A D J E C T I V EASN D A D V E R B S

OVERVIEW 3 ADVERBIAL PHRASES

An adverbial phrase (an .adjunc,) is a group of
words that works like an adverb to say-wh"rr,
ho*,
I ADJECTIVES etc. something happens. They can be:
. prepositional phrases:
Adjectivesdescribenouns. W'e normally use
adjectives
in fwo positions - before nouns and after Wlty don't you leaveall that on the table?
'link'verbs . noun phrases:
(be,seem,a.ppear,become,
feel,look, tuste, I wouldn't haveput it that way.
sound, smell,get, etc.):
Whoto pleasant man! He seemed" . adverb phrases:
pleasant.
. Wecanuse many adjectivesin I think you'ye all donevery well inileed.
both positions, but
weuseothers in either one position or the other:
Itwasan outrtght victory. I,m glad you could.come. 4 POSITION AND ORDER OF ADVERBS
:
. Herearemore examples of adjectives We usually put an adverb after an object:
commonly
usedbeforenouns: xry ,&
F
countless iniloor neighbourtng maximum / I ptay thepiano very well. $1:
northern . Adverbs and adverbial phrases
usually go at rhe
. Hereare examplesof adjectives end of the sentence,and usually in thJorder .how,
used after verbs:
twake conteflt asleep aware glad --+'where'-+ 'when':
aftaid alive sure alone alike They wereplaying quietly in the garilen last night.
. W'e can move one of these
adverbs to the
2 FORMINGADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES beginning of the sentence for emphasis or focus:
Wecanturn mosr adjectives into adverbs by adding Last night they wereplaying quietty in the garilen.
-h (r.. Secrionr.3). There (= focusing on 'when') In the garilen, they
may be spelling variatioirs: were all
slow slowly playing quietly. (= focusing on 'where,;
-, quick quiikty
possible possibly . Adverbs of manner can also
automatic automaticalll go before the verb:
etsy easily satisfdctory satisfactority The villagers slowly walked roind the square.
true truly fulI
. We can also form some adverbs
frtty OTHER ADVERBS
from nouns bv
adding -ly: We usually put adverbs of frequen cy (atways, ofr*,
hour hourly part partly etc.) before the verb or at rhe end of th. phr"r.,
I quite ofttn drive past their house.
Adjectivesand adverbs with the same form
I drive f,ast their housequite ofren.
Someadjectiveshave the same form when thev are ' These adverbs usually go
after the first auxiliary
adverbs: verb:
A4iective Adverb I've just seenDominic.
I wasthefirst personthere. I arived. first. I've frequently beenswimming with him.
That'sa fine distinction. That suitsusfine No-te the variery of positions of srlll, already, and,
yet:
Thetruck hit the low bridge. Theplane swioped.low. I_still haven'tfinished. I,ve still not
finislted.
Is she still here?
. Some adjectives end in -ly,
like monthly and,early, T.heyle qlready beenhere. They,vebeenhErealready.
and have the same form as adjective and adverb. Are they lterealready? Are they already here?
Others can't be transformed into adverbs.Instead I haven'tfinished yet. Haven,tyou
we have to use a phrase: finiihed. yet?
I haven'tyet finished.
He had a fiendly attitude. We use only and evenin rwo main positions:
He behavedin a ftiendly way. . before the subject they focus
. Other adjectiveslike this include: on:
I think only John reaYyunderstand.sthispoint.
t?:-rty cowardly deadty likely lively tonely Even Simon is a bit confused,
silly ugly lwely . before the verb:
I only like the green ones.
I qen think that the red onesare ugly.

115
 GRAMMAR

3 ADJECTIVEOR ADVERB?
SECTION I We use some adjectives after link verbs (see
Overview, 1). We can normally distinguish befween
Adjectwestructures;adlecnyeor an adjective, which describes the noun, and an
adverb, which usually adds information about the
adverb? verb:
Adiective Adverb
1 ADJECTIVESAFTER NOUNS
I got the dnswer rtght. It's easy,asyou rightly say.
We can use some adjectives before and after nouns.
I thin'leyou're wrong. He was wrongly cotwicted.
A change in position involves a change of meaning:
Closethe lid tight. Hold on tightly.
the present nrcumstances(- now)
SheLookspretty. Shesangveryprettily.
the peoplepresent (= who are here)
Now wipe it clean. It brokecleonin two.
an itwolveil explanation (= complicated)
tlte peopleiwolved (= who took part) . Some adverbs have rwo forms: an -ly form and one
a conctrneil erpression( = worried) that looks like an adjective. These rwo forms may
tlte peopleconcqneil (= affected) have different meanings:
a responsibleperson(= sensible) He arrived late. 1- not on time)
the peopleresponsible(= who did it) I haven'tseenhim lately. (= recently)
. There are a very few adjectives that we can only We'reflying direct. (= by the shortest route)
use after nouns: I'lI tell you directly. (= immediately)
presentsgalore the President-elect The dancer Leapthigh. He's highly thougltt of,
the Prime Minister designate It was raininghard. It hardly matters now.
I like diving dtrp. We deeply regret the move.
2 STRUCTURESAFTER ADJECTIVES You'vegot it all wrong. The Letterwas wrongly
addressed.
We use a to-infinitive after some adjectives following Be thereat twelvesharp. I was sharply repimanded.
'link'
verbs, e.g. be,feel,, etc In informal spoken English, we use some
It's bound to rainlater. I'm willing to try. adjectives as adverbs with no change of form,
I'm loath to commit trryself, I'm inclined to agree. although an -ly version exists:
The situation k liable to change. Tltty don't seem The boy shoutedas loud as he could to a passingyacht.
able to help at the moment. We're ilue to arrhre
Adjectives we commonly use in this way include:
soon.I'm prepared to compromise.
cheap quick slow kind real
. We use a that-clatse after some adjectives referring
Here are some common phrases that use
to people's beliefs and feelings. (As is normal in
adjectives after verbs:
that-clatses, we can omit tlrat):
Hefell flat on his face. His jokesfell flat. He's snll
I'm pleased (that) you'vefound a goodjob.
going strong. Hold tight! Feelfree to look around,
Here are more examples of these adjectives: Take it easy! Turn sharp right,
aware cutain afraid sorry
surprtsed upset worried sad
anxious sure frightened confident
. We use a prepositional phrase after some
adjectives.The preposition collocates with the
adjective:
Nobodyis immune fro* citicism.
Here are more examples:
Tick (,/) tirresentences that contain adjectives.
ashamedof devoid of integral to subject to
descandedfro^ lacking in coffipatible with a Malaria can be a deadly disease.
intent on filled with charactuistic of b He caught the ball cleanly and passed it to the
wing.
c I hit him as hard as I could.
d When are the results due to arrive?
e I think anyone involved in that deal should resign.

116
 A D J E C T I V ES T R U C T U R E S
A;D J E C T I V Eo R A D V E R B ?

@ nnt one of these words in each

of the gaps below, using each
Q riu each of the blanks with a suitabre adjective from as
the rist. many times as you want to.
devoid frt, certain incrined. riabre
concerned fined erect that b with at of on for
a Those ...... the politicar implications orirr. new inW
very worried..with policy are
a I am relieved.......... seethat thev
b The outgoing president was accompanied
by the president are pleased... their
c I'm to think that it would be t.me, ,J
firri.r, this later. accommodation. It seems
d Thesebuildings are ..........to collapse
ir, ,t.or,g earthquake. entirely compatible . ....... their
e I was absolutely "
I,d left it on the table. wishes.
f landscape was completely
JT of any sign of human b I am almost embarrassed.....
habitation.
admit that I feel extremelv
g Pleasefeel . to use the phone if you need to.
te ashamed my fellow_
h The ex-prisoneris ..........wit^hremorse
for what he has done. countrymen on occasionssuch
as
Underline this, particularly when they seem
@ the appropriate adjective or adverb.
utterly devoid
They drove under a low /lowly bridge. "ry,r"rrrr...
? at all.
b She has travelled wide /wideli.
c I'm afraid . speak to her
c Make sure you're here r"rr.r,
o,clock sharp / sharply. about this becauri I,* frightened
d She loved him dear/ dear\. ",
upsetting her.
e We'll be there short / shoitlv.
d It is probable .......... he will prove
f Three-toed sloths live deep'rdeepry
in the Amazonforest. to be the most likely p..ron
@ circle the adjectives risted a, b, c or d, that can the job and the one mosr
fill each gap. likely do it properly.
One, two, three or all of them may
be possible. e I am aw are..........
t The your
child was comforted by his aunt. deficiencies and the areasyou are
a sick b afraid c frightened d
ill lacking practice just as I
z They had stories .... . .. abour
their ffavels through India. am aware you share these
aunlikely bgalore ca_plenry
^ dcountless weaknesseswith many others.
3 A speedysolution is . . ... .
f I know he' s very sure . . . . . . . . . .
himself and is intent
proving he can pass, but we are
not convinced his success
can be taken for granted.
g I was interested read that
many fans had expressed
amazenfent ..........the result. Isn,t
it amazing so many people
take an interest such
obscure sports?
h I know I should be ashamed
admit that I am saddened
young paula,s being
written out of my favou.it. ,o"p.
It's a preffy awful thirg
have to admit, but L."lly
upset she's leaving. "rn
 GRAMMAR

SECTION 2
Irwersionafter negativeadverbs After not until, only when
and only after, the
imrersion is in the main
part of the sentence:
(For inversion in conditionals ,(
after should.,had, etc. _--_..,vv.wE__wT_rrcteffin
see Unit 5, Sections3.4 wore
and 4. Forinversion in
clausesaftet such,so, see result / Not until I saw him itiit
Unit d, Secdon 2.1.) I rememberwe had met
before.
1 WHAT IS INVERSTON?
When we begin a sentence Frequency
with a negative adverb
adverbial phrlse, we sometimes or w'e also use inversion after 'negadve'
have to change the adverbs which
usual word order-of subject emphasisefrequency at
rr..U (often using an rfr" i.ii.rning of a sentence:
auxiliary verb such ^,
di\, ""J
Never haver been
io mkenouoZy R;*i;;
I had nfrer seen togetmayfor a holiday.,rr7iT,t;;;; rily frn
in oneroom. ;;p"ii;*
(= norma , *"r;t #KrPeople out of the news. Haritiy qer
anAhe wear a suit.
Nqer had I seenso many . We can also
peoplein one room. use inversion after .negadve,
(= inversion) at the beginning of a senterr.. adverbs
-- ,o emphasisehow
1lfr3t1."tly thingsfr"pp*,
Little did sherealie.h;
was about to happen.
/ Not on\t was he good.rooking, Nowhere was a replacement
he was arsovery rc befound..
intelligent
Generat emphasis
2 WHEN WE USE INVERSIOilI We often use inversion
for general emphasis
phrases that use onlv: with
We use inversion when
we move a negative adverb only by patienceind hard.
(never,nowhere,no1onlt, work wirl we
etc.) to tt. u.!rr*'J"r" solution. find a
sentence.Wb do this
becausewe *^rr.ri^
want to ^*1,^"
emphasise Only in this way do we
the meaning of the adverb stand.any chanceof success.
. and we can
also use phrases with
no:
Time relationships shoutd rhisbe ,rgardrd
as an end of the
. We use invers.ion h::;,
after .negative, adverbs On no account
noa,,u,l:l#:: ::':: t::;i :#
which
,.fiLTj::e
a dme relationsiip at the
beginning of a uniter
hadl put thephoneitown
tr,
Y;r::.""* than it rang 3 NOT USING INVERSION
Harilly / Scarcely/ Barely W'e use inversion when
hadI got my breathback the adverb modifies the
whenit wast,' and not when it modifie, verb,
,fr. ,rorrrl
. we Rarely seenduing the day,
Not ",,,,",T::::;tr#;ses
until he apotogiru
thatusenor: slry animal. (= ,ro inversiln)
,;-ioagn is afamously
ill t ,p*t, to him again.
Not sinceI was liltle have Harilly anyoneknowsabout'it.
tiia- ro muchfun. 1= no inversion)
Notfor one minute do I
imaginethey,ll comeback.
. W'e use inversion
with ,o*1. time phrases
only: that use
Only after seyeralweeles Tick (/) the senrences
did she begtnto recover which do not conrain
only later did she realke inversion.
wt oi-lroa happened.
Only then did he-remembu a Nowhere hav
Orly when l,ve
ir-ioa* got his keys.
finished this *U t beable to think
about anything eke.
b):-:lg*..*',lffilJJl,Hti:T
jffi.
atternadves.
Here are more examples: c Only by paying the
fees in full can we guarantee
on\r recently onty-in plac! ." trr! ."urse. a
the lastfnv itays
only last week only d anyone applied for the job.
five *in ii, earlier lardly
e Not since the t9+os has there-d...,
118 such poverry
 INVERSION AFTER NEGATIVEADVERBS

F @ ivtatch rhe first (1-10) and second ("-j) parts.

Examples:r*j z*i
k, @ Underlineall the phrases (a-i) rhar can starr Inconsistent advice about a new husband!
F
6
sentence
I below.
a Rarelyif ever
(1 On no account should)
(2 Not only should he be allowed to give his
ffi
g:f. b Not only opinions,)
ffi',,'
W
c Onlyif it's convenient i3 Under no circumstancesis he to
d Hardlyanyone expects that .u$,4Only by constantly nagging will he be
e Underno circumstances ) Only after weeks of rigorous rraining will he
f Undersuch circumstances 5 Rarely will a man respond to a request the first
I
g Onlyby asking her directly time unless
t,l h No way '7
No way should his laundry be done for him unless
i Unlesssomething unusual happens d Only very rarely should a garment be ironed
l .. shewill come. for him
9 In exceptional circumstances
Underlineall the phrases (a-i) rhar can srarr
10 But, only if he seems really desperate
sentence2 below.
a learn how to switch on the vacuum cleaner.
a Little did anyone norice
b should you try to solve his problems for him.
b Only if he wasn't available
c without the assurancethat next time he will do it
c Barelyhad I sat down when
himself.
d On no occasion I recall
d you may take what he says seriously.
e Only when it was convenient
e it is in his own interests to do so.
f Not until we were all ready
f he is prepared to lend a hand with the washing up.
g Neverdid she knock before
g be disturbed while warching a football match on
h Only then
television.
i It was then that
h persuaded to pick his clothes off rhe floor.
2 ... did she come in. (i he should also be deluded into thinking you agree
with him.)
@ finistt each of the sentences in such a way that (j you let him realise he isn't the boss.)
it is as similar in meaning as possible to the
sentenceprinted before it. Fill each blank with a suitable word.
@
Example: The full srory did not emerge unril
somebodyleaked information to the press.
Memo to teaching staff
Only when 5omebodyleakedinformation to the pre55
did thefull stor7emerge. W e havea probl em. R arel y........:.
(l ) w e hada st udent
population like this one.......... (2) sincethe 1980scan
He walked through the door and was immediately
met by a barrage of questions. I rememberso many troublesomestudentsin our
No s oone r ..... schoolat any one time. Not only {3) someof
He wouldn't agree to the changesuntil I pointed them treatthe staffwith absolutescorn,. ........(4Jthey
out that his job depended on rhem. are alsoclearly (5) on causingas much trouble
Not until as possibleamongtheir peers.
You don't often hear of such selflessactions. On . (61accountcan such behaviourbe allowed
Seldom to continue.And not ior one .... .. (7) shouldthe
I have never been so insulted. ringleaders*1k they will not be punishred. Only
Never (8) suchpunishmentis carriedout will
The only way he could ger in was ro break a
confidencereturn to the studentbody and . . . (g)
window.
wrti schoollife return to somekind of normality.
Only
You must never talk to the press about this,
$e1
wearlow
the
whatever happens. .;;;;#o)
il:Hffl:1TT,ilil
Under
 GRAMMAR

qrycrroN3 4 PREFERENCES
There are va .
Making comparisons
lrreru@,:ri:;Y:!;,:;,;7"';:,X:;:Tence:
t_.youtaprefer:o stay
1 FORMING COMPARATIVES here than go out so late.
I,d.soonerOr: haveb go thrzrgh--oU;;;;.
'we ,g*.
can make adjectives and I'd far rather *o:
d,oit now thin rcoveit till
-er... than or r:ore_ adverbs comparadve latex
with Rather than wabh rubbish
/ less* adj/ adv .. . than: on TV, I,d;;rt.b
He was much oliler than go out.
liemembered.him.
(= compa.":1: adjective) 5 AS AND LIKE
He drwefa;k carefully
I
j than he should When followed by a noun,
j 1=.o.rri"."tirr. adverb) we use as togive a
. Some adverbs laui. description, and litee to*;l;
j
have an _rr ro^p^rative:
i
Youshould havecomeeaflier. I .o_p"riroru
i Peterworks as a waiter.
j (= he,s a waiter)
I ' He works like afarm hirr.1=
l in -Iy(rormedrrom adjectives) .omprrison)
I
*:::::,,111"* use . When we
make comparisons,likeis
He started to work qen noun phrase.,4s is a ionjunction followed by a
more hurcieitty. and is followed
by a verbphT:.. .t1tfr9"gt iB, irused
2 SAME OR DIFFERENT very
ii!'T.tty with verbphr;;;;: ir is besravoided:
X
W'e can use the following l+e{ao*x_*s+rc
structures and phrases
thingi, th."r"m. to
o. differentf.o*, . / - ' rv'
:ilJf;:,one "., / He tookslike mi.
Ben has much the same They get up early every
mannerismsas hk morning, as I ilo.
h^ ilifferent mannerisms father
!: io* hissister 6 AS ,F AND AS THOUGH
They're not as intelligent
a, iii,r Tatlrn
Neither are anythi"gliU, We qe as if and,as thouglt
as iniebigent as I am. to say what seems to
This is nothin'glikias true, happening, etc: be
,riA- ^"ii k inJanuary.
Yourfirst oui*p, is nowhere He looksas if/ as though
near as good.. he,sgoing to besick.
. In the positive . W'e can use
we only use 4s...4s.In Unreal past or ,rrbl.rrr.tirr"
we can also use so...4^s: the negadve, (see Unit 5,
Section t) afte
Grandaddoesn,tget about
. We use szch
so easilyas he used.to.
Shelootes
iJ;ftfr :y.to empha'i"'r,,,
g"go-n";t'Jl
+ as if s,he
Noteth. .h",,glili j,m (= shedoesn,t) !:y y;i , goingto happen.
:;r,^;'::,sentences. Shelookso, i]:rlrcknows
I didn't hou, ,o7h o goingrc happen(= -ryUl what,s
[""i ii^'""or'l^t week.G I didnt ,fr.i".E
haveas good a timels...) . W'ecan use just
or exacily+ as if / though
. We can use emphasisethe .omp"rirJ to
as in a form of inversion *"it, ,r-oir""ri + asif I
auxiliary verb: with an thoughweakensthe^compa;;; ".
Peoplecan no longerclimb He looksjust as though
the tower at pisa, as was h;i;;; , mitliondollars.
possibleuntil a Theylookalmostas if they
few years ago. didit want b behere.
. We can also
use superladves with
followthese the;we often
with i *it_;il;,
This is the best burgertlrot
ti, ,*r tasted..
. the superlative isn,t followed Match the rwo halves
Yh.? by a noun or of these sentences.
that-clause,we can omit 1 I don't think this is
the: a than do what you
I think, this one is (the) much different
best;. do.
2 I've never seen such
3 DOUBLE COMPARATIVES a b to-having to rely on
boring match
others.
W'e use double comparatives , seem to prefer
with the tosay that one .b" c you needed a lot of
thirg results in another: being independent
we more we discwsthis, help.
the ress1 understand.it. 4 I'd sooner be
The longer I caried. the d from what happened
box, ,irir*o unemployed
it became. last time.
5 It seems as if
t20 e as this one.
 MAKING COMPARISONS

@ rittirh each of the following senrences in such

a way that it is as similar as possible to the
Q Co...ct these senrences. sentence before it.
a They are quicker doing this as I am. a The Alps are a lot higher than the pindus
laln. range.
b I got there more earliei than everyone else. The Pindus range is nothing
go out. c They are not as good at using a computer than b For me doing menial tasks fro- nine to five
would
me. certainly be preferable to being our of work.
d I don't think this novel is so good than his last I'd far
one. c We used to be much closer than we are now.
e I ate pretty the same much as the last time I We're nowhere
went
to his restaurant. d To hear him talk you,d think he owned the
place.
f The longer I sit here, less I feel like moving. H e t a l k sa s . . . . . . . . . . . .
g I prefer Tarantino's films than Oliver Stone",s. e Tfrey're by no means as intelligenr as their father.
byu h He ran as the wind. They' re far ........
ed _
i He has worked like a clerk for the same bank f Our special offer was taken up by as many
for as
most of his life. 70,000people.
j They seemed as they didn,t really No ..........
understand
what was going on. g I'm not roo keen on warching footbalr but
I really
eryoy playing it.
@ fin each of the numbered blanks with a I much prefer
suitable word. -
h Like many of myfriends, I,ve given up smoking.
a I went to the conference but for most of the I've given up smoking, as
time
I felt. .. .. (1) a fish out of water. I knew nobody
e there and everyone else behaved @ flf each of the gaps in the senrences with a
(2) if they
had all known each other for years. I left just suitable word or phrase.
(3) soon as I could and arrived home a She looks much the ... did ten years ago.
| 5, (a) than planned. b The longer I study I realise what an
1at b I've always preferred classicalmusic interesting language it is.
(1) pop
music. I'd much c I don't spend anyrhing money as my
(2) listen to a forty five_
minute symphony husband.
e) a three_minute song.
Pop songsseem so ...... (4) lessinteresting, d I'd sooner have ten children at all.
harmonically and melodically, and the insisient, e accepted their award much expectedit
Tl.y
repetirivedrumming is about ......... (5) much fun all along.
(5) banging your head against a wall. f He staggersaround nowadays as ..........weight
f/ the world on his shoulders.
of
c My father was a jack of all trades in those
days, as
(1) all village school headmasters:digging
holes for swimming pools He looKsas if he
(z) a full_time
labourer, marking out athletics tracks in the wouldn'thurt a fl1.
manner (3) a professional, teaching
arithmetic ro the top classin ... .....(4) rime as
he
had free. The ... . . (5) he did, the more was
expectedof him by the village communiry as if
he
should (d) every waking hour ro the well_
being of his pupils. And he did. Nowadays one
hears people talk of headmastersas if thly
(Z) accounranrs,balancing their . ..... (g) as
efficiently (9) they can. I inirrt t.a
(10) have been a headmasterin the old d"yr. ----.
*li%--
---=-*
 D I F F E R E N C E SA N D S I M I L A R I T I E S

{e,\
@ riU each of the gaps with one suirable word.
rce
a Letting them off with a suspendedsentenceis
and
to saying their crime is insignificanr.
@ Undertine the option, a, b, c or d, that best
completeseach sentence. b I don't think you can equare this crime what
tou
is understood by 'aggravared burglary'.
1 The celebrationswere somewhat ..........bv the
c I would challenge your assumprion that blame can
I announcement of her resignation.
be attributed ..........to both setsof lawbreakers.
a outshone b overshadowed c overcast
d As far as I can see, both caseshave a remarkable
d ourweighed
number of detai l si n ..........
.
2 What would be the qualification in your
e I don't think this case comparison with the
own country?
one you are referring to.
a equivalent b same c similar d corresponded
3 I feel a(n) . better after a night's sleep.
@ ritt each of the numbered blanks with an
a shade b degree c iora d note appropriate form of a verb from the list. The first
4 Many would argue that modern pop compares (0) has been given as an example.
with that of ten years ago.
disciminate dffi, vary differentiate diverge tiken
a closely b nearly c unfavourably d accurately
contrast (compare)
5 There is unforrunately a ..........between the petry
cashslips and the actual money in the tin.
a difference b variance c discrepancy Briti$h v. American English
d difflerentiation Millions of words have beenwritten in an attemptto
6 Don't you think she bears an ..........resemblanceto compare(0) the two languages,pointing out how they
his first wife? the 'same'
(1) but are still recognisably
a identical b uneasy c uncanny d indifferent language.Clearlylgone should (2) againsrthe
7 At forty-five, the ex-heavywelght champion is Americanyte6s ju$t becauseit is the youngerpanner.
a(n) of his former self. Somepdoplehave .. . ..... {3) the differenceto that
a reflection b image c shadow d miniature betweena horseand a mule, but that doesnot go very
8 Unforrunately they ..........us in the auction to the
far towards...... ... (4) betweenthe two languages.
tune of f,500.
They are rathertwo breedsof horsethat have
a outbid b ourweighed c overdid d underwrote
(5) very slightlyover the years.Somepointsof
British Englishgrammar (6) quite sharplywith
@ ritt each of the blanks with one of the words
from the list. AmericanEnglish,but the fact remainsthat accent
(7) as much within eachcountryas between
cheesesimilarities common against totally
opposed unlike whereas dfft, contrast the two.

a The fwins are as different as chalk and ...........

b They really haven't gor a lot in at all. @ fo. each of the sentences below, write a new
c They're different. sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the
d There are very few .......... berween the two of original sentence but using the word given.
them.
a lt's difficult to imagine her performance being
e They in just about every way. improved on by anyone.
f You've got Paul's generally pleasant acquiescence
bettering
as ..........
Peter'sopen rebelliousness. No one to this day has equalled her achievemenr.
There'sPaul, the model son, as ..........to Peter, the unsurpassed
black sheep.
Our rivals are a long way behind ar the moment.
You have Peter's darkened brow in ......... to Paul's
stfeets
open smile. d His performance made all the others in the cast
Paul beams, Peter glowers. look quite ordinary.
But ..........Paul, Peteris successful. shade
e In my opinion she's nowhere near as proficient as
she used to be.
anything

t23
 VOCABULARY

sEcTroN5
Sentence
adverbs .'{ @ Unaerhne the sentence adverb that best
completes each sentence.
/ I It is impossible to tell whether a man is married or
1 WHAT ARE SENTENCEADVERBS?
not. On the contrary I On the other hand, women
Essentially, sentence adverbs are adverbs or adverbial 'Miss'
usually have or'Mrs'before their name.
phrases that comment on a whole sentence or part 'Your
2 parents didn't want you to go abroad, did
ofa sentence: 'On
they?' the contrary I On the other hand, they
By and lorge, they are separatedfrom the restof the were all for it.'
sentenceby a comma. Genually speaking, they go at 3 These new computers are amazingly fast. On the
the beginningof tlte sentence. Howuu, somecan go other hand, I On the contrary, they're very
at the end, apparently. Morewer, we can certoinly expensive.
put somein the middle. It took ages to ger there but in the endI at the endit
i uil;;ii;; ;h; ;;;;;; ;;;;b; ;; #;i;i was worth it.
phrases. He slept through the entire film and in the endI at
the end of it had the nerve ro say he enjoyed it.
a We got to the airport with half an hour to spare
As a rule I Fundamentally,I find French films dull
which, all things considered, was a miracle.
and pretentious.
b I suppose with hindsight it would have been wiser
OnbalanceI In contrasrI prefer Crete to Rhodes,
:e:i5:ll:h:: though it's a close run thing.
British and American English are characteristically I
2 WHEN DO WE USE SENTENCEADVERBS? to all intents and purposesthe same.
Sentence adverbs have a number of uses including
organising informatiori, commenting, giving @ Uttd"rline the option a, b, c or d that best
completes each sentence.
examples, changing the subject, rephrasing and
summarising: I She was caught cheating in the race. she was
Firstly, we use them to show how the sentencefits in disqualified.
with the rest of the text. Alternatively, we mdy use a Accordingly b Equally c Explicitly
them to expressour attitude to what we Areabout to say. d Fundamentallv
In other words, we use them to commenton what we 2 She wasn't allowed into the counrry;
think or feel. On the whole, they makeit easierto becauseher papers aren't in order.
understandwhat is going on. Funnily enouglr, the a subsequently b admittedly c presumably
two sentenceadverbiak thot students of Englishget d paradoxically
most confusedaboutAre 'On the controry' and'On the 3 I wasn't there myself bur ..........they had the most
othq hanil'. almighry row.
a broadly b apparently c conversely
t M;;;h ;h; ;;;;;; ;d;;;b; il ;;;i;;; ;ih ;h; d primarily
functions (1-4) below. 4 My shirt was covered in oil but I had a spare
a It was a long journey but all in all I think it was one.
worth it. a hopefully b clearly c however d luckily
b Our preparation was haphazard and ill-thought She invited me to a party and ..........I said 'yes'.
out. Thus we were easily defeated. a narurally b lastly c overall d hopefully
c I was told to get here for nine o'clock, presumably The decision was a bad one and I think that.
becausesomething important has come up. ..........,
we all recognisethat.
d I know how to do it. That is to soy,I think I know a in contrast b in particular c in retrospect
how. d in consequence
1 Organising information 7 lt's an interesting idea and, ..........at least,has a lot
2 Expressing your attitude going for it.
3 Rephrasing a in theory b in fairness c in conclusion

1 lY-TT::ilg::* g:*:ili""s d in realiw

t24
 SENTENCA
EDVERBS

8 .... I dislike Hollywood films but this was an

@ fiU each gap with one of the words or phrases.
exception.
like it or not primarily believeit or not as regards
a As a result b As far as I know c As a rule
porticularly
d As it furns out
a They split up, becausethey agreed they were
lor O fiff each of the numbered blanks with one incompatible.
suitableword. b It's always rather a bleak area, in the winter.
a I think Kazantsakis' books are fascinating but at the c I askedher to lend me €10,000and, .......... , she
(1) time his ideas are nor particularly easy ro agreed.
understand.... (2) a result it takes me ages to d the weather, I just don't know how you can
get through even one of his shorter works. It's hard bear to live here.
work but, all (3) considered, worrh ir. e , you're going to have to sell something just
b Strangely (4), the holiday was a grear success, to Pay the rent.
though (5) a rule I get really bored lying on a
lit beach.On the (d), I prefer the rype of holiday
@ ritt each gap with one of the words or phrases.
where you are constantly discovering new things. wlten it comesto in somerespects not to mention
To me, lying around is, to all intents and ..........(z), in the main chiefly
a complete waste of time. a I have some misgivings but I'm not unhappy
c As..........(8) as we know there is no other I came here.
intelligent life in the universe. In (9), of b I've got rent, a gas bill and road tax to pay, .
course,there may well be intelligent forms out what I owe my dear old dad.
there,but theory is one thing and proof another. c She's second to none cooking pasta.
To ...... . (10) it bluntly, those who claim to have d I'm glad I came here, becauseof you.
seenaliensare, (11) and large, nutcases.In e I agree with him, but overall I think I would
the same (12), those who believe in the Loch have to side with her.
Nessmonster are living in fantasy land. On the
other (13), rhe little green men may invade @ fitt each of the gaps in these senrences with
tomorrow and these words will, ........ (14) one suitable word.
hindsight, seem foolish. Though somehow I Example:Broadly speaking,Iagree that, come what
doubt it. may, we just have to persevere.
a first sight English may seem a simple
@ fiU each gap with one of the words or phrases. languagebut ..........realiry that's far from true.
letalone to a certain extent predominantly notabty b you may know, she's leaving; least I,m
onthecontrary preffy sure she is.
a Most of the people queuing ar the marriage Personally , and incredible it may seem
counsellor'sdoor were under thirry but not to you, I think chocolate is much overrated.
exclusively women. regard to arrival time, we should, .........,
b I don't resenther being here; ..........,
I'm delighted things being equal, be there by seven.
she is. everyone'ssurprise,.......... the end she lost
c I would never want to hurt another human being, her nerve.
my best friend. To be , I think this whole project srinks from
d He was a srrong candidate,..........in the listening to finish.
and speaking sections. At the of the day and the final analysis,
e I can't vote for him but I can see that how many trophies we win is what's important.
he's right. to a point I think he did very well, ... ......his
lack of experience in that event.
a nutshell, we've got to work harder,
question about it.
the top of my head, I'd say there were over
100 people there, I'm very much mistaken.

t25