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Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters Determined via PEPT

Validated DEM & CFD-DEM Simulations of Coffee Bean Particle Motion

Presentation · July 2022

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23088.84481

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Mark Al-Shemmeri Hanqiao Che

University of Birmingham University of Birmingham
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 15th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM-XV)
8th Asian Pacific Congress on Computational Mechanics (APCOM-VIII)

Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters

Determined via PEPT Validated DEM & CFD-DEM
Simulations of Coffee Bean Particle Motion
Mark Al-Shemmeri1,2
Hanqiao Che 1, Dominik Werner 1,Kit Windows-Yule1,
Estefania Lopez-Quiroga1, Peter Fryer 1, Robert Farr 2
1 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
2 Jacobs Douwe Egberts, Banbury, UK
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 2

Objectives

(1) Some context

(2) Why virtualise the process?
(3) Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT)
(4) PEPT Validated CFD-DEM Simulation (Spouted Bed)
(5) PEPT Validated DEM Simulation (Rotating Drum)
(6) Implications for Heat Transfer
(7) Outlook - What next? (apart from my thesis…)
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 3

Some context
Coffee roasting
Temperature 2
Physicochemical Properties
260 air inlet

property change [Y/Y0]

temperature (oC)

200 1

140
0
30 150 270 30 150 270
roast time (s) roast time (s)
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 4

Why virtualise the process?

A dynamic system

particle
dynamics

product process
properties parameters

heat
transfer
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 5

Why virtualise the process?

Time-temperature roasting profiles
Product Temperature
240

experimental design
temperature (oC)

• isothermal roasting
• same whole bean (surface) colour
170
• different air flows and batch sizes
• different in-cup flavour profiles

100

roast time
 Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 6

Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT)

PEPT experimental setup
green
(unroasted)

spouted bed
part-
roasted

roasted

rotating
drum

[Spouted bed STEP file courtesy of Neuhaus Neotec – personal communication]

[Drum STEP file courtesy of Aillio – personal communication]
 Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 7

PEPT Validated CFD-DEM Simulation (Spouted Bed)

PEPT experimental setup
spouted bed roaster

Neuhaus Neotec RFB-S ADAC Forte Camera[1]

0.5 kg spouted bed roaster
[STEP file courtesy of Neuhaus Neotec – personal communication]
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 8

PEPT Validated CFD-DEM Simulation (Spouted Bed)

PEPT post-processing
particle occupancy velocity
trajectories profile profile

20cm

Lagrangian Eulerian Eulerian

Cartesian co-ordinates (t,x,y,z) are used to generate time-averaged Eulerian data,
wherein elemental residence times and particle velocities can be determined.
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 9

PEPT Validated CFD-DEM Simulation (Spouted Bed)

System – Implemented in CFDEM

Measured Fd+FgradP
Friction Two drag force correlations:
Coefficient (i) Dioguardi[2] + Di Felice[3]
(ii) Gidaspow[4]
mg

Exp. vs Sim.
Monodisperse
spheres Sensitivity
analysis
 Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 10

PEPT Validated DEM Simulation (Rotating Drum)

PEPT experimental setup
rotating drum roaster

Aillio Bullet R1 V2 ADAC Forte Camera[5]

1 kg drum roaster
[roaster image & STEP file courtesy of Aillio – personal communication]
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 11

PEPT Validated DEM Simulation (Rotating Drum)

PEPT post-processing
particle occupancy velocity
trajectories profile profile

Lagrangian Eulerian Eulerian

Cartesian co-ordinates (t,x,y,z) are used to generate time-averaged Eulerian data,
wherein elemental residence times and particle velocities can be determined.
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 12

PEPT Validated DEM Simulation (Rotating Drum)

System - Implemented in Animation

LIGGGHTS
Exp. vs Sim.

Superquadrics
Measured
Hertz-Mindlin Friction
contact model Coefficient

PEPT DEM
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 13

Implications for Heat Transfer

Distinct regions of occupancy
rotating drum spouted bed
in-flight
region freeboard

bean
bed bean
bed
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 14

Implications for Heat Transfer

Rotating drum

in-flight
Two distinct regions
region (i) disperse in-flight region
• convective heat transfer dominant
• higher temp. region
• greater heat transfer coefficient
(ii) dense bean bed
(x10-3 s s-1)
Occupancy

• lower convective heat transfer

• lower temp. region
• lower heat transfer coefficient

What about the drum wall?

(i) wall proximity
bean • localised heating
bed
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 15

Implications for Heat Transfer

Spouted bed

Two distinct regions freeboard

(i) dilute freeboard
• convective heat transfer dominant
• higher temp. region
• greater heat transfer coefficient
(ii) dense bean bed
• lower convective heat transfer
• lower temp. region
• lower heat transfer coefficient

bean bed
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 16

Implications for Heat Transfer

Thermal balance at the batch-scale
[6]

Rate of change of bean temp.: 𝑹𝑴𝑺𝑬 = 𝟑. 𝟑℃

𝛼𝑎𝑏 𝐴𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑋𝑏

𝐺𝑎 𝐶𝑝,𝑎 𝑇𝑎,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑏 1 − exp − + 𝑚𝑏𝑠,𝑑𝑏 ∆𝐻𝑣 − 𝑄𝑎𝑚 + 𝑄𝑚𝑏
𝑑𝑇𝑏 𝐺𝑎 𝐶𝑝,𝑎 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑏𝑠,𝑑𝑏 (1 + 𝑋𝑏 )𝐶𝑝,𝑏

Overall heat transfer coefficient:

ℎ𝑎𝑏
𝛼𝑎𝑏 ≈
1 + 𝜂𝐴 𝐵𝑖
Introduce the dynamic bean bed:
𝐵𝐵𝑀𝐹 = 𝛽1 + 𝛽2 𝑚𝑏𝑠 + 𝛽3 𝑆𝑅

Modified heat transfer coefficient:

𝛼𝑎𝑏 ≈ ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝜂(1 − 𝐵𝐵𝑀𝐹)
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 17

Implications for Heat Transfer

Integration of particle motion

Lagrangian trajectories used for simulation

time-step and region ID to inform heat transfer
mechanisms
(i) Convective heat transfer in freeboard/in-
flight region:
ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑏 1Τ2 1Τ3
𝑁𝑢 = ≈ 2 + 0.6 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟
𝑘𝑎
(ii) Constant temp. region in the bean-bed

(iii) Conductive heat transfer at the drum-wall

Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 18

Implications for Heat Transfer

Thermal balance at the bean-scale 3D
surface
render

heat transfer within the bean

𝜕𝑇𝑏 𝜕𝑋𝑏 𝜕𝜌𝑑𝑏
𝜌𝑏 𝐶𝑝,𝑏 + ∇. −𝑘𝑏 ∇𝑇𝑏 = 𝜌𝑑𝑏 ∆𝐻𝑣 − + ∆𝐻𝑟
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

convective flux at the bean-air interface green coffee

𝑗𝑐𝑣 = ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝑇𝑎,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑏,𝑠

imposed boundary conditions

nො . −𝑘𝑏 ∇𝑇𝑏 = nො . ℎ𝑎𝑏 𝑇𝑎,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑏,𝑠
x-ray
(μCT)
cross-
section
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 19

Outlook - What next?

• PEPT provides real particle motion data for granular systems

• Process conditions and product properties impact particle
dynamics
• Significant differences in regional particle dynamics will
exhibit different rates of heat transfer
• Lagrangian trajectories used for simulation time-step and region
ID to inform heat transfer mechanisms
• Calibrated CFD-DEM & DEM simulations enable ‘what if?’ scenarios
to reduce experimental expense
Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 20

Thanks
Thanks for joining, feel free to reach out and discuss:
[email protected]

Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge funding received from EPSRC through the Centre for Doctoral
Training in Formulation Engineering at the University of Birmingham
(grant no. EP/L015153/1) and Jacobs Douwe Egberts.

Related talks at WCCM22

Regional Heat Transfer in Coffee Roasters 21

References
[1] M. Al-Shemmeri, K. Windows-Yule, E. Lopez-Quiroga & P. Fryer (2021) Coffee bean particle motion in a spouted bed measured using Positron
Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT). Journal of Food Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110709.

[2] F. Dioguardi, D. Mele, P. Dellino, A new one‐ equation model of fluid drag for irregularly shaped particles valid over a wide range of Reynolds
number, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 123(1) (2018) 144-156.

[3] R. Di Felice, The voidage function for fluid-particle interaction systems, International journal of multiphase flow 20(1) (1994) 153-159.

[4] D. Gidaspow, Multiphase flow and fluidization: continuum and kinetic theory descriptions, Academic press (1994).

[5] Al-Shemmeri, et al (2022) Particle Dynamics of Coffee Beans in a Drum Roaster Measured Using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT).
Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) first: Annual Event and Expo 2022.

[6] Al-Shemmeri, et al (2022) Simulation of Coffee Roasting Time-Temperature Profiles. 12th International Conference on Simulation and Modelling in
the Food and Bio-Industry. FoodSim’2022. Eurosis.

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