THE COMPLETE HANDBOOK OF THE

INTERNET
The Complete Handbook of
the Internet

by

W.J. Buchanan
Napier University

Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.

A C.l.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-1-4613-4999-0 ISBN 978-0-306-48331-8 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-0-306-48331-8

Printed on acid-free paper

Ali Rights Reserved

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Contents

Preface xix

Al Introduction 1
AU Introduction
A1.2 History
A1.3 System classification 4
Al.4 System definitions 7
A1.5 Computer architecture 9
A1.6 Bits, bytes and words 12
Al.7 Data representation 16
A2 Distributed elements 21
A2.1 Introduction 21
A2.2 Conversion to digital 23
A2.3 Communications model 24
A2.4 Cables 25
A2.5 Peer-to-peer and client/server 29
A3 Operating systems 33
A3.1 Introduction 33
A3.2 Multitasking and threading 41
A3.3 Example operating system components (Microsoft Windows) 45
A3.4 Interrupts (on PC systems) 50
A3.5 Example operating systems 55
A4 Processes and scheduling 61
A4.1 Introduction 61
A4.2 Scheduling 62
A4.3 Higher-level primitives 68
A4.4 Signals, pipes and task switching (UNIX) 69
A4.5 Messages 70
A4.6 Microsoft Windows scheduling 71
A4.7 UNIX process control 71
A4.8 Microsoft Windows task manager 75
A4.9 Finite-state machines 75
AS Distributed processing 79
A5.1 Introduction 79
A5.2 Interprocess communication 81
A5.3 Flags and semaphores 82
A5.4 RPC 90
A5.5 Multi-processor systems 97
A6 Distributed file systems 107
A6.1 Introduction 107
A6.2 NFS 110
A6.3 Other distributed file systems 121
A7 Agents 123
A7.1 Introduction 123
A7.2 Agent types 125
A7.3 Why Java for mobile agents? 131
A7.4 Agents and security 133
A7.5 Monitoring software quality 134
A7.6 Mobile agents and network management 134
A7.7 User agents 135
A7.8 Agent development tool 136
A7.9 Practical agent implementation 137
A7.10 Mobile agent development tool 142
A7.11 Tracy 143
B1 Data communications 147
Bl.l Introduction 147
Blo2 History 147
Blo3 Background 151
Bl.4 Data transfer 153
Blo5 Data transfer rates 154
Blo6 Electrical signals 155
Blo7 Bandwidth 156
Blo8 Bandwidth requirements 157
Blo9 Noise and signal distortion 158
Bl.lO Capacity 159
Bl.ll Modulation 161
Bl.l2 Digital modulation 163
Bl.l3 Multiplexing 165
Bl.l4 Frequency carrier 167
BU5 Routing of data 169
B2 Real-time data and compression 173
B2.1 Introduction 173
B2.2 Conversion to digital 176
B2.3 Sampling theory 177
B2.4 Quantization 178
B2.5 Compression methods 179
B2.6 Entropy encoding 181
B2.7 Source compression 187
B2.8 Fax transmission 201
B2.9 Video signals 203
B2.10 GIF coding 215
B2.11 TIFF coding 224
B3 Error coding 227
B3.1 Error coding principles 227
B3.2 Error correction 237
B3.3 Error (Detection) 244
B4 RS-232 259
B4.1 Introduction 259
B4.2 Electrical characteristics 259

vi Handbook of the Internet

 B4.3 Communications between two nodes 264
B4.4 Programming RS-232 269
B4.5 RS-232 programs 273
B4.6 RS-232 for Windows 277
B4.7 RS-232 in Delphi 288
85 Modems 295
B5.1 Introduction 295
B5.2 RS-232 communications 296
B5.3 Modem standards 297
B5.4 Modem commands 297
B5.5 Modem set-ups 300
B5.6 Modem indicator 302
B5.7 Profile viewing 302
B5.8 Test modes 303
Cl Introduction to networks 307
CLl Introduction 307
C1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of networks 309
C1.3 OSImodel 313
Cl.4 Foundations ofthe OSI model 316
C1.5 Internetworking 321
C1.6 Broadcasts 325
C1.7 Bits, frames, packets and segments 326
C2 Networking types 327
C2.1 Introduction 327
C2.2 Network topologies 328
C2.3 Token ring 331
C2.4 Ethernet 333
C2.5 LAN components 336
C2.6 Cabling standards 346
C2.7 Important networking definitions 353
C3 Ethernet 355
C3.1 Introduction 355
C3.2 IEEE standards 356
C3.3 Ethernet - media access control (MAC) layer 357
C3.4 IEEE 802.2 and Ethernet SNAP 359
C3.5 OSI and the IEEE 802.3 standard 361
C3.6 Novell NetWare and Ethernet 362
C3.7 Ethernet transceivers 363
C3.8 Ethernet types 364
C3.9 Twisted-pair hubs 365
C3.l0 100 Mbps Ethernet 366
C3.11 Gigabit Ethernet 371
C3.12 Bridges 375
C3.13 ARP 376
C3.14 RARP 380
C3.15 Spanning-Tree Protocol 381
C3.16 Additional 382

Table of contents vii

 C3.17 Network interface card design 383
C3.18 82SS9-based Ethernet 387
C3.19 Comparison of fast Ethernet with other technologies 390
C4 Network design, switches and vLANs 391
C4.1 Introduction 391
C4.2 Network design 391
C4.3 Hierarchical network design 393
C4.4 Switches and switching hubs 397
C4.S vLANs 402
C5 Token Ring 409
CS.l Introduction 409
CS.2 Operation 409
CS.3 Token Ring - media access control (MAC) 410
CS.4 Token Ring maintenance 412
CS.5 Token Ring multistation access units (MAUs) 413
CS.6 Cabling and connectors 414
CS.7 Repeaters 414
CS.8 Jitter suppression 41S
C6 FOOl 417
C6.1 Introduction 417
C6.2 Operation 418
C6.3 FDDI layers 418
C6.4 SMT protocol 420
C6.5 Physical connection management 420
C6.6 Fault tolerance method 420
C6.7 FDDI token format 421
C6.8 FDDI Frame format 421
C6.9 MAC protocol 423
C6.10 Applications ofFDDI networks 424
C6.11 FDDI backbone network 424
C6.12 FDDImedia 424
C6.13 FDDI attachments 42S
C6.14 FDDI specification 427
C6.1S FDDI-II 427
C6.16 Standards 428
C6.17 Practical FDDI network - EaStMAN 429
C7 ATM 431
C7.1 Introduction 431
C7.2 Objectives of ATM 432
C7.3 ATM versus ISDN and PCM-TDM 433
C7.4 ATM cells 434
C7.S Routing cells within an ATM network 434
C7.6 Virtual channels and virtual paths 436
C7.7 Statistical multiplexing, ATM signalling and call set-up 438
C7.8 ATM and the OSI model 440
C7.9 ATM physical layer 441
C7.1O AAL service levels 441

viii Handbook of the Internet

 C7.11 ATM flow control 445
C7.12 PracticalATM networks 447
C8 HOLC 451
C8.1 Introduction 451
C8.2 HDLC protocol 452
C8.3 Transparency 456
C8.4 Flow control 456
C8.5 Derivatives ofHDLC 458
C9 ISDN 461
C9.1 Introduction 461
C9.2 ISDN channels 462
C9.3 ISDN physical layer interfacing 463
C9.4 ISDN data link layer 465
C9.5 ISDN network layer 469
C9.6 Speech sampling 471
C9.7 ISDN router programming 472
C9.8 HDLC encapsulation 472
Cl0 X.2S 473
CI0.1 Introduction 473
CI0.2 Packet-switching and the OSI model 474
CI0.3 X.25 packets 476
ClO.4 X.25 packet flow 479
C1O.5 Packet switching routing 483
CI0.6 Logical channels 484
CI0.7 X.25 node addressing 484
Cll Wireless Networks (IEEE 802.11 b) 487
CILl Introduction 487
Cl1.2 Basic specification 487
Cl1.3 Wireless network connections 489
Cl1.4 IEEE 802.11b settings 491
Cl1.5 Encryption 493
01 IP 495
DLl Introduction 495
D1.2 Data encapsulation 496
D1.3 TCP lIP gateways and hosts 496
D1.4 Functions of the IP protocol 497
D1.5 Internet datagram 498
D1.6 TCP lIP internets 500
D1.7 Internet naming structure 511
D1.8 Domain name system 512
Dl.9 Example network 513
DUO IP addresses for routers 515
DLll IP multicasting 515
Dl.12 IP Version labels 516
DLl3 IPv6 516
DLl4 Allocating IP addresses 519
DLl5 Domain name server and DHCP 520

Table of contents ix
 D1.l6 ICMP 521
Dl.17 Additional material 524
DU8 Class A subnet masks 530
02 TCP/UOP 531
D2.1 Introduction 531
D2.2 Functions of the transport layer 533
D2.3 TCP lIP model 536
D2.4 Transmission control protocol 537
D2.5 UDP 540
D2.6 TCP specification 541
D2.7 Connection states 543
D2.8 Opening and closing a connection 546
D2.9 TCP user commands 547
D2.10 TCP/IP services reference 549
03 SPX/IPX 551
D3.1 Introduction 551
D3.2 NetWare architecture 553
D3.3 NetWare protocols 555
D3.4 Novel NetWare set-up 564
04 NetBEUI and NetBIOS 567
D4.1 Introduction 567
D4.2 NetBIOS 568
D4.3 NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT) 570
D4.4 NWLink IPX/SPX/NetBIOS Compatible Transport Protocol 571
05 PPP, SLIP and VPN's 575
D5.1 Introduction 575
D5.2 Frame format 578
D5.3 Point -to- Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) 580
D5.4 PPP operation 580
D5.5 Remote scripts 584
D5.6 PPP programming for routers 592
D5.7 Securing a PPP connection 593
06 TCP/IP Commands 595
D6.1 Introduction 595
D6.2 ping 597
D6.3 ftp (file transfer protocol) 598
D6.4 traceroute 598
D6.5 nslookup 600
D6.6 Windows programs 601
07 Socket programming 605
D7.1 Introduction 605
D7.2 WinSock using C++ 605
D7.3 Visual Basic socket implementation 614
D7.4 Client! server VB program 620
D7.5 Server connecting to multiple clients 626
D7.6 Java sockets 629
D7.7 Java networking methods 634

x Handbook of the Internet

 D7.8 Delphi sockets 642
El Routers 653
ELl Introduction 653
E1.2 Router types 653
E1.3 Router specifications 656
E1.4 Router configuration and start-up 657
E1.5 Router commands 659
E1.6 Cisco discovery protocol 668
E1.7 Cisco router commands 670
E2 Routing protocols 673
E2.1 Introduction 673
E2.2 Routing fundamentals 674
E2.3 Classless interdomain routing, route summarization and supernetting 676
E2.4 Variable-length subnet masks 677
E2.5 Routing protocol techniques 678
E2.6 RIP 684
E2.7 OSPF 685
E2.8 IGRP 687
E2.9 EGP/BGP 687
E2.10 BGP specification 690
E2.11 BGP configuration 695
E3 Security 697
E3.1 Introduction 697
E3.2 Firewalls 698
E3.3 Application-level gateways 700
E3.4 Ring-fenced firewalls 701
E3.5 Encrypted tunnels 702
E3.6 Filtering routers 703
E3.7 Security 705
E3.8 Viruses 712
E3.9 AM 715
E4 Router programming and ACLs 717
E4.1 Router programming 717
E4.2 ACLs 719
E4.3 Network address translation 726
E4.4 Programming dynamic NAT 727
E5 Encryption 731
E5.1 Introduction 731
E5.2 Encryption and the OSI model 731
E5.3 Legal issues 732
E5.4 Random number generators 733
E5.5 Cryptography 733
E5.6 Government pressure 735
E5.7 Cracking the code 736
E5.8 Letter probabilities 737
E5.9 Basic encryption principles 738
E5.10 Message hash 747

Table of contents xi
 E5.ll Private-key 747
E5.12 Letter probability program 756
E5.13 Occurrences of English letters, digrams, trigrams and words 757
E6 Public-key encryption 759
E6.1 Introduction 759
E6.2 Authentication 771
E6.3 Internet security 779
E6.4 VB RSA program 788
Fl Electronic mail 793
Fl.l Introduction 793
Fl.2 Shared-file approach versus client! server approach 794
Fl.3 Using an e-mail client 795
Fl.4 Electronic mail overview 796
Fl.5 SMTP 797
Fl.6 MIME 803
Fl.7 Post Office Protocol (POP) 811
Fl.8 Smilies and acronyms 812
F2 WWWandHTTP 815
F2.1 Introduction 815
F2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the WWW 817
F2.3 Client! server architecture 818
F2.4 Web browsers 818
F2.5 Universal resource locators (URLs) 819
F2.6 Web browser design 823
F2.7 HTTP 824
F2.8 HTTP reference 832
F2.9 Example conversation 838
F3 SNMP, Wins, Bootp, DNS and DHCP 841
F3.1 Introduction 841
F3.2 SNMP 842
F3.3 SNMP for Windows 851
F3.4 RMON (Remote Monitoring) 851
F3.5 EASE (Embedded Advanced Sampling Environment) 852
F3.6 Bootp protocol 852
F3.7 DHCP 854
F3.8 Domain name server 858
F3.9 WINS 860
F4 FTP/HTTP/Telnet set up and programming 863
F4.1 FTP 863
F4.2 Telnet 864
F4.3 FTP programming 868
F4.4 HTTP programming 873
Gl Networking Operating Systems 875
Gl.l Introduction 875
G1.2 Microsoft Windows 875
G1.3 Active Directories 886
G1.4 Internet connection sharing 887

xii Handbook ofthe Internet

G2 UNIX 889
G2.1 Introduction 889
G2.2 File attributes 889
G2.3 TCP lIP protocols 892
G2.4 Directory structure 894
G2.5 On-line manual 895
G2.6 Changing directory 896
G2.7 Listing directories 897
G2.8 File attributes 898
G2.9 Special characters ( *, ? and []) 901
G2.10 Listing contents of a file 902
G2.11 Copying, moving and listing 903
G2.12 Standard input and output 905
G2.13 File manipulation commands 907
G2.14 File locations 911
G2.15 Date 912
G2.16 XDR format 912
G3 Novell NetWare and NDS 919
G3.1 Novell NetWare 919
G3.2 NDS 926
HI Software Development 941
Hl.l Introduction 941
H1.2 Integrated development environment 946
HL3 Procedural or modular programming 946
HL4 Event-driven programming 948
HL5 Object-oriented programming 949
HL6 Interpreted languages 951
HI. 7 Compiled languages 955
HL8 Assembled languages 965
HL9 Cross compiler 967
Hl.lO Three layers of programming 967
H2 WWW programming 969
H2.l Introduction 969
H2.2 Languages which integrate with HTML 972
H2.3 VBScript 973
H2.4 JavaScript 973
H2.5 ASP 973
H2.6 JSP 974
H2.7 PHP 975
H2.8 CGI 975
H2.9 XML 976
H2.10 WML 976
H2.11 Java and WWWpages 977
H2.12 CSS 978
H3 HTML 979
H3.1 Links 979
H3.2 Lists 980

Table of contents xiii

 H3.3 Colors 984
H3.4 Background images 98S
H3.S Displaying images 986
H3.6 Horizontal lines 988
H3.7 Anchors 989
H3.8 Tables 991
H3.9 Forms 994
H3.1O Multimedia 998
H4 JavaScript 1001
H4.1 Introduction 1001
H4.2 Maths operations 1007
H4.3 Language basics 1009
H4.4 Examples 1011
H4.S Various examples 1014
H4.6 Functions called from events lOIS
H4.7 Linking with forms 1017
H4.8 JavaScript and Flash 1019
H4.9 JavaScript reference 1020
H4.1O Objects, properties, methods and event handlers 1023
H5 PHP 1027
HS.1 Introduction 1027
HS.2 PHP examples 1029
HS.3 Strings lOSS
HS.4 PHP details 1060
H6 PHP (sessions and databases) 1063
H6.1 Cookies 1063
H6.2 Forms 1064
H6.3 Session details 1065
H6.4 Session logging 1066
H6.5 COM 1067
H6.6 Databases 1072
H6.7 Getting details from a form 1075
H6.8 Emailing details from a form 1077
H6.9 Database creation, addition and recall 1078
H6.10 Flash 1080
H6.ll Networking 1081
H7 ASP 1085
H7.1 Introduction 108S
H7.2 ASP objects 1087
H7.3 ASP basics 1087
H7.4 File system access 1100
H7.S ASP reference 1107
H7.6 FSO Reference 1113
H8 ASP (form, sessions and databases) 1117
H8.1 ASP forms 1117
H8.2 Session object 1119
H8.3 Databases 1120

xiv Handbook of the Internet

 H8.4 ASP installable components 1126
H9 Java 1131
H9.1 Introduction 1131
H9.2 Standalone programs 1133
H9.3 Comments 1134
H9.4 Java reserved words 1134
H9.5 Numbers and representations 1134
H9.6 Data types ll35
H9.7 Characters and strings 1136
H9.8 Declaration of variables 1138
H9.9 Java operators 1139
H9.10 Precedence 1144
H9.11 Data type conversion 1145
H9.12 Selection statements 1146
H9.13 Loops ll50
H9.14 Objects and Classes 1156
H9.15 Java Class Libraries and Arrays 1165
H10 Java (applets and events) 1175
HlO.1 Java applets 1175
HlO.2 Java mouse and Keyboard methods ll79
H10.3 Java graphics and sound 1192
H10.4 Java buttons and menus 1200
H11 Java (date, strings and multithreading) 1221
HILl Ja va text and date 1221
Hl1.2 Strings 1231
H11.3 Exceptions 1239
H11.4 Multithreading 1244
H12 XML 1253
H12.1 Introduction 1253
H12.2 XML syntax 1256
H12.3 XMLlFlash 1259
H12.4 Reusable component 1264
H12.5 XML-based component 1264
Hl2.6 DOM 1267
H13 DHTML 1271
H13.1 Introduction 1271
H13.2 Filters 1277
H13.3 z-index 1285
H13.4 <DIV> tag 1285
H14 CSS (Cascadable Style Sheet) 1291
H14.1 Introduction 1291
H14.2 CSS file definitions 1292
H14.3 Link attributes 1293
H14.4 Redefining standard styles 1294
H14.5 CSS Properties 1294
H14.6 CSS Length Units 1299

Table of contents xv
H15 WAP 1301
H15.1 Introduction l301
Hl5.2 WML reference l304
Hl5.3 Input Elements l309
Hl5.4 ASP/PHP interfaces with WML l311
Hl5.5 References l315
11 Multimedia 1317
11.1 Introduction l317
11.2 Multimedia development 1320
11.3 Content design and delivery l322
11.4 CD-ROMs l326
11.5 Audio components for multimedia l330
12 Databases and data storage 1333
12.1 Introduction l333
12.2 Database creation steps 1335
12.3 Relationships 1336
12.4 SQLquery l337
12.5 Data Protection 1340
12.6 Personalization and Data Mining 1341
12.7 Examples l346
12.8 SQL reference 1347
12.9 Database Management Systems (DBMS) l350
13 Design Tips (Part 1) 1351
13.1 Introduction l351
13.2 Paint strokes 1351
13.3 Focal point graphics 1351
13.4 Xmas, and seasonal graphics l351
I3.5 Producing sharp graphics l353
I3.6 Distorting graphics and transparency l354
I3.7 Mouse-over events and layers l356
13.8 Enhancing metafiles 1356
I3.9 Bullets l357
13.10 Graphic file formats l357
13.11 Adding opacity to a background image 1358
I3.12 Column corners l359
13.l3 Transparent backgrounds l360
I3.14 Lines in tables l361
13.15 Animating objects l363
13.16 Creating pop-up message boxes l363
13.17 Drawing lines in diagrams l366
13.18 Scaling graphics for text 1368
13.19 Designing for easy configuration l371
13.20 Creating icons for program files l372
13.21 Pencil first, package later l374
13.22 From sketch to graphic 1376
14 Design Tips (Part 2) 1379
14.1 From photo to graphic l379

xvi Handbook of the Internet

 14.2 To Matte or not to matte 1383
14.3 From Vector to Graphic 1384
14.4 Animation 1385
14.5 Tracing designs 1385
14.6 Logo Mania 1387
14.7 Animating the Alien 1390
I4.8 Experimenting with designs 1391
I4.9 XML and reuse 1393
14.10 Showing text where to go 1396
14.11 Fade-in, fade-out 1398
14.12 Programming with Flash 1398
14.13 Dragging events in Flash 1400
14.14 Reusing forms 1402
14.15 Other examples 1403
Ap 1 Modem codes 1405
Apl.l AT commands 1405
Ap1.2 Result codes 1408
Ap 1.3 S-registers 1409
Ap2 HTML Reference 1415
Ap2.1 Introduction 1415
Ap2.2 Document structure and block structuring 1419
Ap2.3 Elements 1421
Ap2.4 ISO Latin -1 Character Set 1422
Ap2.5 Additional Named Entities for HTML 1428
Ap2.6 Character Entities for Special Symbols 1432
Ap2.7 Character Set Recognition 1433
Ap3 ASCII Reference 1437
Ap3.1 Standard ASCII 1437
Ap3.2 Extended ASCII code 1439
Ap4 Glossary 1441
Ap5 Abbreviations 1461
Ap6 Quick reference 1473
Ap6.1 Miscellaneous 1473
Ap6.2 Windows NT architecture 1481
Ap7 Quick questions 1483
Ap8 Ethernet monitoring system 1501
Ap9 Java reference 1503
Ap9.1 Package java.applet 1503
Ap9.2 Package java.awt 1504
Ap9.3 Package java.awt.datatransfer 1524
Ap9.4 Package java.awt.event 1525
Ap9.5 Package java.awt.image 1529
Ap9.6 Package java.io 1529
Ap9.7 Package java.lang 1540
Ap9.8 Package java.net 1553
Ap9.9 Package java.utils 1555

Table of contents xvii

Ap 10 NIS, NFS, RC, FTP and DNS 1561
Ap 10.1 Example Internet domain name server files 1561
AplO.2 TCP/IP services 1563
AplO.3 netnfsrc file 1565
AplO.4 rc file 1569
Ap10.5 FTP commands 1573
Ap10.6 Telnet 1574
Ap11 RFC's 1575
Ap 12 Assigned number values 1591
Ap12.1 IP Special addresses 1591

Index 1611

xviii Handbook of the Internet

Preface
This is one of the most exciting times in technology, ever, and the Internet has the potential
to change the way that people work and play, in a way that few technological areas have
ever done before. It will soon become part of the fabric of our life, in the same way that the
motor car, the telephone and the television have done in the past. The greatest problem is
that Internet technology is moving so fast that it is difficult to keep up with it. Thus, it is im-
portant to understand the key underlying principles of it, which allows everyone to learn
new developments. This book, and the associated WWW site and CD-ROM, will hopefully
help provide this foundation. It contains over 1600 pages within 74 chapters and appendi-
ces, arranged in nine main sections. These sections are:

A. Distributed Systems. These chapters contain information on the underlying operating

systems, and how resources are shared over local systems, and also over networks.
B. Data Communications. These chapters contain information on the basic principles of
transmitting data over an electronic connection.
C. Networks. The Internet could not exist without the connection of nodes to networks.
These chapters discuss many of the main networking technologies, such as Ethernet,
ATM, ISDN, and modem connections.
D. Network Protocols. These chapters outline some of the protocols that are used to trans-
fer data from one node to another over the Internet.
E. Routers and Security. Routers are important devices on the Internet and allow data to
be routed from one node to another. Along with routers, the main elements of security
are covered in these sections. These chapters include coverage of firewalls, proxy serv-
ers, and encryption.
F. Session Protocols. Session layer protocols are important in the reliable transmission of
data over the Internet, as they allow two nodes to negotiate a connection, and then pass
information about the session. The main session protocols which are supported on the
Internet are electronic mail, the WWW, and FTP/Telnet. These chapters cover the op-
eration of thee important protocols.
G. Networking Operating Systems. The Internet could not really exist in its current form
without an underlying network operating system which integrates the network, net-
working protocols, and other devices to produce an integrated system. These chapters
cover the three main network operating systems: Microsoft Windows, Novell NetWare
and UNIX.
H. WWW fundamentals. These chapters cover the key principles of WWW presentation,
and the methods which are used to add extra functionality to the WWW.
I. Multimedia and databases. These chapters outline how multimedia can be used over
the Internet, and how databases operate in a distributed system.

The appendices include reference material on related subjects, such as server configuration,
and reference guides for important commands. Along with the book, the associated CD-
ROM contains a fully searchable version of the book. It also contains the associated source
code, and RFC documents.
Help is provided by the author from the e-mail address of:

[email protected]
or from the associated WWW site at:

http://www.soc.napier.ac.uk/-bill/hand_int.html

or

http://buchananweb.co.uk/hand_int.html

Dr William Buchanan,
Senior Lecturer,
School of Computing,
Napier University,
Edinburgh. UK.

xx Handbook of the Internet