IPV6

INTRODUCTION
IPv6, or Internet Protocol version 6,
is the most recent version of the
Internet Protocol, the set of rules
that govern how data is sent and
received over the internet. It was
developed as the successor to IPv4,
the previous version of the Internet
Protocol. IPv6 was designed to
a d d re s s t h e l i m i t a t i o n s a n d
challenges posed by the
exhaustion of IPv4 addresses.
 NEED
The prim ry driving force behind the development nd doption of IPv6 is
the exh ustion of IPv4 ddresses. With the explosive growth of the internet
nd the prolifer tion of connected devices, the limited pool of IPv4
ddresses w s r pidly depleted. IPv6 w s introduced to overcome this
limit tion nd provide signi ic ntly l rger ddress sp ce to
ccommod te the growing number of devices connected to the internet.
The exh ustion of IPv4 ddresses m de it essenti l to tr nsition to IPv6 to
ensure continued exp nsion nd innov tion in the online world. The
coexistence of both IPv4 nd IPv6 is common during the tr nsition period,
but the ultim te go l is widespre d doption of IPv6 to future-proof the
internet nd support its evolving dem nds.
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 Features of IPv6
1. Supports source nd destin tion ddresses th t re 128 bits (16
bytes) long.
2. Requires IPSec support.
3. Uses Flow L bel ield to identify p cket low for QoS h ndling
by router.
4. Allows the host to send fr gments p ckets but not routers.
5. Doesn't include checksum in the he der.
6. Uses link-loc l scope ll-nodes multic st ddress.
7. Does not require m nu l con igur tion or DHCP.
8. Uses host ddress (AAAA) resource records in DNS to m p host
n mes to IPv6 ddresses.
9. Uses pointer (PTR) resource records in the IP6.ARPA DNS
dom in to m p IPv6 ddresses to host n mes.
10. Supports 1280-byte p cket size (without fr gment tion).
11. Moves option l d t to IPv6 extension he ders.
12.Uses Multic st Neighbor Solicit tion mess ges to resolve IP
ddresses to link-l yer ddresses.
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IPV6 ADDRESS
IPv6 ddressing h s sever l key fe tures, including di erent represent tion, signi ic ntly l rger ddress
sp ce, nd more e icient lloc tion of ddress sp ce. Here's n overview of these spects:

Represent tion:
• IPv6 ddresses re represented s eight groups of four hex decim l digits, sep r ted by colons.

For ex mple: 2001:0db8:85 3:0000:0000:8 2e:0370:7334

• Le ding zeros within e ch group c n be omitted, nd consecutive groups of zeros c n be represented s

double colon (::) to simplify the not tion.

For ex mple:2001:db8:85 3::8 2e:370:7334

Address Sp ce:
IPv6 provides much l rger ddress sp ce comp red to IPv4. While IPv4 uses 32-bit ddresses, IPv6 uses
128-bit ddresses. This results in v stly exp nded ddress sp ce. This l rge ddress sp ce helps overcome
the exh ustion issues f ced by IPv4 due to the incre sing number of devices connected to the Internet.
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 Address Sp ce Alloc tion:

IPv6 ddress sp ce lloc tion is typic lly org nised into three m in types of ddresses:

1. Unic st Addresses:
• Glob l Unic st Address (GUA): These re equiv lent to the public IPv4 ddresses nd re glob lly rout ble on the Internet.
• Link-Loc l Address: Used for communic tion within speci ic loc l network segment.

2. Multic st Addresses:
• Used to send tr ic to multiple devices simult neously. Simil r to IPv4 multic st ddresses.

3. Anyc st Addresses:
• Used for routing to the ne rest (in terms of routing protocol metrics) of group of potenti l receivers, providing form of
lo d b l ncing nd f ult toler nce.

Address Sp ce Not tion:

IPv6 ddresses re often represented using CIDR (Cl ssless Inter-Dom in Routing) not tion for network ddressing nd
subnetting, just like IPv4.

For ex mple: 2001:db8:85 3::/48

This indic tes network with 48-bit pre ix.

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Header Format of IPv6
The IPv6 main header is required for every datagram. It contains
addressing and control information that are used to manage the
processing and routing of the datagram.
 Description of various ields of IPv6.
FIELD NAME DESCRIPTION
Version Identi ies the version of PI used to gener te the d t gr m.
Tr ic Cl ss This ield repl ces the Type Of Service (TOS) ield in the IPv4 he der.
This l rge ield w s cre te to provide ddition l support for re l-time d t gr m delivery nd qu lity
Flow L bel
of service fe tures.

This ield repl ces the Tot l Length ield from the IPv4 he der, but it is used di erently. R ther th n
P ylo d Length
me suring the length of the whole d t gr m, it only cont ins the number of bytes of the p ylo d.

This ield repl ces the Protocol ield nd h s two uses. When d t gr m h s extension he ders,
this ield speci ies the identity of the irst extension he der, which is the next he der in the
Next He der d t gr m. When d t gr m h s just this "m in" he der nd no extension he ders, it serves the
s me purpose s the old IPv4 Protocol ield nd h s the s me v lues, though new numbers re used
for IPv6 versions of common protocols.

Hop Limit This repl ces the Time To Live (TTL) ield in the IPv4 he der.

Source Address The 128-bit IP ddress of the origin tor of the d t gr m.

Destin tion Address The 128-bit PI ddress of the intended recipient of the d t gr m; unic st or multic st.
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 Advantages of IPV6
1. Exp nded Address Sp ce:
• IPv6 signi ic ntly exp nds the ddress sp ce, providing 128-bit ddress comp red to IPv4's 32-bit ddress. This results in n
stronomic lly l rge number of unique ddresses, ddressing the growing dem nd for IP ddresses in the er of IoT (Internet of
Things) nd the incre sing number of devices connected to the internet.

2. Address Con igur tion Simpli ic tion:

• IPv6 supports st teless ddress uto con igur tion, m king it e sier for devices to utom tic lly con igure their IPv6 ddresses
without the need for DHCP (Dyn mic Host Con igur tion Protocol). This simpli ies the network setup nd dministr tion
processes.

3. Enh nced Security:

• IPv6 includes built-in support for IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) s m nd tory p rt of the protocol suite. IPsec provides
encryption nd uthentic tion t the network l yer, enh ncing the over ll security of communic tions over the internet.

4. Improved Multic st Support:

• IPv6 h s improved nd simpli ied multic st support, m king it more e icient for pplic tions th t require multic st
communic tion. Multic st en bles the e icient distribution of d t to multiple recipients simult neously.

5. E icient Routing nd P cket Processing:

• IPv6 h s simpli ied he der structure comp red to IPv4, which improves routing e iciency nd p cket processing. The
simpli ied he der reduces the processing overhe d on routers nd network devices, le ding to more e icient d t tr nsmission
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 6. Need for Network Address Tr nsl tion (NAT):
• The v st ddress sp ce provided by IPv6 elimin tes the need for NAT, which is commonly used in IPv4
networks to conserve ddress sp ce. NAT c n complic te network con igur tions nd introduce issues like
ddress tr nsl tion overhe d nd pplic tion incomp tibility.

7. Future-Proo ing:
• IPv6 w s designed to ddress the limit tions of IPv4 nd to ccommod te the incre sing number of devices
connected to the internet. Adopting IPv6 helps future-proof networks nd ensures continued growth nd
sc l bility.

8. Simpli ied He der Structure:

• The IPv6 he der is simpler nd more stre mlined comp red to the IPv4 he der. This simpli ic tion f cilit tes
f ster p cket processing nd routing in networking devices, le ding to improved over ll network perform nce.

9. Better Support for Mobile Networks:

• IPv6 provides better support for mobile networks, en bling se mless connectivity for mobile devices s they
switch between di erent networks nd loc tions.

10. Glob l Unic st Addresses:

• IPv6 introduces glob l unic st ddresses, which re glob lly unique nd rout ble. This simpli ies the
m n gement of IP ddresses on glob l sc le nd elimin tes con licts with priv te ddress sp ces.
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 Fundamental differences between IPv4 and IPv6.

1. Address Length:
• IPv4: It uses 32-bit ddresses, which llows for pproxim tely 4.3 billion unique ddresses.
• IPv6: It uses 128-bit ddresses, providing n stronomic lly l rger ddress sp ce. This results in 2^128
possible unique ddresses, which is n enormous incre se comp red to IPv4.

2. Address Not tion:

• IPv4: Addresses re represented in dotted-decim l form t, with four sets of numbers r nging from 0 to
255 (e.g., 192.168.0.1).
• IPv6: Addresses re represented in hex decim l not tion, with eight groups of four hex decim l digits
sep r ted by colons (e.g., 2001:0db8:85 3:0000:0000:8 2e:0370:7334).
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 3. Address Con igur tion:
• IPv4: Address con igur tion c n be st tic (m nu lly ssigned) or dyn mic (using DHCP). It often requires
ddition l mech nisms like NAT (Network Address Tr nsl tion) to de l with the limited ddress sp ce.
• IPv6: Address con igur tion includes options for st teless uto con igur tion, where devices c n utom tic lly
gener te their ddresses b sed on network inform tion. DHCPv6 is lso v il ble for more dv nced
con igur tion if needed

4. He der Complexity:
• IPv4: The he der of n IPv4 p cket is more complex nd includes ields like checksum, he der length, nd l gs.
• IPv6: The he der of n IPv6 p cket is simpli ied, s m ny option l nd r rely used fe tures in IPv4 h ve been
removed or m de option l in IPv6. This le ds to more e icient p cket processing.

5. Checksums:
• IPv4: Includes he der checksum ield th t must be rec lcul ted t e ch hop in the network.
• IPv6: Elimin tes the he der checksum ield. Error checking is h ndled t the link l yer, nd it is ssumed th t
end-to-end communic tion will be error-checked t higher l yers.

6. Security nd Mobility:
• IPv4: Security fe tures were dded l ter through extensions (e.g., IPsec), nd mobility support c n be complex.
• IPv6: IPsec support is m nd ted in the IPv6 protocol, enh ncing security. IPv6 lso includes built-in support for
mobile devices, m king it more mobile-friendly.
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 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, IPv6 is critic l technology for the long-term
sust in bility of the internet. While doption h s been gr du l,
ongoing e orts nd w reness re essenti l to ensure
smooth tr nsition, ddress the limit tions of IPv4, nd support
the ever-exp nding glob l network. The continued
coll bor tion of industry st keholders, governments, nd
org nis tions is cruci l for the widespre d implement tion of
IPv6 nd the future success of the internet.
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THANK YOU