TOPIC

Gradients,
Derivatives and notes
Differentiation
Techniques
Gradient of a Curve
y = f(x)
1. (a) Gradient of a curve y = f(x) at a point P
= Gradient of a tangent to the curve at P Tangent tP

Value of dy
dr at P
dy
(b) The gradient function is
dralso known a
the derivative of y with respect to x.

Formulae

dr
2. 4(x*) =n-1

3. de (ax') = an-1

4.
In general, d (oor = mrco)r-lPo)

5. L (4) =0

Five Rules of Differentiation

6.
d MACO) = k d (1CO))

(Addition/Subtraction Rule)
7. d: 1f0) + g(o)l = d Erco)l* de lgco)l

Gradients, Derivatives and Differentiation Techniques | 163

8.
ü al3 du
dr
(Chain Rule)

9.
d (n) dv
dr ,ydu
dr (Product Rule)

du dv
10. 4e dr"dr (Quotient Rule)

Increasing/Decreasing Functions

>0
11. If y is an increasing function (i.e. y increases as x increases), the gradient is positive, ie. dy dr

< 0.
12. If y is a decreasing function (i.e. y decreases as x increases), the gradient is negative, i.e. dy dr

Higher Derivatives

13.
Function in f(x)

First derivative dy f°(x)

dr
d'y f(x)
Second derivative
dr
Third derivative d'y f*(x)
de

164 | Topic 10
 WORKED
examples
Basic Differentiation
example
Differentiate each of the following with respect 10 x.

(a) 2r-74x + 4 -3 (b) VI-27

solution (a) d(24-1+½-3)

- dl2r -7l +x°-3) (Remember to change the tox
= 8r - Lxi -2r before doing the differentiation.)

7
= &r -
5-3
(6) dV-2P)
410-20)
:40-20)3(-6r) (Chain Rule)

= -2701- 2r)3
2,2
Na-2P'y

ercise 10 Questions 1(a), (b), (c), (d), 4 to 6, 18(a). (b), (c), (e)

Gradiemts, Derivatives and Differentiation

 Product Rule
example
Given that =.x(2r - 3)'. find an expression for sle

solution y =x(2x' - 3)*

dy =x x 4(27 - 3)(4x) + (2r - 3)* x 1 (Produet Rule and Chain Rule)
dr
16x (2x - 3y + (27 - 3)'
=(2r -3)(167 + 27 -3) (Take out common factor.)

= (2r - 3)(18r - 3)
= 3(67 - 1)(2x - 3)'

ercise 10 Questions 1(e). 17(a). (b), 18(d). (g), 20, 21

Quotient Rule
example Given that f(x) : find an expression for f'(x).
V4.r -

solution
10) = TAr-1
(J4x -1) x 2x -(x* + 3)x ;(4x -1)(4)
f'(x) =
4.x -1

2x(V4x -1) -20x' + 3X4x - 1)3

4.x -I
2x(4.x - 1) -20x + 3) (Multiply the numerator and the
(4x-1) denominator by 4x-1.
8.ri - 2x - 2x2 - 6
(4x - 1)
= 6x - 2x -6
4(4x - 1)

ercise 10 Questions 1(f), 2, 17(c). (d), 18(h), 22 to 24

166 1 Tonic 10
 Finding the Gradient of a Curve at Point
example
Find the gradient of the curve y (27 - 3x) at the point where ›

solution y = (2r - 3x)

(Gradient of the curve
de = st2x - 30 4r -3) refers 1o #

When r = I.

deE = SC-1*00
=5

Gradient of the curve the point where x = 1 is 5.

ereise 10 Questions 3, 7 to 11, 25 to 28

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

example
Sx
Determine whether y = -
r'+l is an increasing or a decreasing function for x > 1.

solution Sr
y= x+
r + 1) x 5 -5x x2x (Quotient Rule)
dy
MP 1y
= -55x + 5 - 10r2
(x' + 1)
5-5x
=--
(x + 1)
5.x - 5
(x* + 1)

For x > I,
5(7 - 1) > 0 and (x + 1)? > 0. (Consider the numerator and denominator

Since dy > 0,
dr or dy
de separately.)
.y is an increasing function.

ercise 10 Questions 13 to 16, 29 to 34, 38.

Gradients, Derivatives and Differentiation Techniques | 167

exampleb
Higher Derivatives

Given that f(x) :

r+2 show that f'(x) :
x +4x
(* +2)
(a) Find an expression of f"(x). leaving your answer in its simplest form.
(b) Hence find the range of values of x or which l*(x) and f"(x) are both positive.

solution f(.x) =
.r
('(x) a
(x + 2X2x)-x
(x + 2)
- 2r° +4x-x
(x + 2)
x + 4x
(shown)
(* + 2)*

(a) f"(x)(x= + 2) (2x + 4) -(x* +4x)26x + 2XI)

(x + 2)*

. (x + 2) 20F + 2) - (x* + 4x)2(x + 2)

(x + 2)*
20x + 2M(x + 2) - (x* +4x))
(x + 2)*

2(x +4x+4-x -4x)

(x + 2)'

=
8
(x + 2)'

8
(b) When f"(x) > 0, > 0.
(x + 2)'
x +2>0
- (1)
x + 4x > 0.
When f'(x) > 0,
(x + 2)
x +4x>0
x(x + 4) > 0
X <-4 or.x > 0 - (2)

168 l Topie I(
 Combining (I) and (2):

Ax> 0 for f'(x) and f"(x) to be both positive.

ereise 10 Questions 12,35, 37, 39

xercise -10
BASIC
1. Differentiate each of the following expressions
4. Given that f(x) = 2 VP - 8 find the value of
with respect to x.

2
f'(16).
3x - 5
(a)
5. Given that f(x) = v2ax- b, where a and b are
(b) 5.2xF -3
12 constants and that when
2 , f(x) = 4 and
(c)
(3 -2x) f'(x) = 8, find the values of a and b.

() (3-#) P +2 find the value of x

b. Given that f(x)
(e) xV4x -3 Vx

2x - 1 for which f'(x) = -2g

(D
3r+l
7. The gradient of the curve y = 2x + mx + n at the
2. Given thatde
d i--arimy , ind point (1, 5) is 8. Find the value of m and of ».

the value of p.
8. Given that the curve y = ax + 2 has a gradient

3. Calculate the gradient(s) of the curve of -5 at the point (2,-2), find the value of a and
y = 2r + 3r at the points when y = -1. of b.

Gradients, Derivatives and Differentiation Techniques | 169

9. The gradient of the curve y = px ½ at the 13. Given that y = -x - 2x + 2x - 7x + 5, find

point (1.9) is 3. Calculate the value of p and diy

-4
de' and the range of values of x for which
of q.

1-2x
10. A curve is given by y m
(2x + I)
14. Given that - xx - 4), express. d'y, dy
Calculate the gradient of the curve at the point de dr
where it crosses the x-axis.
n terms of x. Hence, find the range of values

of x such that.dr'
d'y , dy
dr is positive.
11. The equation of a curve is y = x - ax + b, where
and b are constants. The gradient of the curve

at point P(2,4) is 9. Find 15. Given that . 2r + l. find the

(a) the values of a and b,
of range of values of x for which y increases as.
(b) the coordinates of another point Q on the increases.
curve with the same gradient as P.

16.
A function is defined by y =y' - 15 x. 18x - 3.
12. If f(x) =xV.r +9 , lind the values of f'(4) and
f"(4). Find the range of values of x for which y is an
increasing function.

INTERMEDIATE

R
17. Differentiate each of the following expressions with respect to .x.
(a) .x°(5 - 2r)' (b) (2r - 3)(7 - 3xrl)*

(c) V3 - 23 (d)
X-3

18. Differentiate each of the following with respect tor.

(a) 2V 5 -6 (b) (1-2)*+4)

3r
2x7-3Vx +1 (d) 3x0x - 2)
(c)
2x
5
(e)
2v2x -5
(0
(*-%)
4Vx
(g) (2r + 3)V5-F (h)
1-4x2

170 1 Topic 10
 S.r
19. A curve has the equation f(x) :
P-x-6 , where x * -2 and x * 3.
(a) Express f(x) in partial fractions.

(b) Hence find f'(x) and explain why the gradient is negative for all points on the curve.

20. Given that

dr d [(2x IN+3|= px + q 2+3 find the value of p and of q.

kx(Sx + 8)
21. Given that y =xV.x + 2 . show that dy can
de be expressed in the form where k is a constant.
Vx + 2
State he value of k.

22. Given that d 2-: ax + b

find the value of a and of b.
dr VI-2x V(- 2x)'

V3.x2 -
23. Given that ) show that dy can be expressed in the form where a and b are
2.r dr br J3r
constants to be determined.

24. Given that

!1 o L. find the value of de when = 3,

25. The equation of a curve is y 2 Vr where x > 0.

V.r
Find the gradient of the at the point x = e, leaving your answer in terms of e.

26. A curve is given by the equation xy = Vr 2y, where x > 0. Find the gradient of the curve when x = 4.

3.r
in partial fractions.
27. () Express 7-9
(ii) Hence, find the gradient of the curve y :
3x
- at the point where x = 1.

28. The gradient of the curve

- bx - 1 at the point (-1, 4) is 1. Find the value of a and of b.

29. It is given that where k is a non-zero constant and x > 0. y x 0 and x * k.

y

Find an expression for dr dy and hence explain clearly whether y is increasing or decreasing.

Gradients, Derivatives and Differemiation Techniques 1 171

30. (a) Differentiate y with respect to Hence, show that when x is positive, y increases a

x increases.
X+
(b) Determine the range of values of x for which y :
7+3 is a decreasing function.

5
31. Given that the equation of a curve is y = 2(2x + 1) *,where
V 5 that y is a decreasing function
x * show
1
for all values of except x=-5

32. The diagram shows part of the curve y = X + ax + bx + l.

(a) State the range of values of. for which y is decreasing.

(b) Hence, find the value of a and of b

33. It is given that y = 3x + 6r + 7x + 3.

de
(i) Find an expression for dy
(ii) Show that y increases as: increases.

172 l Topic 10
 3x - 2
34. A curve has the equation y = f(x), where F(x) = 2T5. x > 4.

an (i) Obtain an expression for f'(x) and for f"(x).

(ii) Determine whether f is an increasing or a decreasing function. Explain your answer.
(ii) Showing full working. determine whether the gradient of the curve is an increasing or a decreasing
function.

35. A curve has the equation f(x) = 1 + 4x - 37 + X.

(i) Express f'(x) in the form a(x + b) + c, where a, b and e are constants.

(ii) Show that f is an increasing function.

(iii) Find the set of values of x for which f(x) + x 4 f"(x).

2x - 3
36. The equation of a curve is y ((x), where f(x)
r +4
8 + 6x - 2.x
(i) Show that f'(x)
(x +4)*
(ii) Find the set of values of x for which both and its gradient function are positive.

k
37. If f(x) = + IIx, where k is constant, show that xf"(x) + xf'(x) = f(x) for all values of k.

ADVANCED
38. The polynomial f(x) = .x' ax br 40. where a and b are constants, when divided by (x - 2), has a
remainder 12. The gradient of the curve y = f(x) at the point x = -1 is 5.
(a) Find the values of a and b.

(b) Find the range of values of x for which f(x) is increasing.

39.
A function is given by y = 4r'+ % where p and q are positive integers.

Given that radiy

dei 24d = 6y, hind the values of p and q.

Gradients, Derivatives and Differentiation Techniques | 173

Learning Outcomes Checklist

an now able

apply the rules of differentiation to differentiate algebraic expressions

find the derivative of as f(x) as the gradient of the tangent to a curve f(x) at a

particular point

find higher derivatives of functions

dr as dy, diyl. # (4) roole d rcol

apply standard derivative notations such
and F(o)= dro
1d
apply d to increasing and decreasing functions

174 l Topic 10
 TOPIC
Applications of
Differentiation notes
Equations of Tangent and Normal to a Curve

1. Equation of a straight line: y - y, = m(r -x,)

tangent

normal

2. To find the equation of a tangent, we need:

Gradient of tangent, m = &

Coordinates of a point that lies on the tangent, (*), y,)

Equation of tangent: y-y =m(x-x,)

3. To find the equation of a normal, we need:

dy m
Gradient of tangent = dr
-L
Gradient of normal = -1 4 dy de
Coordinates of a point that lies on the normal, (x;, ),)

Equation of normal: y-ö= --(x-x,) m

Applications of Differentiation 1 175

Rates of Change

4.
I A is the rate of change of x with respect to time and y f(x), then the rate of change of y with
dr
respect to / is given by - d de d

5. A positive rate of change is an increase in magnitude of the quantity involved as the time increases.

6. A negative rate of change is a decrease in the magnitude of the quantity involved as the time increases.

Stationary Points

7. If a point (Ng+ )o) is a stationary point of the curve the gradient

f(x), then dy dr =0 when x = Yo, ik
of the tangent at x = *o is zero.

8. A stationary point can be a maximum point, a minimum point or point of inflexion.

Determining the Nature of the Stationary Points of

, First Derivative Test: dy

Use dr
Maximum point Minimum point
x Jo r' r Ao
r
dy
dr
>0 0 <0 dy
dr <0 0
slope slope

stationary stationary
point point

Point of inflexion
r r Point of inflexion

N X
dy
de
>0 0 >0 dy
dr <0 0 :0

slope slope

stationary stationary
point point

176 | Topic UI
10. Second Derivative Test: Use diy
de
I de < 0, the stationary point is a maximum point.
• Ir d'2 5 0.the stationary point is a minimum point.
dr
• Ifd'y
dr =0, the stationary point can be a maximum point, a minimum point or a point of inflexion.
Use the First Derivative Test to determine the nature

Important note: Second Derivative Test cannot determine point of inflexion.

Problems on Maximum and Minimum Values

I1. To solve a problem on maximum or minimum values:

Step l: Find a relationship between the quantity to be maximised or minimised and the variable(s)
involved.

Step 2: If there is more than one variable involved, use substitution to reduce it to one independent
variable only.
Step 3: Find the first derivative of the expression obtained above.
Step 4: Equate the first derivative to zero to obtain the value(s) of the variable.
Step 5: Check the nature of the stationary point.

Step 6: Find the required maximum or minimum value of the quantity.

Applications of Differentiation L 177

 NORK-D
lexamples
Applications of Differentiation to Tangents and Normals
example 6
The cquation of curve is given by 2x..+1'
Find
(1) dy
dr
(ii) the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve at the point where
x = -l.

solution ()
y = 2x
(You can also write y as 6(2r + 1)'
C (2x* + 1) x 0 - 6 x 4x
(27 +17
and use Chain Rule to lind dydr
24.x
(2x) + 1)

(ii) When x = -1,

y=2
sl 83
Equation of tangent: y - 2: 5o+1
8
3'
00 jen = 71+ 3co

Gradient of normal = -3
(m,m. =-I)

Equation of normal: y - 2 = -% (x + l)
3
=- Ex
y=-E*+ 13
8

ercise 11 Questions I to 5, 16 to 25, 55

178 l Topic 11
 Rate of Change
example 2.x°
Two variables. x and y, are related by the equation y = +x Given that y
increases at rate of 3 units per second, find the rate of change of x when x = 3,

solution y= +
2x*

dy , (1+x)X4x-2r'x1 (Ouotient Rule)

dr (1+x)
4x+4x -2x
(1+x)
= 2x° + 4x
(1+.r)*

dy dy y dr
Using dr dr dr
3= 27 + 4x y dr
(1+x) di
3 = 15 dr
8 * dr
dr
di = 1.6
Rate of change of r when x = 3 is 1.6 units/s

ercise 11 Questions 6 to 10, 26 to 35, St

Stationary Point
example
Given that the equation of curve is y = 78
r
6 . find

1 dy
de
(ii) the x-coordinate of the stationary point and determine its nature.

solution (i) y=-

x6
8r'+3r
de =-160+}P
5x 716

Applications of Differentiation 1 179

 (ii) When dy =0. (At the stationary point. d = 0,

L7- 16 :0

4Y - 16
.F = 32

=2

diy r + 48r1 (Use the second derivative to determine the

nature of the stationary point.)
48

When x = 2.

# -520
The stationary point at a = 2 is: minimum.

ercise 11 Questions 11 to 15, 36 to 41

Stationary Value involving 3 Variables

example
16
It is given that and that z = x + 2y. Given that x is positive, find the value

of and of y that makes z a stationary value and show that in this case, z has a
minimum value.

solution y: 16

: =x + 2y
(1)
(2)

Substitute (1) into (2): (We want to express : D terms of one variable.)

c=rt 32
=.r + 32r4

d = 21 - 1284
= 2r - 2

180 l Topic I1
 When 418 = 0,

2.r - F =0
128

2=7
128

x = 64
=+2

Given that x is positive,

:2
(Substitute :2 into (1) to obtain the value of' y.) he

ds = 2 + 640x* (Use the second derivative to show that z has a

F
640
minimum value.)

When x = 2,

dr
d's = 12>0
.. z has : minimum value.

ercise 11 Question 47

Problem on Maxima and Minima

example The diagram shows rectangle of length and 2 semicircles each of radius

cm. The perimeter of the figure is 400 cm and the area of the rectangle is A cml.

r cm

(a) Show that A = 400r 2ar.

dA
(b) Find an expression for
dr

Applications of Differentiation | 181

 (c) Calculate
¡) the value of r for which A is a maximum.

(ii) the maximum value of A correct to 3 significant figures.

solution (a) Given that the perimeter is 400 cm, (As A is expressed in terms of r only,
2x + 2xr = 400 we make use of the perimeter to
r: 200 - ar obtain an equation linking x and r.
before substituting it into A.)
A =x(2r)
= 2r(200 - xr)
400r 2xr (shown)

(b) dA
dr 400 - 43r

(c) (i) When dA

dr
=0.
400 - 4xr

7 = 190

dA = -41 <0 (Use the second derivative to check that

A is a maximum.)

(ii) When r = 100 R

A = 400( 199) -2x(199 )

*
= 40 000 20 000
R
20 000

= 6370 (to 3 s.f.)

.. The maximum value of A is 6370.

ercise Il Questions 42 to 54, 57

182 | Topic l!
=xercise -11
BASIC
I. The tangent to the curve y = px + 4 at the point 7. Given that y : 3x° -2x
5Vx +1 and decreases

at a rate of 2 units per second when 0.25.

passes through the origin.
find the corresponding rate of change of y at this
Find the value of p and of q. instant.

2. Find the coordinates of the points on the curve s. The variables x and y are related by the equation
y = 2x' -3x7 - 9r + I, where the tangents to the y =x(2x" - 3). Given that the rate of change of
curve are parallel to the line y = 7 + 3r. x is 3 units per second, find the corresponding
rate of change of y when x = -1.
3, Find the equation of the tangent and the normal
4
to the curve y =
(3x - 1) at the point where 9. Two positive variables, x and y, are related by
r=0. 2
the equation y
V3P- 9x+ 1
4. A curve has the equation y = x - 4x + 7. Find
(i) Obtain an expression for dy dr
(i) dy
dr (ii) Given that y is increasing at a rate of 3
(ii) the coordinates of the point on the curve units second when y = 2, find the rate
for which the tangent is parallel to the of change of x at this instant.
x-axis,

10. Given that y = 3x +4 .*>0, find an expression

(iii) the equation of the normal at the point
where r=l. x-2
for &
5. (i) Find the coordinates of P. the point of (a) Show that y is a decreasing function.
intersection of the graphs y = 4½x and (b) Given that x and y vary with ime find
y= 4x3 for x > 0.
the value of x for which dy dr = 0.
di dr
Determine if the tangents to the graphs at
P are perpendicular to each other. Explain
11. The equation of i curve is y = 8 - (2x - 3)'.
your answer clearly.
0 Explain why the curve has only
0. Given that y 2r T and that increases stationary point and write down the
coordinates of the stationary point.
at a rate of 0.1 units per second, find the rate of
11) Showing your working clearly, determine
change of y at the instant when x = 9.
if the stationary point is a point of inflexion.

Applications of Differeniation 1 183

 12. Find the coordinates of the stationary point on 14. A curve has an equation y = f(x), where
the y=r. 16
and state whether is a f(x) =
4x +1
2 -x
-.rk
maximum or a minimum point. (j State the value of k.
(ii) Obtain an expression for f'(x). Hence
13. Find the coordinates of the stationary point on explain why the curve has no stationary
points.
the curve y = x - 3x + 3x - 7 and determine
the nature of this stationary point.
IS. Given that the equation of curve is

= 4- 4x + 27 + 1, find
(i) an expression, in terms of x. for the gradient
function,
(ii) the minimum gradient.

INTERMEDIATE
16. Given that the tangent to the curve y qx - I at the point (-1, -3) is parallel to the line
y = 14x + 4, find the value of g and of q.

17.
Given that the tangent to the curve y = 3(x + 2)(x - 2) at the point A is perpendicular to the line
6y + x = 3, find the coordinates of A.

k
18. A curve has the equation y :
2+x where k is a constant. The normal to the curve at x = 2 is parallel
to y + 3r = 5. Find the value of k.

19 The curve y = Ir+ n7 - 11 passes through the point P(-2, 10). Given that the gradient of the normal

to the curve at P is
2 find the value of 1N and of n.
39

12.x
20. Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve y at the point where x
(3 - 2x)*

21. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y r-2

+2r at the point where the curve cuts the x-axis.

Find the coordinates of the point where this normal cuts the curve again.

8
22. Find the gradient of the curve y = .x + r at the point P(2, 12). The tangent to the curve at P cuts
the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. Find the area of triangle AOB, where O is the origin.

184 I Topic 11
23. A curve is such that its gradient function is 227 + mr. Given that the line 6y 16 is normal to the
curve at the point (2, 3), find
(i the value of m,
(ii) the equation of the tangent to the curve at the at point (2, 3).

24. Given that the tangent to the curve y = x - 5x + 7 at the point P, which lies on the positive x-axis, is
3y + 6x a 5. find
(1) the coordinates of P.
(ii) the equation of another tangent to the curve which is parallel to the tangent at P.

25. Find the value of k for which the line 2y + kx = 10k is a tangent to the curve ky - 4 = 6x at the point
where .r = 2. Hence, find the corresponding equation of the normal at this point.

5
26. The variables x and y are related by the equation y where * 1. Given that x is decreasing
2(x - 1)
nt a rate of 0.2 units per second, find
(i) the rate of change of y when x = 3,
(ii) the value of x when y increases at the rate of 8 units per second.

27. Given that x and y are two variables such that

1
y 5 find Df the rate of change of y at the instant

when x = 5, given that x changes at the rate of 0.1 units per second.

28. The diagram shows a conical container, initially full, of height 12 cm and radius 4 cm. Water is being pumped

out of the container through an opening at the base of the container at a constant rate of 8 cm' s'. After

1 seconds, the depth of the water is h cm.

12 cm

0 Show that the volume of water in the container, V cm*, at time / seconds is given by

V= 64t - 27 (12-h).
(ii) Find the rate of change of the depth when the in volume of water in the container is 37x cm*.
Gii) State, with reason, whether this rate will increase or decrease as / increases.

Applications of Differentiation 1 185

29. A curve has the equation y = (x - 3) V2x + 3, where x2 -.
kr
(i) Show that dy
dr can be expressed in the form and state the value of k.
V2x + 3
(ii) Find the equation of the tangent when x = 11.

(iii) Find the rate of change of x at the instant when J 11. given that y is increasing at a rate of 5 units
per second at this instant.

30. The diagram shows part of the curve y :4r The point R lies on the y-axis and the point O lies on the
curve such that RQ is parallel to the r-axis and has a length of p units.

y
y = 4x

S(0,2)+

dA
(a) Given that the point S is (0, 2), express the area. A units*, of triangle RQS in terms of p and show that dp = 6p'-1
(b) The point R moves along the y-axis and the point 0 moves along the curve such that RO remains
parallel to the x-axis and p increases at a rate of 0.03 units per second. Find, when p = 2,
1) the rate of change of A,

o (ii) the rate of change of the distance of the point from the x-axis as it travels along the y-axis.

31. A cube of ice of is melting at a constant rate. The initial volume of the ice cube is 20 cm and the volume

after 5 minutes is 15 iS cm' Find the rate at which the length of the cube is decreasing at the time
/ = 12 minutes.

32. A spherical balloon is being inflated in such a way that its volume is increasing at a constant rate of
150 cm' s-. At time / seconds, the radius of the balloon is r cm. Given that the volume of a sphere i

ar and he total surface area is 4xr. find the rate of change of

D the radius,
(ii) the surface area.
at the instant when the radius is 50 cm.

186 | Topic 11
33. Water is poured into bucket at a rate of 24x cm' s'. The volume, V cm". of water in the bucket when
ar (15 -x)
the depth of water is given by V= 3 , where x > 4. Find

(i) the rate of increase in the depth of water when x = 5,

(ii) the volume of water at the instant when the rate of increase in the depth is 1 cm s". leaving your
answer in terms of x.

34. When 1 hemispherical bowl contains water depth of. the volume, V cm'. of the water is given

by V = -xx*(18
3 -x). The bowl is initially empty. After water has been poured into the bowl at a constant

rate for seconds, the depth of water is 3 cm. Find

dV
(1) the constant rate in of x,
dr
(ii) the rate at which the water level is rising when the depth is 3 cm.

5.x - 2
35. Given that y 3.x -2 . where x +-2
(i) show that y is an increasing function,
dr dywhere x and y vary with time r.
(ii) find the values of x for which dr
di = 4,

36. Find the coordinates of the stationary points the curve y = 2x 4 r-l and determine the of
each of these points.

37. A curve has the equation y = -, ,x %-I.*+

(i) Explain why the curve has no stationary point.
(ii Find the equations of the two tangents to the curve which are perpendicular to the line
y - 6x + 10 = 0.

38. The tangent to the curve y =.y' + axr + 12r + 2 at x = 1 is parallel to the line y = 9r + 2.
(i) Find the value of a.
(ii) Hence, show that the curve has stationary point for all values of r.

39. The gradient at any point (x, y) on a curve is given by Ox

1
R
4. Given that the line 4x - 4y = 3 is a

normal to the curve at the point where x = 2 find

(i) the value of k,
(ii) the x-coordinates of the stationary points and determine their nature.

oplications of Differentiation | 187

40. A curve has the equation y 7.F > 0. The point (a, b) is the stationary point on the curve

(i) Determine the value of a and of b, leaving your answer in the simplest exact form.
(ii) Determine iS whether y is increasing or decreasing for values
(a) 0<x <a,
(b) of x greater than•

(iii) Using the result in part (ii), what conclusion can be made about the stationary point?

41. The curve y = 2r' - 6x + 6r - 11 has stationary point x = m.

(a) Determine the value of m.

(b) Determine whether y is increasing or decreasing for values of

(i) less than m,
(ii) x more than m.
(c) Using the results in part (b)(ii), deduce the nature of the stationary point.

(d) Hence state the value of d'y when J

dr

12 A piece of wire of length 10 cm is cut into two pieces. one of length x cm and the other of length

(10 -x) cm. The picce of length x cm is bent to form a cirele. The other piece is bent to form a square. is

the radius of the circle is

5
Show of that, as x varies, the sum of the areas enclosed by these two pieces of wire is a minimum when
cm.
R +4

13. A piece of wire, / cm long, is bent to form the shape as in shown in the diagram. ACDE is a rectangle
with AE = ) cm and AABC is a right-angled triangle with AB = 13x cm and BC = 5x cm.

13r

(i) Express / in terms of x and y.

(ii) Given that the area enclosed is 96 cm*, show that / = 25x • 16

(iii) Hence. find the value of x for which / has stationary value and determine the nature of this
stationary value.

188 l Topic I!
44. A piece of wire 80 cm long is bent to form the shape as shown in the figure. The shape is made up of a
semicircular are of radius r cm two sides of an equilateral triangle on the opposite ends ( f a rectangle

whose length is 4x cm. The enclosed area of the shape is A cm*.

4r cm

(i) Express x in terms of r.

(ii) Show that A = 80r + r +r(V5-4-4)

(iii) Calculate the value of r for which has stationary value.
(iv) Find this value of A and determine whether is a maximum or minimum.

45. The figure shows a skeleton box with a square base ABCD.

If the total length of the wire used is 12 m, find the maximum volume of the box.

ications of Differentiation | 189

46. A stunt performed by two members of a motorcycle display team requires them to travel, at speed, at
right angles to each other across he arena.

(21 - 5.0)

(0,1 - 10)

The positions of the motorcyclists, relative to suitable axes, in metres, / seconds after the stunt begins, are
(21 - 5,0) and (0, t - 10).
(a) Show that, at any given moment, the distance, D, between them is given by S = V5(r 81 + 25).
dS
(b) Obtain an expression for
dr
(c) Determine whether the distance between the motorcyclists is increasing or decreasing 5 seconds after
the start of the stunt.

(d) Find the least distance between the motorcyclists.

47. The diagram shows a container made up of a hemispherical cover

of radius, r cm, and a cylinder of same radius and height, h cm. The
total inner volume of the container is 600x cm'.
(i) Express h in terms of r.
(ii) Assuming the hole for the straw insertion is negligible,
show that the total amount of material, S cm*,

used for the container is S = 1r. 1200%

(iii) Given that varies. find the value of r when S is stationary.

Show that the total amount of material used is at its minimum.
(iv) The material for the curved surface of the container costs

0.2 cents per cm' and the material for the base costs 0.25 cents per cm*.

A factory intends to produce 5000 such containers with : budget of $8000.

Justify if this amount is sufficient, showing your working clearly.

190 l Tonic |!
48. The diagram shows the rectangles PQRS and PTUV, where TQ = 5 cm, PV = x cm, VS = 3 cm and the
area of PTUV is cm

> cm

3 cm

(i) Show that the area of PORS, A cm*, is given by A = Sr + 75 + 180 r

Given that x can vary,

(ii) find an expression for dA de

(iii) show that, when A takes its minimum value, the rectangles PORS and PTUV are similar.

49. The regular cross section of a triangular prism is an isosceles triangle whose sides are 5x cm, 5x cm and

6x cm. The length of the prism is h cm.

h cm

S.r cm, Srcm

ar cm

(i) Given that the volume of the prism is 240 cm show that h = 20 F
(ii) Given that the total surface area is . cm*, show that A
320 242
Giii) Find the value of x for which A has a stationary value.
(iv) Find this stationary value A.

Applications of Differentiation | 191

50. A glass paperweight is made up of a solid eylinder of radius 4x cm and height h em, together with
solid cone of radius 4x cm and height 3r attached on top. The volume of the entire paperweight is
8967 cm

56 Y.
(i) Show that / =
4487
(ii) Show that the total surface area. A cm*, of the paperweight, is given by A 2877 +

(iii) Calculate the value of : for which the total surface area of the paperweight is a minimum.

51. A closed can, in the shape of a circular cylinder, contains 600 cm* of liquid when full. The cylinder, of
radius and height h cm, is made from a thin sheet of metal. The total external surface area of the
cylinder is A cm*.

D Show
that A = 21r + 1200
(ii) Find the value of r and of h for which A has a stationary value.

(iii) Calculate he stationary value of A and determine whether it is a maximum or minimum.

52. A solid cylinder of height h cm and radius r em is cut from a solid

cone with height 50 cm and radius 15 cm as shown in the diagram.

(i)
Show that h = 10(5-4
i Write down an expression for the volume of the cylinder,
in V cm', in terms of r.
50 cm
(iii) Determine the value of r for which the volume of the
cylinder is maximum.
(iv) Hence, find the maximum volume of the cylinder.

192 l Topic I
53. The ligure shows a right circular cone in sphere, centre 0, and of unit radius. The vertex of the cone.

A is on the sphere and the centre of the sphere is on the axis of the cone. The distance of O from the
»f base of the cone is x e

D Show that the of volume of the cone is %(1+x-X-x).

(ii) Hence, find the value of x which makes the volume of the cone a maximum.

54. A right circular cone is cut from a solid sphere of radius a units. The vertex and circumference of the
base on are both on the surface of the sphere. The distance of the base from the centre of the sphere is
x units and the volume of the cone is V units'.

1) Show that
V= 3Rld-*Na+x).
(ii) Hence, find the height of the cone when its volume is a maximum.

ADVANCED
55. A curve with equation 5ry + x + y - 3 = 0 cuts the x-axis at the point P.
(i) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at P.
(ii) Determine the obtuse angle that the tangent to the curve at P makes with the positive x-axis.

Applications of Differentiation | 193

56. The diagram an shows an inverted right circular cone with base
radius 12 cm and height 30 cm. Initially, it is filled with water.

Water leaks through a small hole at the vertex P at the

of 4 cm /min.
(1) Express r in terms of hr.
) Cm
(ii) Show that the volume of water in the cone, V cm', in terms
4 ach
of height, h, is given by V
75
(iii) Find the rate of change of the of depth of the water when / = 5 cm.

What does the answer imply?

(iv) State, with i reason, whether this rate of change will increase or decrease as r increases.

57. The diagram shows part of the graphs of = 2y = 4x + 3 and 2y + x = 8. A and B are points on the lines
2y = 4.x + 3 and 2y + x = 8 respectively. C and D are points on such ABCD forms a rectangle.

2y +.x = 8

(i) Given that AC = h units, show that the area of ABCD, z units", is given by z = ¾ (7h - 202).

(ii) Find the stationary value of z and show that this value is a maximum.

Learning Outcomes Checklist

I am now able to

find the equations of the tangent and the normal to a curve particular point

apply differentiation to problems on rates of change

find the nature of stationary point on a curve and determine whether it is a

maximum point, a minimum point or a stationary point of inflexion

apply differentiation to solve problems involving maximum and minimum values

00 00

194 l Topie 1
 TOPIC
Differentiation of
Trigonometric, notes
Logarithmic &
Exponential Functions
and their Applications
Trigonometric Functions

Ensure that your calculator is in radian mode.

1. Derivatives of sin x, cos x and tan.x:

d(sinx)= cos.x
dr d (sec x) = sec x tan x
dr

d (cos x) = -sin x d (cosec x) = - cosec x cot x

dr dr

(tanx) sec*, d (cot .x) -cosecx

dr
dr

2. Derivatives of sin (ax + b), cos (ax + b) and tan (ax b):
= a cos (ax + b)
deIsin (ax + 5)

d
dr[cos (ax + 5)| = -a sin (ax + b)

d sec' (ax + b)
dr[tan (ax + b)]

3. Derivatives of sin" cos" x and tan" r:

(sin" x) = n sin"* cosx

de

cos*- sin
d (co".s)

d (tan" x) = n tan"-* , sec

dr

Dilferentiation of Trigonometric, Logarithmic & Exponential Fiuctions and their Applications | 195
 4. Derivatives of sin" (ax + b), cos* ax b) and tan" (ax + b):

d
TrIsin" (ax + b)) = an sin*-* (ax + b) cos (ax + b)

(ax b) sin (ax + b)

àn lcos" (ar + 5)) = -an cox-

Ir
d. (tan" (ax + b)) an tan* (ax + b) sec (ax + b)

5. In general,

d sin" 100) u sin?-1 10o) x d Isin 1Co)

d
d, lcos' 100) = n cos" f(x) x dr [cos f(xr)

f(x))
de (tan' tan*-4 100 x de tan 100)l

Logarithmic Functions

0. Derivative of In r:

d (n )= ;
7. Derivative of In (ax + b):

d In (ax + b) = ax + b

8. In general,

d (in f0o)] f(x)

dr f(x) where F'00) = %, 100)1

9. As tar as possible, make use of the laws of logarithms to simplify logarithmic expressions before
finding the derivatives.

Exponential Functions

10. Derivative of e:

d[e']=e

11. Derivative of ei+b:

Hleetleaeos
12. In general,

an le*"] = l'Co) e*t, where F'0r): d (F0o))

196 | Topic 12
 WORKED
examples
Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
example of Differentiate each of the following with respect to x.

(a) 2 cos (4r + l) (b) tan' (4 - 2x) (c)

* m(=)

solution (a)
d
de(2 cos (4x + 1))
= 2[-4 sin (4x 1]
= -8 sin (4x + I)

(6) d (tan' (4- 20))

tan* (4 2r) x sce* (4 - 2x) x (-2) (Chain Rule)

=-6 tan* (4 - 2x) sec' (4 - 2x)

(c)
dsm(H)
(Product Rule)
-*x}co (H) - sim (#) x 2s

- }ro0 (#) +2rsm #)

ereise 12 Questions 1 to 4(d), 17, 18, 21(a), 24

Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

example
Differentiate each of the of following with respect

(a) In (2r - 1) (b) In V4x2 -1 (c) In

solution (a) ddr(n (2r - 1)]

2x -1
 (b) d m V43 -1]
d}m-D] (Power Law of Logarithms)

44%)

(c)
#*()]
d (in (3xr) - In (2r - 1)) (Quotient Law of Logarithms)

R-m
2 2x-1

ercise 12 Questions 4(e), 5, 20, 21(b)

Differentiation of Exponential Functions

example Differentiate each of the following with respect or.

(a) (1-3r (b) ete 3e (c) re'

(a) ddr
[e'-3)
solution = -3e-

(b) d (ce 3g
= eiia 3t x 3 cos 3r
: 3¢4a 3x cos 3x

dr
(c) d fe'hy
=xx 2re+e x 1 (Product Rule)
=2re'+e
= (27 + D)e

Thy I ereise 12 Questions 6 to 9, 19, 25

198 l Topic 12
 Applications of Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
example It is given that y :
cos.r
sin r - 2
dy
B Show that dr p+ qsinx
can be expressed in the form , stating the value of
(sin x - 2)'
p and of q.

(ii) Hence, find the values of between 0 and 2x for which y has a stationary
value.

cos.r
(i) y=
solution
sin.

(sin x - 2) x (-sinx) - cos x X cos.x

de (Quotient Rule)
(sin x - 2)*

- -sin*x + 2 sin : cosx (Recall that sin' x + cos x = 1.)

(sinx - 2)
=
2 sinr - I
(sin x - 2)

.p= -I, q =2

(ii) When d = 0,

2 sin.x -1
=0
(sinx - 2)*

2 sin x - 1 =0
sinr
a=
-Ic kio

X= quadrants.)
6 6 S%. (sin x is positive in the first

ercise 12 Questions 10 to 12, 22, 23, 29 to 41, 56

Applications of Differentiation of Exponential Functions

example Given that y = e" cos.x, find the value of x between 0 and for which y is stationary.

=e cosx
solution dr = c'(-sin x) + 3e"
dy cos J

= e (3 cos x - sinx)

For stationary values of y, dy

dr
= 0.
 e"(3 cos x - sinx) = 0

Since e' > 0 for all values of x.

cosx - sin xE
3 cos x = sin x
sin x
3a
cos.r
tan x = 3
x = 1.25 (to 3 s.f.)

ereise 12 Questions 13. 14, 25 to 28, 49 to 55

Applications of Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

exampleu Find the coordinates of the point on the on curve y = In (5 - 2x) at which the tangent

is perpendicular to the line 2y - x = 3,

solution y = In (5 - 2x)

dy
dr 3-2x
2y -x = 3

y = 5x4
6le

Since tangent is perpendicular to above line.

gradient of tangent: = -2.

5 =-2
5-2r
5 - 2r = l
2r =4
r=2

When x = 2, y = In 1 = 0.
:. Coordinates of required point are (2, 0)

ercise 12 Questions 15, 16, 42 to 48

200 | Topic 12
 Exeraise - 12
BASIC
1. Differentiate each of the following with respect 6. Differentiate each of the following with respect
oN.
(a) sin (5x - 3)
(b) 2 cos (ZX - 2)
(a) Se-1 (b) 3c'-3
(c) 3e7-3-4
(e) 2 5tan (4 - 3.x)

2. Differentiate each of the following with respect 1. Differentiate each of the of following with respect
0x.
to.r.
(a) cos* (9 - 2x*) (b) tan' (3x - 5) (a) 3 re* (b) re-
(c) tan (8x - 3) (c) e*
2 - 3x

3. Differentiate each of the following with respect

8. Given that y = (1 + x)e", show that
or.
(a) r: 2r (b) x tan 2r 1 = & de
(c) 5 sin 3x cos 2r
9. (i) Given that Acot where A and p are
$. Differentiate each of the following with respect dy
constants, find an expression for
dr
0J
(¡i) Hence, find the value of A and of p for
(a) sin* 2r (b) lx cos 2r
3.r + l dy - 4y = 14e".
which de
c) e tan 2r d) tanx

(e)
In.x 10. Show that the gradient to the curve y = x tan x at

the point where J is approximately 0.194.

5. Differentiate each of the following with respect

11. Find the gradient of the normal to the curve

(a) In(5-3 (b) In (4-7) =x cos x, where x = 0.5, giving your answer
to 2 decimal places.
(c) In (4x - 3x + 1)? (d) In V5.2 -1
(e) In V6.r -3 (0 in
(3.x - 5)' 12. Find the gradient of the tangent to the
Sx - 3 y = x sin x at the point where x = l.
(g) In (h) In 2.x + 3
3x + 7 3r - 4

Differentiation of Trigonometric, Logarithmic & Exponential Functions and their Applications | 201
 15. The equation of a curve is y = In (x* + 2x), where
13. The equation of a curve is y Find the
r > 0.
gradient of the normal to the eurve at the point
Find the x-coordinates of the points on the curve
where x = 0.
at which the normal is parallel to 12y + Sx =

dy
14. Given that y = e -(sin x - cos x), find de 16. Find the coordinates of the stationary point of

Hence determine for 0 <.x < 2x. the values of x

the curve y =.xIn.x, leaving your answer in exact

for which y is stationary. form. Showing your working clearly, determine

the nature of this stationary point.

INTERMEDIATE
17. Differentiate cach of the following with respect to .x.

(a) /3 sin x + 2 cos 3.x (b) (2r + 1) cos' 2r

(c) (2r - 1) tan 3.r (d)

2 cos 3x

1 + cos 2.x sin 2.r

(e) sinr (D 2 - cos.r

18. Differentiate each of the following with respect to

(a) sec (2x - 5) (b) cot (4-x2)

(c) cosec (2r - 1) (d) Vx cosec x

19. Differentiate each of the following with respect to .x.

e"
(a) e3 tan 2x (c)
(b) e* cos 5 sin 2x

20. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x.

(a)
x (b) (2x - 3)' In x
In x

(c)
Inx (d)
In.r
3.x + 2 2.x - 1

21. Find the derivative of each of the following.

(a) 21 sin 2x sec 4x (b) Y In sin J

202 I Topic 12
 22. The equation of curve is y = 2 tan' x - tan r.
dy
Obtain an expression for
fe
D) Given that x is increasing : 1 0.5 radians per second, find the rate of change of y with respect to limel
when x = A

(ii) Find the x-coordinate of each of the stationary points of the curve for which 0 <x < 2r radians.

23. The normal to the curve tan 2r - 3r at the point P. where 0 <x < z, is parallel to the line 2y = X.

Find the coordinates of P. leaving your answer in terms of x.

sinx
24. Given hat y = sinr drcan be expressed in the form
show that dy (sinx - cos.x) where is :
constant. State the value of k.

25. Given that y = (2 sin 2x- cos 2r + S)e", show that dy =ke" sin'x, where k is a constant to be determined.
dr

26. A curve has the equation f(x) = e

(a) Show that F"(x) = k(2r - 1)f(x), where k is a constant.
Hence state the value of k.

The point (a, b) is the stationary point on the curve.

(b) G) Find the value of a and of b.

(ii) Determine the nature of the stationary point.

27. Show that f(x) = re* is an increasing function for x > 0.

28. Given that y = xe -l

for x > 1, find the range of values of for which y is a decreasing function of x.

29. Given that y =x sin 3x. find

the value of de when x = 4. Hence, find
7
(i) the equation of the normal to the curve y =Y sin 3x at the point where
7
(ii) the rate of change of y at the instant when.x
*
3 given that x is increasing at a rate of radians 1
per second.

3.x
30. The variables x and y are connected by the equation y Given that x is increasing at a rate
tan 2x

of 3 units per second, find the rate of decrease of y when

*
8

crentiation of Trigonometric, Logarithmic & Exponential Functions and their Applications | 203
 cos.r Hence, find the
31. Given that :
3 + sin.x find the value of a and of b for whichdr
dy(3
_ a++sin.x)'
bsinx
values of x between 0 and 2n for which y has : stationary value.

32. Find the x-coordinates of the stationary points on the curve y = 2 sin x cos x for 0 < X < .

33. A curve has the equation y : tan' x - 8 tan x. Find

2
1 the equation of the tangent to the curve when 7
(ii) the x-coordinates of the stationary points on the curve in the interval 0 <.x < 27.

cosx
34. A curve has the equation y: Find
2 - sinx

dy
(1) an expression for de

(ii) the values of x between 0 and x for which has stationary value.

i
35. Given that the equation of a curve is y : cOs J sin x, find an expression for dy . dr
T
Hence, find

the rate of change of y at the instant when x = 7 - given that x is increasing at a rate of
0.5 units per second,
(ii) the x-coordinates of the stationary points in the interval 0 < X < X.

2 sinx
36. Given that y =
3 + cos.x find an expression for dr
dy Hence, find
(i) the values of x between 0 and 2x for which y has stationary value,

(Ii) the rate of change of y at the instant when x = given that is changing at of
0.5 units per second.

37. A curve has the equation y = f(x), where f(.r) = 2 cos x - sin 2r for 0 = X x.
(j) Obtain an expression for f'(x) and for f"(xr).
(ii) Find the x-coordinates of the stationary points of the curve, and determine the nature of each stationary
point.

204 I Topic 12
38. The diagram shows a pentagon PQRST in which PQST is a rectangle with PO cm and ORS is an
isosceles triangle with QR = RS 12 cm and LROS = LRSQ = x radians. The area of the pentagon is
A cm-

12 cm

0c.........................
6 cm

0 Show that A = 144 cos x (l + sin x).

(ii) Find the value of x for which A has stationary value.
(iii) Find this value of A and determine whether it is a maximum or a minimum.

39. The diagram shows a circle with centre O and radius 6 cm. POQ is a diameter and LPTR : 0 radians.

(i) Show that the area of the segment PSR is given by A = 360 18 sin 20.
(ii)
Given that 0 increasing at a rate of radians per second, find the rate of change of A at the

instant when 0 = 3
l

40. The diagram shows a trapezium with AD DC = CB = 5 cm

and LBAD = LCBA = 0 adians.
1 Show that the area, y cm*, of the trapezium,
is given by y = 25 sin 0 (1 + cos 0).
(11) Given that 0 varies, find the value of that

gives the stationary value of y.

(iii) Hence, find his stationary value of y
and determine its nature.

Differentiation of Trigonometric, Logarithmic & Exponential Functions and their Applications | 205
41. The diagram shows a trapezium OPQR inscribed in a semicirele with centre 0 and radius r cm. OP makes
1n acute angle 0 with the diameter. PO is parallel 10 the diameter and QR is perpendicular to both PQ
and OR.

(i) Show that the perimeter, y em, of the trapezium, is given by r(1 + sin 0 + 3 cos 0).
(ii) Find the value of 0 for which y has stationary value and determine whether this value of 0 makes
y a maximum or minimum.

42. (1) Show that the gradient of the curve y = ln (3 - x) is always negative.
(ii) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = In (3 -x) at the point where x = 2.

13. The equation of a curve iS y = Vx+2x where x > 0. Find the coordinates of the point on he curve
at which the tangent to the curve is perpendicular to 6y + Sr = l.

44. Given that the equation of a curve of is y = In (4=2). hind de dr

. Hence, find

(i) the rate of change of y at the instant when x = 3, given that x is decreasing at a rate of 1.5 units
per second at this instant.
the positive x-coordinate of the point on the curve where the tangent is perpendicular to the line
2y + 5x = 6, leaving your answer in surd form.

dr x = 4. Hence, find
45. Given that the equation of a curve is y = In vl + 3x? . find the value of dy when
i) the equation of the normal to the curve at the point when x =
(ii) the rate of change of x at the instant when x = 4, given that y is increasing at a rate of - 7
units per
second.

In.x
46. The variables x and are related by the equation y = 3r+ 7 Find the rate of change of x at the instant
when x = 1, given that increases at a rate of 0.18 units per second at this instant.

47. A curve has the equation (kx + 2) In .x, where k is a positive constant and x > 0. The normal to the
curve at the point where the curve intersects the x-axis is parallel to the line 3y + x = 7. Find the value
of k.

206 l Topie 12
 48. Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve :
x and determine the nature of this
(In.x)
stationary point.

49. Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve y = 2re' at the point where x = l.

50. Given that a curve has the equation y = (2x + 3)e*, find an expression for dydr
. Hence, find the equation
Di the tangent to the curve at the point where the curve cuts the y-axis.

51. Given that 100)=.x***, show that rC0) = 2 | rc0 + 4 rco)l.

52. An object is heated until it reaches a temperature of T degrees Celsius (°C). It is then allowed to cool.
Its temperature, T°C, when it has been cooled for minutes, is given by the equation T = 26 + 10e 3
Find
(i) the value of when T = 34,
(ii) the value of T when / = 4.

(iii) the rate at which is decreasing at the instant when / = 4,

(iv) the highest possible temperature T, of the object,

(v) the approximate temperature Ty when i becomes very large.

53. A curve has the equation y =.re*. Find

(i) the range of values of x for which y < 0,
(ii) the x-coordinates of the stationary point on the curve.

Giii)
dr= ke"(1 +x) and determine the nature
the value of k for which d'y of the stationary point.

54. (i) Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve y = xe.
Ui) Using intervals of 0.5 for -| = x = 2, draw
the graph of y = xe, Use the graph to estimate the
solution of the equation In x -x = In (1 - 2r).

o1 55. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = e2

cos 2r at the point where the curve meets the y-axis.

Differemiation of Trigonometric. Logaritmic & Exponeatial Functions and their Applications | 20

 ADVANCED
56.

A metal cone has a fixed slant height / cm and a semi-vertical angle ". Show that the curved surface 5
of the cone, S cm*, is given by S = x/° sin " 5
(a) (i) Find the value of a, in radians, for which S is stationary.
(ii) Calculate this stationary value of S and determine whether it is a maximum or minimum.
The cone is heated such that its semi-vertical angle increases at a rate of 0.1 radians per second.

(b) Given that its slant height remains constant at 10 cm and it retains its conical shape, find the rate
radians.
at which its curved surface area is changing when its semi-vertical angle 0I7
(Leave your answers in terms of x and in surd form.)

Learning Outcomes Checklist

am now able to

.
differentiate trigonometrie functions

differentiate logarithmic functions

differentiate exponential functions 000

solve problems in the applications of differentiation involving trigonometric,

logarithmic and exponential functions

208 | Topic 12