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Tutorial9 Solution

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khushiyadav45123
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Course: PH103 (Autumn Semester 2023)

Tutorial-9
Dr. Neha Shah
[Given: Planck’s constant ℎ = 6.63 × 10−34Js, 1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J and 𝑐 = 2.99 ×
108 m/s.]

1. A sodium vapor lamp is placed at the center of a large sphere that absorbs all the light
reaching it. The rate at which the lamp emits energy is 100 W. Assume that the emission
is entirely at a wavelength of 590 nm. At what rate the sphere absorbs photons.
Solution:

The rate of absorption of photon by the sphere is equal to the rate of emission of photons
by the sodium vapor lamp.
The rate of photon emission by sodium vapor lamp is given by

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃
𝑅= =
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐸

Energy of a photon is
ℎ𝑐
𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 =
𝜆
Therefore,
𝑃𝜆 100 × 590 × 10−9
𝑅= = = 2.97 × 1020 photon/s.
ℎ𝑐 6.626 × 10−34 × 2.998 × 108

2. Cesium starts emitting photoelectron at frequency 𝜐 = 5.15 × 1014 Hz. Find its work
function.
Solution:

Photoelectric equation
ℎ𝜐 = Φ + 𝐾𝐸
where Φ is the work function of the material. The kinetic energy is zero for the cut-off
frequency.

Therefore, work function


Φ = ℎ𝜐 = 6.63 × 10−34 × 5.15 × 1014 = 3.414 × 10−19 J
3.414 × 10−19
Φ= = 1.83 eV
1.6 × 10−19
3. The microwave routinely used in our kitchen operates at roughly 2.5 GHz at a maximum
power of 300 W. A cell phone operates at 850 MHz at a maximum power 0.25 W. How
many photons per second do both emit?
Solution:

The number of photons emitted per second is


Power
No of photons =
single photon energy per unit time

Microwave has frequency 𝜐 = 2.5 GHz = 2.5 × 109 Hz. Single photon energy is
𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 = 6.626 × 10−34 × 2.5 × 109 = 16.56 × 10−25 J

The number of photons emitted per second


𝑃 300
𝑛= = = 18.18 × 1025
∆𝐸/∆𝑡 16.56 × 10−25

Cell phone has frequency 𝜐 = 850 MHz = 850 × 106 Hz. Single photon energy is
𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 = 6.626 × 10−34 × 850 × 106 = 5.63 × 10−25 J

The number of photons emitted per second


𝑃 0.25
𝑛= = = 4.43 × 1023
∆𝐸/∆𝑡 5.26 × 10−25

4. Consider a black-body radiator kept at a temperature of 2500 K. Compute the wavelength


for which the emission is maximum. Does this wavelength lie in the visible region?
Solution:

Wien displacement law gives the relation between the temperature of the black-body
radiator and the wavelength for which the emission is maximum.
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 = 2.898 × 10−3mK

Substituting temperature T=2500 K in above equation


2.898 × 10−3 2.898 × 10−3
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 1.159 × 10−6 𝑚 = 115.9 𝑛𝑚
𝑇 2500

The visible light has wavelength range 380-700 nm and obtained wavelength, 115.9 nm,
does not lie in the visible region.

5. Consider a tuning fork vibrating at frequency 660 Hz and an atomic oscillator that emits
and absorbs orange light of frequency 5.0 × 1014 Hz. Calculate the energy quanta
associated with tuning fork and atomic oscillator and compare them.
Solution:
For the tuning fork the energy
𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 = 6.63 × 10−34 × 660 = 4.38 × 10−31 J
4.38×10−31
𝐸= = 2.74 × 10−12 eV
1.6×10−19

For atomic oscillator


𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 = 6.63 × 10−34 × 5.0 × 1014 = 3.32 × 10−19 J
3.32×10−19
𝐸= = 2.08 eV
1.6×10−19

For the tuning fork the energy quanta of vibration is 1012 smaller than an atomic oscillator.
Therefore, it is difficult to observe quantization of energy in the tuning fork. Whereas the
energy quanta for an atomic oscillator is significant and classical physics fails to account
for phenomena on this scale.

6. The Poynting vector of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is 𝑆⃗ = 120 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 [8𝑧 + 2.4 ×
109 𝑡]𝑘̂ W/m2. What is the wavelength associated with the wave and speed of propagation?
Solution:
Let an electromagnetic wave is denoted by
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝐸0 sin(𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡)𝑖̂
And
𝐵⃗⃗ = 𝐵0 sin(𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡)𝑗̂
The Poynting vector in terms of 𝐸⃗⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ is
1
𝑆⃗ = 𝐸⃗⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗
𝜇0
𝐸0 𝐵0 𝐸0 𝐵0
𝑆⃗ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡)𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡)𝑘̂
𝜇0 𝜇0

Comparing above equation with 𝑆⃗ = 120 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 [8𝑧 + 2.4 × 109 𝑡]𝑘̂ W/m2, we get k=8
rad/m and 𝜔 = 2.4 × 109 rad/s.

2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
Now, 𝑘 = , therefore 𝜆 = = = 0.79 𝑚.
𝜆 𝑘 8
𝜔 2.4×109
The speed of propagation 𝑣 = = = 3.03 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝑐.
𝑘 8

𝜕𝜌
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐽⃗ +
7. Using Maxwell’s equations derive the continuity equation ∇ = 0.
𝜕𝑡
Solution:

Maxwell’s equation are given by


𝜌
⃗∇⃗ ∙ 𝐸⃗⃗ = ⋯ [1]
𝜖0
⃗∇⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 0 ⋯ [2]
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ × 𝐸⃗⃗ = −
∇ ⋯ [3]
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸⃗⃗
⃗⃗ × 𝐵
∇ ⃗⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐽⃗ + 𝜇0 𝜖0 ⋯ [4]
𝜕𝑡
Taking divergence of equation (4), we get
𝜕𝐸⃗⃗
⃗∇⃗ ∙ (∇
⃗⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ) = 𝜇0 ⃗∇⃗ ∙ 𝐽⃗ + 𝜇0 𝜖0 ⃗∇⃗ ∙
𝜕𝑡
Using the property divergence of a curl is zero, the left hand side of above equation is zero.
𝜕
0 = 𝜇0 ⃗∇⃗ ∙ 𝐽⃗ + 𝜇0 𝜖0 ⃗∇⃗ ∙ 𝐸⃗⃗
𝜕𝑡
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐸⃗⃗ , we get
Using equation (1) for ∇
𝜕 𝜌
0 = ⃗∇⃗ ∙ 𝐽⃗ + 𝜖0
𝜕𝑡 𝜖0
𝜕𝜌
⃗∇⃗ ∙ 𝐽⃗ + = 0 ⋯ [5]
𝜕𝑡

Equation [5] represents mathematical form of conservation of charge. The current is the
movement of charge. If the charge is moving out of a differential volume then the amount
of charge within that volume is going to decrease, so the rate of change of charge density
is negative.

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