table2: Fungi based synthesis of AgNPs.

s.no Article/Author Reducing Agent Particle Characterization Particle Particle Characterization

Characterization
1 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Penicillium brevicompatum 1 mM, UV-Vis Size—17.8 nm Structure—
Extract from the Compactin Producing Fungal Strain. 25˚C, 72 hr Shake TEM FCC
XRD
FTIR
2 Silver-NanoBiohybrid Material: Synthesis, Mycelia of Rhizopus oryzae 1 to 5 mM, 72 hr, 30˚C, UV-Vis 15 nm spherical
Characterization and Application in Water Purification. 0.2 g/25 ml. pH—2 to 8, FTIR FCC
Shaken HRTEM
EDAX
3 Extracellular Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous cell filtrate of 1 mM, 24 hr, room UV-Vis 52 -104 nm
the Filamentous Fungus Penicillium sp. Penicillium Sp. fungi temp, dark 50 ml/50 ml, FTIR
Agitated, Lyophilized AFM
4 Extracellular Biosynthesis of Functionalized Cladosporium clado 10 ml, UV-Vis Average: 35 nm
Silver Nanoparticles by Strains of Cladosporium sporioides 27˚C, 78 h Shaken TEM Spherical
cladosporioides Fungus. XRD FCC
FTIR
5 Fusarium solani: A Novel Biological Agent for the Fusarium solani 1mM, Static, 10 UV-Vis 5 - 35 nm
Extracellular Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. min, 10,000 g, room TEM Spherical
temperature. FTIR
6 Studies on Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Marine Penicillum fellutanum 0.5 - 2.5 mM, 48 hr, 40˚C, TEM 5 -2 5 nm
Fungus, Penicillium fellutanum Isolated from Coastal dark, pH: 7.5. Shaken. UV-Vis Spherical
Mangrove Sediment.
7 Extracellular Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Fusarium semitectum 1 mM AgNO3, 27˚C, 48 hr UV-Vis 10 - 60 nm
the Fungus Fusarium semitectum. Shaken. FTIR Spherical
XRD crystalline
TEM
8 Fungal Based Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles—An Trichoderma viride 1 mM AgNO3,40˚C, dark, UV-Vis 80 - 100 nm
Effect of Temperature on the Size of Particles. Shaken. TEM Plate like Crystalline
FTIR
XRD
9 Green synthesis of protein capped silver nanoparticles Macrophomina phaseolina 1mM AgNO3, UV-Vis XRD 5–40 nm; spherical
from phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina 28˚C, dark,72hr TEM SEM AFM
(Tassi) Goid with antimicrobial properties against
multidrug-resistant bacteria.
10 Biomimetic synthesis and characterisation of protein Cladosporium 1mM AgNO3, UV-Vis XRD 10–100 nm
capped silver nanoparticles. cladosporioides 37˚C, dark TEM AFM
shaken
11 Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the P. sajor-caju 0.1-10mM AgNO3, UV-Vis XRD 30.5 ± 4.0 nm
fungus Aspergillus favus. 37˚C, dark, 10 days TEM FTIR spherical
12 Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by fungus T. reesei 1mM AgNO3, UV-Vis 5–50 nm
Trichoderma reesei (a route for large-scale production of 28˚C,dark,120hr TEM FTIR
AgNPs).
13 Tailoring shape and size of biogenic silver nanoparticles T. viride 1mM AgNO3,30˚C-40˚C, UV-Vis DLS 2–5 nm; spherical
to enhance antimicrobial efcacy against MDR bacteria. 48hr-72hr TEM FTIR 40–65 nm; rectangular
14 Green synthesis and characterization of silver P. nalgiovense AJ12 1mM AgNO3, 25˚C, dark, UV-Vis DLS 25 ± 2.8 nm; spherical
nanoparticles using ascomycota fungi Penicillium shaken TEM
nalgiovense AJ12. FTIR
15 Green synthesis of highly stabilized nanocrystalline Trichoderma asperellum 1mM AgNO3, 25˚C, dark, UV-Vis 13–18 nm; nanocrystalline
silver particles by a non-pathogenic and agriculturally shaken XRD
important fungus T. asperellum. FTIR
16 green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aspergillus A. terreus 1mM AgNO3, 27˚C, 24hr, UV-Vis 1–20 nm; spherical
terreus. shaken XRD
TEM

and shaded. About 10 g dry powder is cooked in 100 mL of deionized average size of 46nm as assessed by SEM and a dynamic light scattering
distilled water for plant broth production. The resultant infusion is next (DLS) analyzer. The extract's polyphenols are thought to work as a silver
carefully filtered until there is no precipitate on the broth. Following nanoparticle stabilizer. In vitro, both the fruit extract and the stabilized
the addition of a few ml of plant extract to a 10 M AgNO3 solution, nanoparticles demonstrated antioxidant capabilities. The nanoparticles
the reduction of pure Ag(I) ions to Ag (0) may be observed at regular were discovered to be more effective against pathogenic bacteria than
intervals by monitoring the solution's UV–visible spectra [15-19]. P. longum flower extract.
Beg et al. recently reported green production of Ag NPs from The comparatively high quantities of steroids, carbohydrates,
Pongamia pinnata seed extract. A maximum absorption at 439nm sapogenins and flavonoids work as reducing agents, and
confirmed the development of nanoparticles. The well-distributed Phytochemicals act as capping agents, providing silver nanoparticle
nanoparticles with an average size of 16.4 nm exhibited a zeta potential stability. The produced nanoparticles were discovered to be spherical
of 23.7 mV, indicating dispersion and stability. The biosynthesis and of average size approximately 7–17 nm. The XRD technique
of AgNPs from the fruit extract of Piper longum has also been revealed that these nanoparticles had a crystalline structure with a face-
accomplished. The nanoparticles produced were spherical, with an centered cubic shape. Using tea as a capping agent, 20–90 nm AgNPs

J Biotechnol Biomater, an open access journal Volume 13 • Issue 3 • 1000324

ISSN: 2155-952X
Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al. (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater,
13: 324.

Page 5 of 11

with the crystalline structure were produced. The reaction temperature Preparation of Plant extracts:
and tea extract dose influenced the production efficiency and pace
Plant leaves were purchased fresh. They were carefully washed
of nanoparticle formation. According to TEM, the size of spherical
under running water and dried in the shade for 2-3 weeks before being
AgNPs ranges from 5-20nm. Silver nanoparticles revealed a progressive
ground to a fine powder with a mixer. The plant sample (5 g) was boiled
change in color of the extracts to yellowish-brown when treated with
for 15 minutes in 50 ml of distilled water at 60 ° C. Until filtering, the
callus extract of the Sesuvium portulacastrum L plant , as the strength
mixtures were cooled on Whattman No. 1 filter film, and the filtrates
of the extract increased over the incubation period. Because of its
were used to produce silver nanoparticles.
quick, non-pathogenic, eco-friendly affordable protocol and provision
of a one-step methodology for biosynthesis processes, the use of plants Preparation of 1 mM AgNO3 solution
as a production assembly of silver nanoparticles has piqued the interest
of researchers. The stabilization and reduction of silver ions through A precise conc. of 1 mM AgNO3 solution was prepared by dissolving
the use of biomolecules such as enzymes, proteins, alkaloids, amino 0.169 g AgNO3 in 1000 ml of double distilled water and stored in an
acids, phenolics, polysaccharides, tannins, saponins and vitamins Amber-colored bottle to avoid oxidation of Silver.
that are present in plant extracts with medicinal properties and are Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extract:
environmentally friendly but have chemically complex structures [20-
24] (Table 3). Aqueous AgNO3 (1mM) solution was freshly prepared and used

Table 3: Plant based synthesis of AgNPs.

S.No Article/Author Reducing Agent Operating Conditions Characterization Particle

Characerization
1 Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Leaf extract of 0.01M AgNO3, UV Size:20-25nm
Capparis spinosa L. leaf extract and their Capparis spinosa 15min, room temperature,static FTIR Shape: spherical
antibacterial activity SEM Structure: crystalline
TEM
XRD
2 Facile green synthesis of silver Leaf and Root extract 10mM of AgNo3, 24 hrs, room temp, UV 30 to 70 nm
nanoparticles using Berberis vulgaris of Berberis Vulgaris shaker XRD Spherical
leaf and root aqueous extract and its DLS variable
antibacterial activity TEM
3 Controllable synthesis of silver Leaf extract of Neem 5 ml of leaf extract,1 mM silver nitrate, 45 XRD 402-407 nm
nanoparticles using Neem leaves and min, 10-50⁰, shaken. SEM Spherical
their antimicrobial activity FTIR FCC
Optical absorption
PL
4 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles Leaf extract of 5ml of leaf extract, 0.1mM of silver nitrate, UV 20 to 30 nm
using Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract and Gymnema sylvestre 100⁰C for 2 hours dried, centrifuged. XRD Spherical
evaluation of its antibacterial activity TEM Cube or crystal
FTIR
5 Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Chenopodium 1ml of leaf extract, 0.01mM of silver UV 30 to 50 nm
silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using murale leaf extract nitrate, room temperature, 24 hours, TEM Spherical
Chenopodium murale leaf extract static. FCC
6 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles Azadirachta indica 1mM silver nitrate, 5ml leaf extract, Room UV 436 to 446 nm
using Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf aqueous leaf extract temperature, incubated. TEM Spherical
extract DLS Crystal
Photoluminescence
7 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles Olive leaf extract 9ml olive extract, 1ml of Silver nitrate, UV 20-25 nm
using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial room temperature, shaker. XRD Spherical
activity SEM FCC
TGA
8 Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles Torreya nucifera leaf 1 mM Silver nitrate, 10ml of the aqueous XRD 10 to 125 nm
using Torreya nucifera and their extract solution, incubated at 20⁰ C, shaker. FT-IR Crystalline
antibacterial activity FCC
9 Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles Calliandra 10 ml of leaf extract, 1 mM silver nitrate, UV 414 nm
using Calliandra haematocephala leaf haematocephala leaf water bath, 80⁰ C for 10 minutes, static SEM Crystalline
extract, their antibacterial activity, and extract XRD FCC
hydrogen peroxide sensing capability EDS
FT-IR
10 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles Parkia speciosa 10ml of extract, 1mM AgNO3, UV 271-273 nm
using extract of Parkia speciosa Hassk Hassk extract heated microwave at 300W for 4min, SEM Spherical
pods assisted by microwave irradiation static. TEM FCC
FT-IR
11 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles Extract of saffron 0.45 mM AgNO3,5 mL of extract and UV 12–20 nm
using aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus (Crocus sativus L.) centrifuged at 8 000 r/min for 10 min, TEM Spherical
sativus L.) wastages and its antibacterial static, dried. FTIR Crystalline
activity against six bacteria XRD

J Biotechnol Biomater, an open access journal Volume 13 • Issue 3 • 1000324

ISSN: 2155-952X
Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al. (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater,
13: 324.

Page 6 of 11

12 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using P. pinnata fresh bark 1mM AgNO3,10 ml extract and kept at UV 5-55 nm
fresh bark of Pongamia pinnata and extracts. room temperature. TEM Spherical
characterization of its antibacterial activity SEM FCC
against gram-positive and gram-negative XRD
pathogens EDAX

13 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles Fruit Extract 1 mM silver nitrate, 10 ml of fruit extract, UV 385– 435 nm
using Capsicum frutescence and its of Capsicum 27°, XRD Crystalline
intensified activity against E. coli frutescence shaker at 150 rpm. SEM FCC
14 Synthesis of Pomegranate Peel Extract Pomegranate Peel 1mM AgNO3, 5 ml of filtrate, 24 hours UV 5-50 nm
Mediated Silver Nanoparticles and its Extract (Fruit) incubation with intermittent shaking. FT-IR Spherical
Antibacterial Activity SEM crystal
15 Mangrove plant, Rhizophora mucronata Fresh leaf buds of R. 1mM AgNO3,10 mL of the leaf extract of UV 4 nm
(Lamk, 1804) mediated one-pot green mucronate. R. mucronate, 15 psi pressure at 121°C XRD Crystalline
synthesis of silver nanoparticles and for 5 minutes. FT-IR FCC
its antibacterial activity against aquatic HRTEM
pathogens
16 Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and Seaweeds were 1 mM AgNo3, at 70°C in dark condition UV 20 to 30 nm
its antibacterial activity using seaweed collected from the at constant stirring (magnetic stirrer), XRD Spherical
Urospora sp. rocky shore. centrifuged at 5000g for 20 min. FT-IR crystal
HRTEM
17 Retracted: Green Synthesis of Silver Polyalthia longifolia 3 mL of extract,40 mL of AgNO3solution, UV 50 nm and 35 nm
Nanoparticles Using Polyalthia longifolia Leaf Extract. room temperature (25◦C), and 60◦C. FT-IR Crystalline
Leaf Extract along with D-Sorbitol: Study TEM FCC
of Antibacterial Activity
18 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from the Aqueous Extract of 10 mL of aqueous extract,90 ml AgNO3, UV 18 nm
Aqueous Extract of Leaves of Ocimum Leaves of Ocimum room temperature, 30 minutes. TEM Crystalline
sanctum for Enhanced Antibacterial sanctum. XRD static
Activity
19 Antibacterial Activity of Silver Bark Extract of 1 mM AgNO3 and extract, a ratio of 9: 1 UV 20 to 60 nm
Nanoparticles Synthesized by Bark Syzygium cumini stored under dark conditions SEM Spherical
Extract of Syzygium cumini AFM crystal
20 Photo-Irradiated Biosynthesis of Silver Fresh Edible 0.001 M AgNO3 solution, double filtered UV 20 ± 5 nm
Nanoparticles Using Edible Mushroom Mushroom Pleurotus mushroom extract allowed to react at AFM Crystal
Pleurotus florida and Their Antibacterial florida room temperature. FESEM Crystalline
Activity Studies TEM
FT-IR
XRD
21 Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Extract of 80 ml 1mM AgNO3,20ml ethanolic plant UV 11 to 90 nm
of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Pelargonium sidoides extract solution, at room temperature,2hr. XRD Spherical
Using the Ethanolic Extract of DC (Root) SEM FCC
Pelargonium sidoides DC TEM
SPB
FT-IR
EDS
22 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Cucumis aqueous leaf extract of C. prophet arum UV 30−50 nm
Using Cucumis prophetarum Aqueous prophetarum was added to silver nitrate solution, for 3 DLS Spherical
Leaf Extract and Their Antibacterial and Aqueous Leaf Extract hours at room temperature, XRD FCC
Antiproliferative Activity Against Cancer (Leaf) shaker. SEM
Cell Lines FTIR
EDAX
23 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles phlomis leaf extract 5.0 ml extract ,0.01 M of AgNO3,room UV 25 nm
using phlomis leaf extract and (leaf) temperature. XRD Spherical
investigation of their antibacterial activity TEM Crystalline
SEM
FT-IR
24 Characterization of silver nanoparticles by Pedalium murex leaf 0.01M UV 430 nm
green synthesis method using Pedalium extract (Leaf) AgNO3, 1-5ml leaf extract, 20 minutes at XRD Crystalline
murex leaf extract and their antibacterial room temperature, shaker. DLS FCC
activity TEM
FTIR
SEM
EDAX
25 Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles whole plant extracts 10ml extract, 50ml 1mM AgNO3, constant UV 20-30 nm
synthesized by using whole plant extracts of Clitoria ternatea stirring at 50-60° C, incubated at room XAS Spherical
of Clitoria ternatea temperature for 40 hours. TEM crystalline
SEM
26 Antimicrobial activity of Silver Leaves of Svensonia 1mM AgNO3, plant extract was UV 30-40 nm
Nanoparticles Synthesized by using hyderobadensis and added to make upto 200ml,25 Crystal
Medicinal Plants the stem barks of min,18,000rpm,95°C. FCC
Boswellia, Shorea
species

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Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al. (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater,
13: 324.

Page 7 of 11

27 Green synthesis and characterization the oak fruit bark 0.001M AgNO3,10 ml extract at room UV 20–25 nm
of monodispersed silver nanoparticles extract temperature. XRD Spherical
obtained using oak fruit bark extract and TEM FCC
their antibacterial activity
28 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles carob leaf extract 5 ml extract, 0.001M AgNO3, stirring UV 5 to 40 nm
using carob leaf extract and its (leaf) magnetically at room temperature. XRD Spherical
antibacterial activity SEM Crystalline and FCC
FTIR
AAS
29 Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using stem bark extracts 1 mM AgNO3 solution and extract in 1:9 UV 28 nm
stem bark extracts of Diospyros montana of Diospyros proportions and kept at room temperature SEM Crystalline
and their antioxidant and antibacterial montana for 30 min. TEM FCC
activities FTIR
DPPH
30 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Bamboo Leaves 5 ml extract,5 ml of 3 mM AgNO3 heated UV 400-450 nm
by Bamboo Leaves Extract and Their Extract at 65◦C with continuous stirring. EDX Spherical or non-
Antimicrobial Activity (Leaf) TEM spherical
XRD Crystalline
31 Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles Psidium guajava leaf 20 ml of 1 mM of AgNO3, UV 10–90 nm
using guava (Psidium guajava) leaf extract (Leaf) 0.2 ml of leaf extract and stirred for 10 TEM Spherical
extract and its antibacterial activity against min at 30° FCC
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
32 Green and rapid synthesis of silver Borago officinalis leaf 10 ml extract, UV 30 to 80 nm
nanoparticles using Borago officinalis extract (Leaf) 1mM AgNO3 ,65 0C. The dried AgNPs SPR spherical,
leaf extract: anticancer and antibacterial were finally obtained after filtration, TEM hexagonal,and irregular
activities centrifugation and lyophilization. XRD FCC
SAED
33 Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles Quercus brantii (oak) 1mM AgNO3 as substrate, concentrated TEM mean size of 6 nm
using Quercus brantii (oak) leaves leaves hydroalcoholic and freeze-dried plant extract,incubated DLS Spherical
hydroalcoholic extract extract. at room temperature,pH 7,Reaction vol poly-dispersed
50ml.
34 Green synthesis and characterization of banana peel extract 1 ml extract,1 mM AgNO3 at pH 4.5, UV 23.7 nm
silver nanoparticles using banana peel incubated at 30°C for 5 min. XRD Spherical
extract and their antimicrobial activity FTIR crystallinity
against representative microorganisms SEM
35 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles Rheum palmatum 5 ml extract,2mM AgNO3 solution, at room TEM 121 - 2 nm
using Rheum palmatum root extract root extract temperature,24hr SEM hexagonal and
and their antibacterial activity FTIR spherical
against Staphylococcus aureus and DLS Crystalline
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
36 Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Sansevieria 3 ml filtrated Plant extract, 0.001M AgNO3, UV 3 to 15 nm
Their Characterization, Application, and trifasciata Impatiens heated 75°C,24 hr TEM Spherical
Antibacterial Activity balsamina AFM FCC
Pelargonium
graveolens
37 Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles Curcuma longa tuber 20 ml Plant extract,0.001M AgNO3 ,24 UV 6.30 ± 2.64 nm
using Curcuma longa tuber powder powder extract hours, at room temperature (25°C). XRD Crystalline
TEM FCC
SEM
EDXRF
FTIR
38 Ipomea carnea-based silver nanoparticle Ipomea carnea The leaf extract (1,2,5 and 10% v/v) was UV 30 to 130 nm
synthesis for antibacterial activity against against selected mixed with enough 1 mM AgNO3 at room DLS Spherical
selected human pathogens human pathogens. temperature. AFM FCC
TEM
FTIR
39 Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized Silver Tinospora cordifolia 1 mM AgNO3, UV 9 ± 36 nm
Nanoparticles from Tinospora cordifolia 15 ml extract ,15-20 minutes at 70-75°C. FTIR Crystal
against Multi Drug Resistant Strains of TEM Crystalline
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from EDX
Burn Patients XRD
40 Low-cost and eco-friendly synthesis coconut (Cocos 4 ml extract, 96 ml 1 mm AgNO3, TEM 10–70 nm
of silver nanoparticles using coconut nucifera) oil cake incubated for 8 h in a rotary shaker (180 Spherical
(Cocos nucifera) oil cake extract and its extract rpm) at 260C. crystal
antibacterial activity
41 Rapid Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Cymbopogan 1 mM AgNO3 and extract in 1:4 ratio under UV 20-40 nm
Using Cymbopogan Citratus Citratus aseptic conditions. The pH 8.0, incubated TEM Spherical
(Lemongrass) and its Antimicrobial Activity (Lemongrass) at 37℃ for 24 hours. EDX FCC
NTA
42 Green Biosynthesis of Silver Callicarpa maingayi 100 ml extract solution,100 ml 0.01M UV 12.40 ± 3.27 nm
Nanoparticles Using Callicarpa maingayi Stem Bark Extraction AgNO3, at room temperature(25°C) for XRD Crystalline
Stem Bark Extraction 48hr TEM FCC
SEM
EDX
FTIR

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Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al. (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater,
13: 324.

Page 8 of 11

43 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology/ Olea europaea 5 ml extract 0.001 M AgNO3, at room UV 10 nm

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Leaves Extract (leaf) temperature. TEM Spherical
Olea europaea Leaves Extract and its SEM FCC
Antibacterial Activity XRD
FTIR
44 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Sargassum 1 mM AgNO3, UV 20 nm
Sargassum tenerrimum and screening tenerrimum 5 ml seaweed extract, gradually heated at FTIR Spherical
phytochemicals for its antibacterial activity and screening 90°C for 20 mins. TEM Crystal
Photochemical DLS
45 Biosynthesis and Characterization of Leaf Extract Abutilon 10 ml Plant extract 1mM AgNO3 at UV 50-100 nm
Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract indicum room temperature. FTIR Crystal
Abutilon indicum SEM Crystalline
46 Plant-mediated synthesis of silver Petroselinum 20mM AgNO3, Extract added drop wise UV 30 nm
nanoparticles using parsley (Petroselinum crispum leaf extract to maintain total concentration 10mM,24 XRD Spherical
crispum) leaf extract: spectral analysis of hr,10000 rpm for 30min. DLS FCC
the particles and antibacterial study TEM
FTIR
47 Sunlight-induced rapid and efficient leaf extract of 5ml extracts of (10%, 7%, 5%, and 3%) UV 10-20 nm
biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles Ocimum sanctum ,45 mL of 0.001M AgNO3 to make upto TEM Crystal
using aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum 50ml, kept Under sunlight. FCC
sanctum Linn. with enhanced antibacterial
activity
48 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Garcinia mangostana 1mM AgNO3,10ml fruit extract,boiled for UV 30 to 50nm
Garcinia mangostana Fruit Extract and Fruit Extract 15 minutes at 80°C. TEM Spherical
their Antibacterial, Antioxidant Activity FCC
49 Coleus aromaticus leaf extract mediated Coleus aromaticus 90 ml 1mM AgNO3, UV 40-50 nm
synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its leaf extract 10 ml plant extract, XRD Crystal
bactericidal activity incubated at room temperature for 10 min. FTIR Crystalline
TEM
SEM
50 Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using lemon leaves extract 5ml extract,45 ml 0.002 M AgNO3, room UV 30-50 nm
lemon leaves extract and its application temperature in dark. 1 hr TEM Spherical
for an antimicrobial finish on fabric SEM FCC
FTIR
AFM
XRD
51 Waste-grass-mediated green synthesis of Waste-grass- 15ml extract,1,2.5,5 mM AgNO3, Western blot 4-34 nm
silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their mediated green kept in dark at 28°C Crystal
anticancer, antifungal and antibacterial extract Crystalline
activity

to synthesize AgNPs. Each aqueous plant extract (10 ml) was mixed AgNPs was investigated using reaction mixtures with varying pH (5,
with 1 mM aqueous AgNO3 solution (90 ml) (for reduction of Ag+ ions 6, 7, 8, and 9).
into Ag0) and incubated overnight at room temperature in the dark
Time impact on Ag+ bioreduction:
(to prevent the photo-activation of AgNO3). The resulting reddish-
brown solution serves as an indicator for the processing of AgNPs. The 25 mL of Syzygium aqueum leaf extract was blended with 75 ml
solutions derived from Silver nanoparticles have been purified for 15 of 1mM AgNO3 solution. The effect of time on silver nanoparticle
minutes by repeated centrifugation at 10000 rpm. For the additional synthesis was estimated from 30 minutes to 18 hours.
settlement of particles, the supernatant was then transferred to a clean
dry beaker, and a repetitive centrifuge was used with a microfuge to Phytochemical screening of plant extract
dry and purify silver nanoparticles. The samples thus collected were Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts was carried out by
dried and utilized for further characterization in an incubator. Silver following standard procedures for different Phytoconstituents present
nanoparticles were therefore produced in one green step. in Syzygium aqueum leaf extract were performed as follows:
The effect of various silver nitrate concentrations on Ag+
Hager's Test for Alkaloids –
bioreduction:
A few drops of Hager's reagent were used for the test solution
From a 1M solution of AgNO3, various amounts of silver nitrate
(saturated picric acid solution). The development of yellow precipitates
(1mM, 2mM, 3mM, 4mM, and 5mM) were prepared. 5 ml of the
confirms the presence of alkaloids.
plant extract was mixed with 20 ml of solution from each AgNO3
concentration solution. After leaving the mixed solutions at 27°C Flavonoid assay (Shindo's assay):
(Room temperature) for one day, the maximum values were recorded
using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. A few magnesium turnings and a few drops of concentrate
hydrochloric acid were applied to 2ml of the test solution before
The impact of pH on Ag+ bioreduction: boiling for 5 minutes. The existence of flavonoids was denoted by the
Since pH is essential for the effective synthesis of nanoparticles, this appearance of red pigment.
element increases the reactivity of plant extract with silver ions. The pH Test for Phenols:
of the 1mM AgNO3 solution with plant extract was retained by adding
a 1M sodium hydroxide solution. The impact of pH on the synthesis of A few drops of ferric chloride solution are applied to 2ml of the

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ISSN: 2155-952X
Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al. (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater,
13: 324.

Page 9 of 11

test solution to conduct the phenol test. The expression of phenols was of an electron Microscope that images a sample in a raster scan pattern
shown by a red color. by scanning an electron beam. The electrons interact with the atoms
present in the sample and generate signals which contain information
Test for Tannins:
about the surface topography, chemical content, and crystalline
Tannins were determined by combining the test solution with a structure of the synthesized nanoparticles. Data is gathered across a
simple lead acetate solution. Formation of a white precipitate confirms predetermined region of the sample's surface, and a 2-dimensional
the presence of Tannins. picture displaying spatial variation in these characteristics is created.
The crystals were analyzed and separated using SEM to determine the
Characterization of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles(AgNPs):
sizes and forms of the materials.
UV-Visible spectroscopy:
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM):
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, also known as ultraviolet-
TEM is a microscopy technique in which an electron beam is
visible(UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, is a form of absorption
passed through a highly thin specimen, interfering with it as it travels.
spectroscopy that operates in the UV-visible spectral range. This means
The association of electrons emitted through the specimen creates an
that visible and neighboring light (near UV and near-infrared (NIR))
image, which is focused and magnified onto an imaging system. The
are used. The observable field has a significant impact on the color
morphology of the nanoparticles was studied using high-resolution
perception of the chemicals involved. Molecules undergo an electrical
pictures taken with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) set to
transformation in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Absorption
300kV. AgNPs were sonicated for 5 minutes before analysis, and a drop
refers to a substance that absorbs light at a given wavelength. UV-Vis
of properly diluted sample was put onto a carbon-covered copper grid.
spectroscopy was used to monitor the color variations of the mixture
Blotting paper was used to remove excess solution. The liquid portion
over time. The UV-Vis spectrum was monitored at 54 wavelengths
was then allowed to dry at ambient temperature.
ranging from 200-700 nm. on a UV spectrophotometer.
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential :
UV-visible spectroscopy is utilized in this work to characterize
metal nanoparticles and to comprehend surface Plasmons and The particle size distribution of silver was determined using
electronic transitions in metal nanoparticles. To begin characterizing DLS measurements, and the stability of the synthesized AgNPs was
the synthesized silver nanoparticles, a tiny aliquot of material was evaluated using zeta potential analysis. Both measurements were taken
placed in a UV–Visible spectrophotometer of absorption spectra at with Zeta-sizer Nano series compact dispersion spectrometer.
300-700 nm. The UV-visible spectrophotometer is used to calculate the
Antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles
absorption spectrum of metal nanoparticles distributed in the water.
(AgNPs):
The sample keeping cells were quartz cuvettes (cells) with a route length
of 10 mm. Before employing UV radiation, the cuvettes are thoroughly In recent years, antibiotic resistance has been a major public health
cleaned with water, acetone, and dried. issue. Unlike traditional and limited spectrum antibiotics, metallic
silver nanoparticles have a deadly impact on a wide variety of bacteria
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR):
and do not allow pathogens to build resistance. Biosynthesized Silver
The technique is based on the fact that compounds and groups nanoparticles can be utilized as a powerful tool to control harmful
of compounds vibrate with characteristic frequencies. The molecule infections caused by microorganisms at extremely low concentrations
exposed to IR rays absorbs infrared energy at the characteristic and as a preventative agent. While silver ions or silver salts have
frequency. Throughout FTIR analysis, a point in the sample is exposed antibacterial properties, the mechanisms for the action of silver
to a modulated infrared (IR) beam. The resulting spectral pattern is then nanoparticles are not yet completely characterized. Nutrient agar and
compared and analyzed to known signatures of materials identified nutrient broth were used for the sub-culturing of the bacterial isolates.
in the FTIR-library. Silver nanoparticles and aqueous extracts were Mueller-Hinton agar was used for the bacterial sensitivity screening.
mixed with potassium bromide (KBr) and processed into a thin KBr The antibacterial screening of the synthesized nanoparticles was done
disk under a pressure of 7845 KPa for 2 minutes, and all spectra were by agar well diffusion and MIC.
measured in the range of 4000 to 400 cm-1. The resultant spectrum is
Agar well diffusion method:
typical of the organic compounds contained in the sample. Without
sample preparation, the method may instantly generate FTIR spectra The antibacterial behavior of the synthesized nanoparticles
of solid, semi-solid, and liquid materials in any shape. It can work with was tested using the nutrient agar well diffusion system defined
a minimum sample size of 15, minimal alignment, kinematic mount, by Schillenger and Luke (1989). The nutrient agar medium was
and fast sample change. FTIR gives information on chemical bonding inoculated with 0.1mL of a fresh overnight nutrient broth culture of
in a substance. Because the band intensities are related to the chemical Staphylococcus aureus and poured onto sterile Petri plates. Six 6mm
concentration of the molecule, qualitative estimates are also achievable diameter wells were punched in each plate using a borer, and the plates
[25-28]. were dried for 5 minutes. After keeping the plate at 27°C for 2 hours
to enable diffusion of the controls and samples into the nutrient agar
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM):
medium, the well-known antibacterial medication Ofloxin was used as
SEM is a high magnification microscope that creates images of a positive control for silver nanoparticles synthesized. The plates were
the synthesized sample using a directed scanned electron beam. Thin incubated for 24 - 48 hours at 37°C. The test organism's exposure to any
films of the synthesized nanoparticles were made on a carbon-coated of the synthesized samples was demonstrated by a clear halo around the
aluminum grid by simply dropping a small amount of sample onto the well. The diameters of the halos were determined with a translucent plastic
grid. An additional solution was made. It was removed using blotting ruler to calculate the degree of sensitivity. They were then tested to see
paper and then the film was placed under a mercury-lamp for 5 minutes. whether they inhibited bacterial development. In each case, the diameters
EM images were observed at different levels of magnification. It's kind of inhibition zones were represented in millimeters of sensitivity.

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ISSN: 2155-952X
Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al. (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater,
13: 324.

Page 10 of 11

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): Therefore, the utilization of plant extract for synthesis in the next
decades can have an incredible effect.
Silver nanoparticle dilutions of 10,20,40,80,160 g/ml were prepared
and used in this analysis. 200µl of bacterial suspension was inoculated Statements & Declarations
into each test tube containing varying amounts of AgNPs and a
comparable volume of Muller Hinton Broth (MHB) and incubated Funding:
for 24 hours at 37°C. The technique also contained a positive control The authors declare that no funding, grants, or other support were
(tube containing only bacterial suspension and nutrient media without received during the creation of this manuscript.
nanoparticles) and negative control (tube containing nanoparticles and
nutrient medium without bacterial suspension) [29, 30]. Competing Interests:
The authors have no material conflicts of interest, either financial
Conclusion
or otherwise.
Many attempts have been made over the previous decades to create
novel technologies for green synthesis. Live organisms offer a great Contribution of authors
potential for nanomaterial synthesis which may be used in various All authors have invested their time, effort and knowledge into
areas and in particular in healthcare. Organisms from basic to very designing, drafting and editing this manuscript. The final draft was
sophisticated eukaryotes can be utilized to produce the appropriate agreed upon mutual satisfaction after having gone through multiple
size and form of nanoobjects. Prokaryotes are simplest of biomass rigorous revisions.
forms and are easier to modify genetically to generate more desirable
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ISSN: 2155-952X
Citation: Thirunavukarasu K, Siham MA, Jayachandran J, Rao M, Raj G, et al. (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. J Biotechnol Biomater,
13: 324.

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J Biotechnol Biomater, an open access journal Volume 13 • Issue 3 • 1000324

ISSN: 2155-952X