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    Fatigue 1

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    Fatigue 1

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    102104005
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    fatigue

    Original Title

    FATIGUE 1

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    fatigue

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views5 pages

    Fatigue 1

    Uploaded by

    102104005
    fatigue

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Fatigue, Repeated stresses , Stress concentration- Notch sensitivity

    Introduction

    Some machine parts are subjected to static loading. Since many of the machine parts (such as
    axles, shafts, crankshafts, connecting rods, springs, pinion etc.) are subjected to variable or
    alternating loads (also known as fluctuating or fatigue loads) . So there is a need to
    discuss about the variable or alternating stresses.. For example in below figure the fiber on
    the surface of a rotating shaft subjected to a bending load, undergoes both tension and
    compression for each revolution of the shaft.

    Any fiber on the shaft is therefore subjected to fluctuating stresses. Machine elements
    subjected to fluctuating stresses usually fail at stress levels much below their ultimate
    strength and in many cases below the yield point of the material too. These failures occur due
    to very large number of stress cycle and are known as fatigue failure. These failures usually
    begin with a small crack which may develop at the points of discontinuity, an existing
    subsurface crack or surface faults. Once a crack is developed it propagates with the increase
    in stress cycle finally leading to failure of the component by fracture.
    There are mainly two characteristics of this kind of failures:

    (a) Progressive development of crack.

    (b) Sudden fracture without any warning since yielding is practically absent.

    Fatigue failures are influenced by

    (i) Nature and magnitude of the stress cycle.

    (ii) Endurance limit.

    (iii) Stress concentration.


    (iv) Surface characteristics.

    . For machined steel endurance limit is approximately half the ultimate tensile stress.

    Stress cycle

    A typical stress cycle is shown in below figure using standard specimen. The maximum,
    minimum, mean and variable stresses are indicated. The mean and variable stresses are given
    by
    Endurance limit

    A typical plot of stress amplitude (S) against number of cycles to fail (N) is shown in above
    Fig.
    Fatigue strength formulations:
    Fatigue strength experiments have been carried out over a wide range of stress
    variations in both tension and compression below figure shows a schematic diagram
    of experimental plots of variable stress against mean stress and Gerber, Goodman
    and Soderberg lines. But the following are important from the subject point of view:
    1. Goodman method 2. Soderberg method.

    σu is the ultimate stress , σy is the yield stress & σe is the endurance limit.

    Goodman analysis is based on ultimate stress and Soderberg analysis is based


    on yield stress.

    Straight line joining σu & σe is termed as Goodman line. Instead of a straight


    line if it is a curve then it is termed as Gerber line.

    Straight line joining σy & σe is termed as Goodman line.

    Equation of these lines can be written using the slope of the lines.

    From Goodman line/ soderberg line , the value of maximum fluctuating


    stress( endurance limit ) can be applied on a material corresponding to mean
    stress value can be obtained. (For this draw a vertical line from mean stress
    parallel to y-axis, intercept a point on the line and then draw a horizontal line
    and get the value of endurance limit.)

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