GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,

WASHIM

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Academic Year 2023-2024
Course: Database Management (DMA)

Course Code: 22416 Program: IF4I

A MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON:

“IP Configuration for Data Transmission in Internet”

GUIDE HOD
O. P. Ghorsade Mr. U. A. Bagade
(Lecturer in Information Technology) (Information Technology)

PRINCIPAL

Dr. B. G. Gawalwad
(Government Polytechnic, Washim)
 DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

A Micro-Project Report On :-
“IP Configuration for Data Transmission in Internet”

-: Submitted By :-

SR.
NAME ENROLL. NO.
NO.

1. Aditya Mohan Shinde 2200310325

2. Vaibhav Gajanan Dal 2200310368

3. Ayushi Subhash Ingle 2200310372

4. Neha Dnyaneshwar Rathod 2200310318

 TABLE OF CONTENT

SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 Introduction to IP Configuration 1
2 IP Addressing 2
3 Subnetting 3
4 Default Gateway 5
5 DHCP
8
6 Static IP Addressing 11
7 DNS Configuration 12
8 IPv4 vs. IPv6 14
 Introduction to IP Configuration
IP configuration, short for Internet Protocol configuration,
refers to the process of setting up network parameters that
enable devices to communicate with each other over the
Internet or a local network. IP configuration involves assigning
unique addresses to devices, specifying network settings, and
configuring routing information.

The IP Configuration window configures the Internet

Protocol parameters, allowing the device to receive and send IP
packets. In its factory default configuration, the switch operates
as a multiport learning bridge with network connectivity
provided by the ports on the switch.

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 IP Addressing
Every device on a computer network, whether it's a
computer, smartphone, or server, is assigned a unique IP
address. IP addresses are used to identify devices and route
data packets to their intended destinations. IPv4 and IPv6 are
the two primary versions of the Internet Protocol used for IP
addressing.
IP addressing is a fundamental aspect of computer
networking that allows devices to communicate with each other
within a network and across the Internet. Here's an overview of
IP addressing.

An IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device

participating in a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication. It serves two primary purposes:
network interface identification and location addressing.

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 Subnetting
Large networks are often divided into smaller subnetworks
called subnets. Subnetting helps organize network resources
efficiently and improves network performance. Each subnet is
identified by a subnet mask, which determines the range of IP
addresses within the subnet.
Subnetting is a technique used in computer networking to
divide a single, large network into smaller, more manageable
subnetworks called subnets. Subnetting offers several benefits,
including improved network performance, enhanced security,
and efficient allocation of IP addresses.

When a bigger network is divided into smaller networks, to

maintain security, then that is known as Subnetting. So,
maintenance is easier for smaller networks. For example, if we
consider a class A address, the possible number of hosts is
224 for each network, it is obvious that it is difficult to maintain
such a huge number of hosts, but it would be quite easier to
maintain if we divide the network into small parts.

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Uses of Subnetting

 Subnetting helps in organizing the network in an efficient

way which helps in expanding the technology for large
firms and companies.
 Subnetting is used for specific staffing structures to reduce
traffic and maintain order and efficiency.
 Subnetting divides domains of the broadcast so that traffic
is routed efficiently, which helps in improving network
performance.
 Subnetting is used in increasing network security.

In the above diagram, there are two Subnets.

Note: It is a class C IP so, there are 24 bits in the network id
part and 8 bits in the host id part.

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 Default Gateway

The default gateway is a device (typically a router) on a

network that serves as an entry and exit point for data packets
traveling between the local network and external networks,
such as the Internet. The default gateway's IP address is
configured on every device within the network to enable
communication beyond the local network.
The default gateway is the node that forwards the packet
from the source to other networks when there is no routing
information about the destination i.e. host (or router) does not
know where the destination is present.
A default gateway is a route to which information is passed
when the device does not know where the destination is
present.
It is used when there is no routing information available
about the destination.
It is a node that allows the communication of computers on
different networks.
‘Default’ here means the default route which is to be taken
when the host does not know where the destination is.
It is most commonly used for webpage access.
This is an important part of networking for routing the data
and finding the corresponding destination which is in another
network.

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When Default Gateway is Used:

When the source wants to reach a destination which is

outside its network then, the source uses the default gateway to
forward the data and locate the destination’s network so that
data should reach its intended destination. The default
gateways are used when the host doesn’t know about the
destination’s network i.e. the network in which the destination
is present or when the route information is not available for any
destination then it goes to the default gateway so that it can
identify in which network the destination is and can forward the
data through that route. The default gateway is an important
device for the data forwarding and routing of the data on the
other network. It helps in the communication of one network
computer with the other network computer.

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How to Find Your Default Gateway:

1. In Windows:
In Windows, we can get our default gateway with Command
Prompt.
To access the command prompt click on start and search for
“CMD” and open.
In the command prompt window type “ipconfig” command
and press enter and you can see the Default Gateway in the
information generated by the command with the machine’s IP
address listed.
2. In Linux:
Open the terminal and use the command “ip route | grep
default “. It will locate the default gateway.

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 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol)

DHCP is a network protocol used to automatically assign IP

addresses and other network configuration parameters to
devices within a network. DHCP servers dynamically allocate IP
addresses from a pool of available addresses, simplifying IP
configuration for end-user devices.
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is
the critical feature on which the users of an enterprise network
communicate. DHCP helps enterprises to smoothly manage the
allocation of IP addresses to the end-user clients’ devices such
as desktops, laptops, cellphones, etc. is an application layer
protocol that is used to provide:

Subnet Mask (Option 1 - e.g., 255.255.255.0)

Router Address (Option 3 - e.g., 192.168.1.1)
DNS Address (Option 6 - e.g., 8.8.8.8)
Vendor Class Identifier (Option 43 - e.g.,
'unifi' = 192.168.1.9 ##where unifi = controller)

DHCP is based on a client-server model and based on

discovery, offer, request, and ACK.

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Why Use DHCP?

DHCP helps in managing the entire process automatically

and centrally. DHCP helps in maintaining a unique IP Address
for a host using the server. DHCP servers maintain information
on TCP/IP configuration and provide configuration of address
to DHCP-enabled clients in the form of a lease offer.

Components of DHCP
The main components of DHCP include:

 DHCP Server: DHCP Server is basically a server that holds

IP Addresses and other information related to
configuration.
 DHCP Client: It is basically a device that receives
configuration information from the server. It can be a
mobile, laptop, computer, or any other electronic device
that requires a connection.
 DHCP Relay: DHCP relays basically work as a
communication channel between DHCP Client and Server.

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 IP Address Pool: It is the pool or container of IP
Addresses possessed by the DHCP Server. It has a range of
addresses that can be allocated to devices.
 Subnets: Subnets are smaller portions of the IP network
partitioned to keep networks under control.
 Lease: It is simply the time that how long the information
received from the server is valid, in case of expiration of
the lease, the tenant must have to re-assign the lease.
 DNS Servers: DHCP servers can also provide DNS
(Domain Name System) server information to DHCP
clients, allowing them to resolve domain names to IP
addresses.
 Default Gateway: DHCP servers can also provide
information about the default gateway, which is the device
that packets are sent to when the destination is outside
the local network.
 Options: DHCP servers can provide additional
configuration options to clients, such as the subnet mask,
domain name, and time server information.
 Renewal: DHCP clients can request to renew their lease
before it expires to ensure that they continue to have a
valid IP address and configuration information.
 Failover: DHCP servers can be configured for failover,
where two servers work together to provide redundancy
and ensure that clients can always obtain an IP address
and configuration information, even if one server goes
down.
 Dynamic Updates: DHCP servers can also be configured
to dynamically update DNS records with the IP address of
DHCP clients, allowing for easier management of network
resources.

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 Static IP Addressing
In some cases, devices may require static (fixed) IP addresses
to maintain consistent connectivity. Static IP addressing
involves manually configuring the IP address, subnet mask,
default gateway, and DNS (Domain Name System) server
settings on each device.

A static IP address is a 32 bit number assigned to a computer

as an address on the internet. This number is in the form of
a dotted quad and is typically provided by an internet service
provider (ISP).

An IP address (internet protocol address) acts as a unique

identifier for a device that connects to the internet. Computers
use IP addresses to locate and talk to each other on the
internet, much the same way people use phone numbers to
locate and talk to one another on the telephone. An IP address
can provide information such as the hosting provider and
geographic location data.
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 DNS Configuration
DNS translates domain names (e.g., www.example.com)
into IP addresses. DNS configuration involves specifying DNS
server IP addresses on devices within the network. DNS settings
are typically provided automatically through DHCP, but they
can also be configured manually.

DNS stands for Domain Name System. A Domain Name is

a human language representation of an IP address. An IP
Address is what every computer on the internet uses to address
itself when interacting with other computers, using a network
protocol called TCP/IP. IP (v4) addresses look like a series of
numbers and decimal points, such as 123.123.123.12.
When someone types in a domain name
like www.domain.com, their browser communicates with a series
of root domain name servers that act as a reference book,
providing the IP address associated with that domain name.
The browser then uses that IP to communicate directly to the
server that the website is hosted on.
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 In this way, DNS acts as a middle-man, translating user
requests into IP addresses. This is what allows people to
connect to websites over the internet. Without DNS, people
would be required to memorize and enter long IP addresses
when connecting to other websites instead of just typing in the
website’s name.

DNS Terminology
The following is a list of important terms and concepts related
to the Domain Name System.

 TLD (Top Level Domain) – the TLD is the last part of a

domain name, such as .com, .net, .org, a two letter country
domain, or one of several other TLDs out there.
 SLD (Second Level Domain) – the SLD is the most human
readable part of the domain name. In a domain name like
www.domain.com, “domain” is the SLD. An SLD can contain
any alphanumeric character in it (a-z, 0-9), dashes or
minuses ( – ), or underscores ( _ ), but it cannot have
spaces between characters.

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 IPv4 vs. IPv6
While IPv4 is still widely used, the adoption of IPv6 is
increasing due to the depletion of available IPv4 addresses. IPv6
offers a much larger address space, which is necessary to
accommodate the growing number of devices connected to the
Internet.

IPv4
IPv4 address consists of two things that are the network
address and the host address. It stands for Internet Protocol
version four. It was introduced in 1981 by DARPA and was the
first deployed version in 1982 for production on SATNET and
on the ARPANET in January 1983.
IPv4 addresses are 32-bit integers that have to be
expressed in Decimal Notation. It is represented by 4 numbers
separated by dots in the range of 0-255, which have to be
converted to 0 and 1, to be understood by Computers. For
Example, An IPv4 Address can be written as 189.123.123.90.

IPv4 Address Format

IPv4 Address Format is a 32-bit Address that comprises

binary digits separated by a dot (.).

IPv4 Address Format

14
IPv6
IPv6 is based on IPv4 and stands for Internet Protocol
version 6. It was first introduced in December 1995 by Internet
Engineering Task Force. IP version 6 is the new version of
Internet Protocol, which is way better than IP version 4 in terms
of complexity and efficiency. IPv6 is written as a group of 8
hexadecimal numbers separated by colon (:). It can be written
as 128 bits of 0s and 1s.

IPv6 Address Format

IPv6 Address Format is a 128-bit IP Address, which is written in

a group of 8 hexadecimal numbers separated by colon (:).

IPv6 Address Format

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Benefits of IPv6
The recent Version of IP IPv6 has a greater advantage over IPv4.
Here are some of the mentioned benefits:

 Larger Address Space: IPv6 has a greater address space

than IPv4, which is required for expanding the IP
Connected Devices. IPv6 has 128 bit IP Address rather and
IPv4 has a 32-bit Address.
 Improved Security: IPv6 has some improved security
which is built in with it. IPv6 offers security like Data
Authentication, Data Encryption, etc. Here, an Internet
Connection is more Secure.
 Simplified Header Format: As compared to IPv4, IPv6 has
a simpler and more effective header Structure, which is
more cost-effective and also increases the speed of
Internet Connection.
 Prioritize: IPv6 contains stronger and more reliable
support for QoS features, which helps in increasing traffic
over websites and increases audio and video quality on
pages.
 Improved Support for Mobile Devices: IPv6 has
increased and better support for Mobile Devices. It helps
in making quick connections over other Mobile Devices
and in a safer way than IPv4.

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Conclusion:
In conclusion, IP configuration is a crucial aspect of data
transmission in computer networks, enabling devices to
communicate effectively within a network and across the
Internet.

Reference:

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dynamic-host-configuration-
protocol-dhcp/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Prot
ocol
https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/DHCP

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