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Database Management System

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Database Management System

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Atharva pawar

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SCHEME: K

LABORATORY MANUAL FOR

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(313302)

COMPUTER ENGINEERING GROUP

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

MUMBAI (Autonomous) (ISO 9001: 2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
VISION
To ensure that the Diploma level Technical Education constantly matches the latest
requirements of technology industry and includes the all-round personal development
of students including social concerns and to become globally competitive, technology
led organization.

MISSION

To provide high quality technical and managerial manpower, information and

consultancy services to the industry and community to enable the industry and
community to face the changing technological & environmental challenges.

QUALITY POLICY

We, at MSBTE, are committed to offer the best-in-class academic services to the students
and institutes to enhance the delight of industry and society. This will be achieved
through continual improvement in management practices adopted in the process of
curriculum design, development, Implementation, evaluation, and monitoring system
along with adequate faculty development programmes.

CORE VALUES

MSBTE believes in the followings:

• Education industry produces live products,

• Market requirements do not wait for curriculum changes.
• Question paper is the reflector of academic standards of educational
organization.
• Well-designed curriculum needs effective implementation too.
• Competency based curriculum is the backbone of need-based program.
• Technical skills do need support of life skills,
• Best teachers are the national assets.
• Effective teaching learning process is impossible without learning resources.
A Laboratory Manual

for

Database Management System

(313302)
Semester-III
(AI/ AN/ BD/ CM/ CO/ CW/ DS/HA/ IF/ IH/ TE)

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO-9001-2008)
(ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ………………………………………………………………….
Roll No………………………. of Third Semester of Diploma in………………………….
………………………………………………..…………of Institute ……………………………
………………………………………………………………………..(Code ……………..)
has completed the term work satisfactorily in course Database Management System
(313302) for the academic year 20…….to 20…..... as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: ………………. Enrollment No.: ……………………

Date: …..................... Exam Seat No.: …...……………......

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Preface
The primary focus of any engineering laboratory/field work in the technical education system is to
develop the much-needed industry relevant competencies and skills. With this in view, MSBTE
embarked on this innovative ‘K’ Scheme curricula for engineering Diploma programmes with
outcome-based education as the focus and accordingly, relatively large amount of time is allotted
for the practical work. This displays the great importance of laboratory work making each teacher,
instructor and student realize that every minute of the laboratory time needs to be effectively
utilized to develop these outcomes, rather than doing other mundane activities. Therefore, for the
successful implementation of this outcome-based curriculum, every practical has been designed to
serve as a ‘vehicle’ to develop this industry identified competency in every student. The practical
skills are difficult to develop through ‘chalk and duster’ activity in the classroom situation.
Accordingly, the ‘K’ scheme laboratory manual development team designed the practicals to focus
on outcomes, rather than the traditional age-old practice of conducting practical’s to ‘verify the
theory’ (which may become a byproduct along the way).

This laboratory manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students, teachers and
instructors to develop in the student the pre-determined outcomes. It is expected from each student
that at least a day in advance, they must thoroughly read the concerned practical procedure that
they will do the next day and understand minimum theoretical backgroundassociated with the
practical. Every practical in this manual begins by identifying the competency, industry relevant
skills, course outcomes and practical outcomes which serve as a key focal point for doing the
practical. Students will then become aware of the skills they willachieve through procedure shown
there and necessary precautions to be taken, which will help them to apply in solving real-world
problems in their professional life.

This manual also provides guidelines to teachers and instructors to effectively facilitate student-
centered lab activities through each practical exercise by arranging and managing necessary
resources in order that the students follow the procedures and precautions systematically ensuring
the achievement of outcomes in the students.

A database management system is needed to organize, store, and manage large amounts of data
efficiently. It ensures data is easily accessible, secure, and can be quickly updated or retrieved
when needed. This helps businesses and organizations make better decisions and operate smoothly.

The lab manual development team wishes to thank MSBTE who took initiative in the development
of curriculum re-design project and implementation and acknowledge the

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Page i

Database Management System (313302)

contribution of individual course experts who have been involved in laboratory manual
as well ascurriculum development (K scheme) directly or indirectly.

Although all care has been taken to check for mistakes in this laboratory manual, it is
impossible to claim perfection, especially as this is the first edition. Any such errors
and suggestions for improvement can be brought to our notice and are highly welcome.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education II

Database Management System (313302)

Programme Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practicals of this

Course
The following programme outcomes are expected to be achieved significantly out of
the ten programme outcomes and Computer Engineering and Information Technology
programme specific outcomes through the practicals of the course on Database
Management System.
PO 1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic
mathematics,science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to
solve the engineering problems.
PO 2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using
codifiedstandard methods.
PO 3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical
problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet
specified needs.
PO 4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools andappropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO 5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
PO 6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as
a team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-
defined engineering activities.
PO 7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating
in the context of technological changes.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

PSO1. Modern Information Technology: Use latest technology for operation and
application of information.

PSO2. Information Technology Process: Maintain the information process using modern
information and communication technologies

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education II

Database Management System (313302)

Practical - Course Outcome Matrix

Course Outcomes (COs)

CO1 - Explain concept of database management system.
CO2 - Design the database for given problem.
CO3 - Manage database using SQL.
CO4 - Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.
CO5 - Apply security and backup methods on database
Sr.
No Title of the Practical CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5
.
1 √
* Install the provided database software
2
* Create Database schema for given √
application
3

* Execute DDL commands to √

manage Database using SQL

4
* Execute DML Commands
to manipulate data using √
SQL.
5
* Execute DCL commands to
√
control the access to data using SQL
6
* Execute TCL Commands to
control transactions on data using √
SQL
7 Write Queries using Arithmetic
√
operators.
8 Apply built-in Logical operators on given
data √

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education II

Database Management System (313302)

9 Implement Relational operators to apply

√
various conditions in query.
10 * Use Set operators to perform different
√
operations
11 Execute queries using string functions
√
12 Execute queries using Arithmetic
√
functions
13 Implement queries using Date and Time
√
functions
14 Implement queries using Aggregate
functions √
15 * Execute queries for Ordering and
Grouping data. √
16 * Implement SQL queries for Inner and
√
Outer Join
17 * Create and manage Views for faster
access on relations. √
18 * Implement PL/SQL program using
Conditional Statements √
19 * Implement PL/SQL program using
Iterative Statements √
20 Implement PL/SQL program using
Sequential Control √
21
* Create Implicit and Explicit Cursors.
√
22 * Implement PL/SQL program based on
Exception Handling (Pre-defined
√
exceptions) application
23 * Implement PL/SQL program based on
Exception Handling (User-defined
√
exceptions)
24 * Create Procedures and stored
procedures for modularity √
25 * Create functions for given database
√
26 * Implement triggers for given database
√

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education II

Database Management System (313302)

List of Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant skills of the competency “To design database and use any
RDBMS package as a backend for developing database applications” are expected to be
developed in you by performing practicals of this laboratory manual.

1. Explain the concept of a database management system.

2. Design and manage databases using SQL and PL/SQL.

3. Apply security and backup methods on databases.

Brief Guidelines to Teachers

Hints regarding strategies to be used

1. The teacher shall explain prior concepts to the students before starting each experiment.
2. For practical’s requiring tools to be used, teacher should provide the demonstration of the
practical emphasizing the skills, which the student should achieve.
3. Involve students in the activities during the conduct of each experiment.
4. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on after the demonstration.
5. Assess the skill achievement of the students and COs of each unit.
6. The teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the students.
7. Teacher should ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in the
students after the completion of the practical exercise.
8. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though that may
not be covered in the manual but are expected from the students by the industries.
9. Teacher may suggest the students to refer additional related literature of the reference
books/websites/seminar proceedings etc.
10. During assessment, t he t eache r is expected to ask questions to the students to
tap their knowledge and skill related to that practical.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education II

Database Management System (313302)

Instructions for Students

Students shall read the points given below to understand the theoretical concepts andpractical
applications.
1. Students shall listen carefully to the lecture given by the teacher about importance of the
subject,learning structure, course outcomes.
2. Students shall organize the work in a group of two or three members and make arecord of
all observations.
3. Students shall understand the purpose of the experiment and its practical implementation.
4. Students shall write the answers to the questions during practical.
5. Students should feel free to discuss any difficulty faced during the conduct of practical.
6. Students shall develop knowledge of Database Management System fundamentals and
manipulation skills as expected by the industries.
7. Students shall attempt to develop related hands-on skills and gain confidence.
8. Students shall refer technical magazines; websites related to the scope of the subjects
and update their knowledge and skills.
9. Students shall develop self-learning techniques.
10. Students should develop the habit of submitting the write-ups on the scheduled dates and
time.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education II

Database Management System (313302)

Content Page

List of Practical and Progressive Assessment Sheet

Pag Date of Date of Assessme Dated

S. Title of the Practical Remarks
e performa Submissi nt Marks Sign of
No. (if any)
No. nce on (50) Teacher
* Install the provided
1 1
Database Software.
2 * Create Database schema for
4
given application
3 * Execute DDL commands to manage
10
Database using SQL

4 * Execute DML Commands to

manipulate data using SQL 16
5 * Execute DCL commands to
control the access to data using 22
SQL
6 * Execute TCL Commands to control
27
transactions on data using SQL
7 Write Queries using Arithmetic
32
operators.
8 Apply built-in Logical operators on
37
given data
Implement Relational operators to
9 apply various conditions in query. 41
* Use Set operators to perform
10 different operations 45
11 Execute queries using string functions 49

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education II

Database Management System (313302)

Page Date of Date of Assessmen Dated Remark

S. Title of the practical performan Submissio t Marks Sign of s (if
No. No. ce n (50) Teacher any)
12 Execute queries using Arithmetic
functions 54
13 Implement queries using Date and 58
Time functions
Implement queries using 62
14 Aggregate functions
* Execute queries for 66
15 Ordering and Grouping
data.
16 * Implement SQL queries for Inner 71
and Outer Join
* Create and manage Views for 82
17 faster access on relations.
* Implement PL/SQL program 87
18 using Conditional Statements
* Implement PL/SQL program 92
19 using Iterative Statements
Implement PL/SQL program 100
20 using Sequential Control
* Create Implicit and Explicit 106
21 Cursors.
* Implement PL/SQL program 111
22 based on Exception Handling
(Pre-defined exceptions)
application
* Implement PL/SQL program 115
23 based on Exception Handling
(User-defined exceptions)
* Create Procedures and stored 119
24 procedures for modularity
* Create functions for given 123
25 database
* Implement triggers for given 128
26 database
Total Marks
To be transferred to Proforma of CIAAN-2023.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Page viii

(K scheme (K
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No. 1: Install the provided Database Software

I. Practical Significance
A database management system is used to store, retrieve data for an organization or for
an individual. DBMS is used in the fields like Banking, Ticket reservation system,
Finance company, Retail industries, Education etc. Students should be able to
understand the basic functioning of DBMS, install the DBMS software and should be
able to identify the Entities and relationship among them. The proper ER diagram
should be transformed into proper tables using Normalization concepts to eliminate
redundant data, minimize data modification errors and simplify the query process. This
practical is useful for students to understand the Normalization and Create ER diagram
for any given application.

II. Industry/Employer Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

The aim of this course is to design databases and use any RDBMS package as a backend
for developing database applications
III. Course level learning outcomes
This practical is expected to develop the following skills in you:
1. Understand what is Database management system software.
2. Install the relevant database system software.

IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

Install the Database management system software.
V. Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)
1. Follow ethical practices.
2. Install appropriate DBMS software.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Oracle database express Edition (XE) is a free, small foot-print edition of oracle database.
It includes all advanced database features like multitenant, In-memory, partitioning,
advanced analytics and advanced security.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 1
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Step1:

Open any browser and navigate to oracle database 21c XE download.

Step 2:

Download Oracle database 21c express edition for windows depending on your windows
configuration. Choose the location as per the requirements and download the compressed
zip file.

Step 3:

Follow the Installation procedure and provide the proper Username and password.

Step 4:

Open the SQL PLUS and provide the proper credentials to open it. The Oracle express
edition is now ready to use.

VII. Required Resources with specifications:

Instrument/ Object Specification

Sr. No
1 Operating system Windows 10 or higher
2 Disk space 8.5 gigabytes min for oracle
software, plus 2 gigabytes or
more for temporary storage

3 RAM 2 Gigabytes RAM minimum

VIII. Precautions to be followed

1. Use of appropriate syntax
2. Select required relations and use relevant conditions.
3. Provide proper Username and password.
IX. References/ Suggestions for further Reading
1. https://blogs.oracle.com/sql/post/how-to-use-create-table-alter-table-and-drop-table-in-
oracle-database

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

2. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/database-design-basics-eb2159cf-1e30-
401a-8084-bd4f9c9ca1f5

X. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

Follow Ethical Practices 10%

2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%

3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%

4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of Students /Team Members

1. ..................................................
2. .........................................

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 02: Create Database schema for given application

I. Practical Significance: A database is an organized collection of data. Databases are

used to store, manage, and access all kinds of data. Database keeps information about
people, places, or things, making it easy to look at and analyze. A Table in a database
consists of columns and rows. Giving a table a primary key means choosing one special
piece of information, like an enrolment number, to make sure every record on the table
is unique and easy to find. This practical allows students to create database schema for
a given application.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To design database and use any RDBMS package as a backend for developing
database applications.

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES

(COS):CO1 - Explain concept of database management system.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Create Database schema for given application.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Follow installation steps.
3. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

1. Create Database for Given Application:
- What is a Database?
A database is a collection of organized data that can be easily accessed, managed,
and updated. Databases are created to store and manage data for an application, like
keeping track of us information for a website.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 4

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Syntax:
CREATE DATABASE database_name;
Example:
create database employee;

2.Create Tables for the Given Application:

- What is a Table?
A table is a structure within a database that organizes data into rows and columns.
It is used to store specific types of data, like user details or product information,
in a structured way.
Syntax:
A basic command is
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
...
);
Example :
create table emp (
empno number(10),
ename varchar2(50),
sal number(6,2)
);

3. Assign Primary Key for Created Table:

- What is a Primary Key?
A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a table. It ensures that each
record can be uniquely identified and improves search speed.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 5

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY,

column2 datatype,
...
);
Example :
create table emp (
empno number(10) primary key,
ename varchar2(50),
sal number(6,2)
);

4. Modify the Table as per the Application Needs:

- Why Modify a Table?
To add, remove, or change columns based on new requirements or data types.
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;
or removing a column:
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
Example:
alter table emp add mgr number (20);
or removing a column:
ALTER TABLE emp DROP COLUMN mgr;
VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Re Relevant LLO
Sr. Equipment Name with Broad Specifications
Number
No
Computer system with all necessary components like; motherboard, random
1 access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), internal hard disk All
drives, Mouse, Keyboard, and RDBMS applications such as Oracle
Express Edition,MySql,SQLite,Oracle Live SQL etc.

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

VIII. Procedure
1. Create Database for given application
2. Create tables for the given application
3. Assign Primary key for created table
4. Modify the table as per the application needs.
IX. Result(s)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)

Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Define Database and Database Management System
2. Describe primary key.
3. Draw E-R diagram for Library Management System.
4. Normalize the following table of EMP to 3NF
EMP(empno,ename,mgr,job,deptno,loc,dname)

(Space for answer)

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/se/4/theory/
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
3. https://blogs.oracle.com/sql/post/how-to-use-create-table-alter-table-and-drop-table-in-
oracle-database

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 8

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

4. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/database-design-basics-eb2159cf-1e30-
401a-8084-bd4f9c9ca1f5
XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
3.
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No. 3: Execute DDL commands to manage Database using SQL

I. Practical Significance
DDL commands are used to define database structure or Schema. DDL deals with
description of database schema. It is used to create and modify the structure of database
objects. DDL provides a set of definition to specify storage structure and access
methods used by the database system. Design database by applying the constraints and
modify the structure of table. This practical will help students to create and modify the
database.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
The aim of this practical is to design databases and modify the database structure as per
the database applications.
III. Course level learning outcomes
This practical is expected to develop the following skills in you:
1. Understand how to design the Database system based on the requirements
2. Modify the structure of the database and apply the constraints.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
1. Write and execute SQL queries for creating database.
2. Write queries to Modifying the database.
3. Write queries to apply suitable constraints.

V. Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

1. Follow ethical practices.
2. Use appropriate DBMS software.
3. Demonstrate analytical and logical knowledge as an Individual.
4. Participate in team problem solving activities.
5. Prioritizes time effectively to meet the needs of the team and self.

VI. Minimum Theoretical Background

Basic SQL Datatypes:
1. CHAR
2. VARCHAR/ VARCHAR2(SIZE)
3. NUMBERS (P, S)
4. DATE

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

5. LONG
6. RAW/LONG RAW
7. MISCELLANUOUS (clob, blob, xml, Json)
DDL Commands:
It is a set of SQL commands used to create, modify and delete database structure but not
the data. These commands normally used by Database administrator (DBA).
1. CREATE
2. ALTER
3. DROP
4. RENAME
5. TRUNCATE
6. DESCRIBE
Create Tables for the Given Application:
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table _name (column1 name datatype(size), column2 name
datatype(size)…...);
Modify the Table as per the Application:
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;
or removing a column:
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
Procedure:
1. Create Database for given application

2. Create tables for the given application

3. Assign Primary key for created table

4. Modify the table as per the application needs.

VII. Additional Software required

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

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VIII. Precautions
1) Use of appropriate syntax
2) Select required relations and use relevant conditions.
IX. Additional Resources used
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
X. Result (Output of the procedure)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
XI. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
(Note: Use Point VII and XIII to XV for all relevant practical exercise use blank
pages provided or attach more pages if needed.)
1. Create a table EMPLOYEE with following schema:
Emp (EMP_no as primary key, E_name, Dept_no, Dept_name, Job_id, salary)
2. Create tables EMPLOYEE and DEPARTMENT with following schema by applying
Primary and Foreign key:
Emp(empno as primary key, empname, salary, phoneno)
Dept(deptno primary key, empno foreign key, deptname, location).
Theory related Questions
1. List DDL commands with its syntax
2. List different SQL Binary datatypes
3. Write difference between Drop and Truncate command.
4. Write the use of Describe command.
(Space for answers)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
XII. Exercise
Attempt following and teacher shall design and allot more questions to attain
desired outcome: (Note: Use Point VIII to X and XIII to XV for all relevant
programming exercise use blank pages provided or attach more pages if needed.)
1. Create table for stud using attributes Rollno, Studname, Percentage. Apply primary
key for rollno and check constraint on percentage that the percentage should not be
greater than 100.
2. Change the stud table structure by adding column City.
3. Increase the size by 10 of studentname column.
4. Write the output of the following:
1. Create table Output:
Passenger_details(passenger_name
varchar2(30), train_details
varchar2(30),travelling_date date,
birthdate date);

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 13

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

2. Alter table stud add phone_no Output:

number;
(Space for answers)
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XIII. Precautions to be followed
1. Use of appropriate syntax
2. Select required relations and use relevant conditions.
XIV. References/ Suggestions for further Reading
1. https://blogs.oracle.com/sql/post/how-to-use-create-table-alter-table-and-drop-table-
in-oracle-database
2. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/database-design-basics-eb2159cf-1e30-
401a-8084-bd4f9c9ca1f5
3. https://www.oracle.com/
4. www.w3school.com
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUj-kUEC_oA

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 14

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XV. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
3.
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of Students /Team Members

1. ..................................................
2. .........................................
3. .........................................

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 15

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 04: Execute DML Commands to manipulate data using SQL

I. Practical Significance: A data manipulation language (DML) is used for adding

(inserting), deleting, and modifying (updating) data in a database. This practical
allows students to deal with modifying data in the database schema for a given
application.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To execute DML Commands to manipulate data using SQL on the given database
using any RDBMS package.

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):CO3

- Manage database using SQL.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Execute DML Commands to manipulate data using SQL.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Data Manipulation Language (DML) Commands are used to manage and

manipulate data in a database. These commands include INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE, and SELECT, which help you add, modify, remove, and retrieve data
from tables, respectively.
1. INSERT

Explanation: The INSERT command is used to add new rows of data to a table.

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Syntax:

1)INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)VALUES (value1, value2,

value3, ...);

2) INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

3) INSERT INTO table_name (column2, column3, ...)VALUES (value2, value3 , ...);
Example:

1) INSERT INTO emp (empno, name, age) VALUES (1, 'Aditya Shinde', 20);
2) INSERT INTO emp VALUES (1, 'Aditya Shinde', 20);
3) INSERT INTO emp (empno , Age) VALUES (1, 20);

2. UPDATE

Explanation: The UPDATE command is used to modify existing data in a table.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name

SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...

WHERE condition;

Example:

UPDATE emp

SET age = 21

WHERE empno = 1;

3. DELETE

Explanation: The DELETE command is used to remove existing rows from a table.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 17

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

WHERE condition;

Example:

DELETE FROM emp

WHERE empno = 1;
4. SELECT

Explanation: The SELECT command is used to retrieve data from a table.

The following syntax is used to display data of specific columns from the table.

Syntax:

1)SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name;
Example:
SELECT Name, Age
FROM emp;
The following syntax is used to display data of the entire table
Syntax:

2)SELECT * FROM table_name;

Example:

SELECT * FROM emp;

Summary Table:

Command Description Example

INSERT Add new rows to a table INSERT INTO Students
(ID, Name, Age)
VALUES (...);
UPDATE Modify existing rows in UPDATE Students SET
a table Age = 21 WHERE ID =
1;

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 18

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

DELETE Remove rows from a DELETE FROM

table Students WHERE ID =
1;
VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
1. Create Database for given application
2. Follow syntax to modify the table according to question.

IX. Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
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X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)

Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Describe check constraint.
2. Describe referential integrity constraint.
3. Explain the differences between the DELETE, DROP, and TRUNCATE commands in
SQL.
(Space for answer)
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 19
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

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XI. Exercise
1. Using various syntax of insert command insert the following rows of data in
the EMP table.
EMPNO ENAME DNAME JOB HIREDATE LOC
7876 ADAMS RESEARCH CLERK DALLAS
23-MAY-87
7499 ALLEN SALES SALESMAN
20-FEB-81
CHICAGO

7698 SMITH SALES MANAGER

01-MAY-81
CHICAGO
ACCOUNTING MANAGER NEW
7782 CLARK 09-JUN-81 YORK
2. Insert the multiple records in the EMP table using single insert command.
EMPNO ENAME DNAME JOB HIREDATE LOC
FORD RESEARCH ANALYST 03-DEC-81 DALLAS
7902
JAMES SALES CLERK 03-DEC-81 CHICAGO
7900
JONES RESEARCH MANAGER 02-APR-81 DALLAS
7566
KING ACCOUNTING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 NEW
7839 YORK
3. Delete record of SMITH from the above table
4. Change the job of ADAMS to MANAGER
5. Display contents of empno and sal

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://www.javatpoint.com/dml-commands-in-sql
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-the-dml-commands-in-dbms

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 20

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 21

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No. 5: Execute DCL commands to control the access to data using SQL

I. Practical Significance
DCL stands for Data Control Language. This command is used to provide different
user access to the stored data. It enables the data administrator to Grant and Revoke the
required access to the database. The DCL commands are easier to implement with its
simple syntax.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
The aim of this practical is to create user and give access to users using Grant command
and deny access using revoke command.
III. Course level learning outcomes
This practical is expected to develop the following skills in you:
1. Understand how to design the Database system based on the requirements.
2. Create user/ multiple users.
3. Provide access to Database.
4. Deny access to Database
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
1. Write and execute SQL queries for creating Users.
2. Write queries for providing access to User to database.
3. Write queries to deny access to User.
V. Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)
1. Follow ethical practices.
2. Use appropriate DBMS software.
3. Demonstrate analytical and logical knowledge as an Individual.
4. Participate in team problem solving activities.
5. Prioritizes time effectively to meet the needs of the team and self.
VI. Minimum Theoretical Background
DDL Commands:
The Database Administrator has authority to create as many users as needed. The user is
created using the CREATE USER command. Privileges is a right to execute the SQL
statement or to access object. There are two types of privileges.
SYSTEM privileges: It is generally granted by DBA to users. Example: Create table, create
user etc.…

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 22

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

OBJECT privileges: This allows access to objects or privileges on objects, that is tables,
table columns, Tables, Views etc. It includes Alter, delete, insert, select, update commands.
The DBA user the GRANT statement to allocate system privileges to another user. The
REVOKE command is used to remove privileges granted to users.
VII. Additional Software required
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VIII. Precautions
1) Use of appropriate syntax

2) Select required relations and use relevant conditions.

IX. Additional Resources used

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X. Result (Output of the procedure)
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XI. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
(Note: Use Point VII and XIII to XV for all relevant practical exercise use blank
pages provided or attach more pages if needed.)
1. State the use of ‘with grant options’ clause in grant command.
2. Consider table EMPLOYEE and DEPARTMENT with following schema:
EMP (empno, empname, salary, phno) Dept (deptno, empno, deptname, location,
jobtype)
Write the output of the following queries:

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 23

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

• Create user Jay identifies by any admin;

• Grant create table, create view to Jay;
• Grant select, insert, update on Emp to Jay;
• Grant select, update (deptno, empno) on Dept to Jay;
• Alter user Jay identified by admin;
• Revoke create table, create views from Jay;
• Revoke select, insert, update on Emp from Jay;
• Create role emp_pvr;
• Grant create table, create views to emp_pvr;
• Grant emp_pvr to Jay, John;

(Space for answers)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 24

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

1. Create the user Jay and implement the following commands on table EMP and Dept.
2. Write a query to grant select, insert, delete privileges on Emp and Dept table.
3. Write a query to grant update privilege on columns of empno and salary on Emp
table.
4. Write a query to revoke all above privileges from Emp and Dept table.
5. Write a query to create role dept_pvr.
6. Write a query to assign system privileges- create table, create view to role dept_pvr;
7. Write a query to assign above system privileges to users Jay and John.
8. Write a query to assign object privileges- select, insert, delete to role dept_pvr.
9. Write a query to assign above object privileges to users’ jay and john.

(Space for answers)

2. Select required relations and use relevant conditions.

XIV. References/ Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://blogs.oracle.com/sql/post/how-to-use-create-table-alter-table-and-drop-table-in-
oracle-database
2. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/database-design-basics-eb2159cf-1e30-401a-
8084-bd4f9c9ca1f5
3. https://www.oracle.com/
4. www.w3school.com

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 25

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XV. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of Students /Team Members

1. ..................................................
2. .........................................
3. .........................................

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 26

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 06: Execute TCL Commands to control transactions on data using SQL

I. Practical Significance: A transaction is set of Read/Write (DML) operations in a

database. Transaction Control Language (TCL) Commands are used to manage
transactions in a database. They help ensure data integrity by allowing you to save,
undo, or partially undo changes made during a transaction. This practical allows
students to execute TCL commands to control transactions on data.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To execute TCL Commands to control transactions on data using SQL

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):

CO3 - Manage database using SQL

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Execute TCL Commands to control transactions on data using SQL.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Transaction Control Language (TCL) Commands manage the changes made by DML
statements in a database. These commands include COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and
SAVEPOINT, which help in saving, undoing, and setting intermediate points within
transactions, respectively.

1. COMMIT
Explanation: The COMMIT command is used to save all changes made during the current
transaction to the database permanently.

Syntax:
COMMIT;

Example:
update emp
set sal = sal + 5000
where empno = 101;

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 27

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

After executing update command execute following TCL command :

commit;

The salary increases for the employee with empno = 101 is saved permanently in the database.

2. ROLLBACK
Explanation: The ROLLBACK command is used to undo changes made during the current
transaction, reverting the database to its previous state.

Syntax:
ROLLBACK;

Example:
update emp
set sal = sal+ 5000
where empno = 101;

After executing update command execute following TCL command :

rollback;

The salary increases for the employee with empno = 101 is undone, and the database
returns to its state as it was before the execution of update command.

3. SAVEPOINT
Explanation: The SAVEPOINT command is used to set a savepoint within a transaction,
allowing for partial rollbacks to specific points within the transaction.

Syntax:
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;

Example:
SAVEPOINT BeforeUpdate;

update emp
set sal = sal + 5000
where empno = 101;

rollback to BeforeUpdate;

The salary increases for the employee with EmployeeID = 101 is undone, and the

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 28

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

database returns to the state at the SAVEPOINT BeforeUpdate.

Summary Table

Command Description Syntax Effects of TCL command

Save all changes made
during the current Changes are saved
COMMIT COMMIT;
transaction permanently.
permanently
Undo changes made
Changes are undone, reverting
ROLLBACK during the current ROLLBACK;
to the previous state.
transaction
Set a savepoint within
SAVEPOINT A savepoint is created,
SAVEPOINT a transaction for
savepoint_name; allowing for partial rollbacks.
partial rollbacks

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
1. Create Database for given application
2. Create tables for the given application
3. Execute TCL Commands after DML Commands

IX. Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)

Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Explain the need of TCL command in SQL
2. Differentiate between COMMIT and ROLLBACK commands in SQL

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 29

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

3. Describe savepoint
4. Describe states of transaction with neat diagram
5. Describe ACID properties of transaction
(Space for answer)
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XI. Exercise
1. Write TCL command to save all the changes made so far in the EMP
2. Delete any one record in the EMP table created earlier and undo the deletion
operation
3. You are in the middle of a transaction and want to set a savepoint named
BeforeSalaryUpdate. Write the SQL command to set this savepoint.
XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSB4eceRsw8
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
3. https://www.javatpoint.com/tcl-commands-in-sql
4. https://www.programiz.com/sql/tcl-commands

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 30

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 31

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 07: Write Queries using Arithmetic operators.

I. Practical Significance:
The arithmetic operators are used on the data stored in the tables. We can use these
operators with the SELECT statement in SQL. We can also use WHERE clause in the
SELECT statement for performing operations on particular rows. The arithmetic
operators are used between two numerical operands for performing addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division operations. This practical allows students to
write SQL queries using arithmetic operators and performs mathematical operations on
the data stored in the tables.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To implement arithmetic operators to apply various conditions in query on the given
database application

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):CO3 -

Manage database using SQL.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Implement arithmetic operators to data stored in the table.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Serial
Operator Name Explanation Syntax
Number
The addition SELECT
1 ADDITION
plus (+) operator is used <Expression>[arithmetic

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 32

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

to add two or more operator]<expression>...

expressions or numbers. FROM [table_name]
WHERE [expression];

The subtraction minus (- SELECT

) operator is used to <Expression>[arithmetic
subtract one expression operator]<expression>...
2 SUBTRACTION
or number from another FROM [table_name]
expression or number. WHERE [expression];

The multiply operators SELECT

(*) is used to multiply <Expression>[arithmetic
two or more expressions operator]<expression>...
3 MULTIPLICATION
or numbers. FROM [table_name]
WHERE [expression];

The division operators (/) SELECT

is used to divide one <Expression>[arithmetic
expression or number by operator]<expression>...
4 DIVISION
another. FROM [table_name]
WHERE [expression];

The modulo operator SELECT

(%) returns the <Expression>[arithmetic
remainder (integer) of operator]<expression>...
5 MODULO
the division. FROM [table_name]
WHERE [expression];

Compound Operators:
Operator Operator Name Explanation
+= += (Add Assignment) (Transact- Adds some amount to the original value
SQL) and sets the original value to the result.
-= -= (Subtract Assignment) (Transact- Subtracts some amount from the original
SQL) value and sets the original value to the
result.
*= *= (Multiply Assignment) (Transact- Multiplies by an amount and sets the
SQL) original value to the result.
/= (Divide Assignment) (Transact-SQL) Divides by an amount and sets the
original value to the result.
%= Modulus Assignment (Transact- Divides by an amount and sets the
SQL) original value to the modulo.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 33
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

&= &= (Bitwise AND Assignment) Performs a bitwise AND and sets the
(Transact-SQL) original value to the result.
^= ^= (Bitwise Exclusive OR Performs a bitwise exclusive OR and sets
Assignment) (Transact-SQL) the original value to the result.
|= |= (Bitwise OR Assignment) Performs a bitwise OR and sets the
(Transact-SQL) original value to the result.

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)

Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. What is precedence/ SQL arithmetic order in arithmetic operators?
2. Explain the SQL exponentiation operator.
3. List few compound operators.
(Space for answer)
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 34

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XI. Exercise
1. Consider the following schema
Orders(cust_id, order_id, items, amount)
Write queries for the following:
i. Display new column named total_amount which is 200 added to the amount
field.
ii. Display new column named offer_price which is 100 subtracted from the
amount field.
iii. Display new column named revised_amount which is multiplied by 5 times
the amount field.
iv. Display new column named half_amount which is divided by 2 to the
amount field.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 35

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lF_JcTfVS4w
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-logical-operators.htm
3. https://www.javatpoint.com/sql-logical-operators
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJZ206_iJ0I
5. Compound Operators (Transact-SQL) - SQL Server | Microsoft Learn

XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 36

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 08: Apply built-in Logical operators on given data

I. Practical Significance: Logical operators in SQL are used to combining conditions.

They find specific data by checking multiple rules at once. For example, one can find
employees who work in a certain department and were hired this year. This practical
allows students to write SQL queries using logical operators and retrieve data from the
database.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To implement Logical operators to apply various conditions in query on the given
database application

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):CO3

- Manage database using SQL.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Implement Logical operators to apply various conditions in query.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Operator
Sr No. Explanation Syntax SQL Query Example
Name
Returns true if both Select * SELECT * FROM
conditions are true from employees WHERE
tablename age > 30 AND salary >
1 AND where 50000;
condition1
AND
condition2;
Returns true if either Select * SELECT * FROM
condition is true from employees WHERE
2 OR tablename department = 'IT' OR
where department = 'HR';
condition1

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 37

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

OR
condition2;
Returns true if the NOT SELECT * FROM
3 NOT condition is false condition employees WHERE NOT
department = 'Finance';
Returns true if a value is Select * SELECT * FROM
within a range from employees WHERE age
tablename BETWEEN 25 AND 35;
4 BETWEEN where
BETWEEN
low AND
high;
Returns true if a value Select * SELECT * FROM
matches any in a list from employees WHERE
tablename department
5 IN
where IN ('IT', 'Finance');
columnname
IN (list);
Returns data based on a value LIKE SELECT * FROM
specified pattern, using pattern employees WHERE name
'%' and '_' as wildcard LIKE 'P%';
characters for pattern
matching. Note:
• %: Matches zero or • P%: Matches strings
more characters. that start with "P"
• _: Matches any followed by any
6 LIKE single character. characters.
• %P: Matches strings
that end with "P", with
any characters
preceding it.
• %P%: Matches strings
that contain "P"
anywhere, surrounded
by any characters.

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Relevant LLO
Sr.No Equipment Name with Broad Specifications
Number
Computer system with all necessary components like; motherboard,
1 random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), internal hard All
disk drives, Mouse, Keyboard, and RDBMS applications such as Oracle
Express Edition,MySql,SQLite,Oracle Live SQL etc.
VIII. Procedure
1. Create tables for the given application
2. Apply logical operators on the given application
IX. Result(s)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Explain the need of logical operators in SQL
2. List three logical operators and describe them with an example.
(Space for answer)
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XI. Exercise
1. Consider the following schema
Emp(empno,ename,job,mgr,hiredate,sal,comm,deptno)
Write queries for the following:
i. Display employees whose city is ‘Mumbai’ and earns more than 50000
ii. Display employees who job is Clerk or commission is 500
iii. Display details of employees whose salary is between 20000 and 50000.
iv. Display details of employees who stays at Mumbai, Pune, Nashik or Nagpur

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 39

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-logical-operators.htm
3. https://www.javatpoint.com/sql-logical-operators

XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 40

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 09: Implement Relational operators to apply various conditions in query.

I. Practical Significance:
The Relational operators in SQL is used to compare two expressions or values and
return a Boolean result. The Relational operators are used on the data stored in the
tables. We can use these operators with the WHERE clause in the SQL queries.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To implement Relational operators to apply various conditions in query on the given
database application
III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):
CO3 - Manage database using SQL.
IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:
Implement Relational operators to data stored in the table.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)
a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Serial
Operator
Num Explanation Syntax/example
Name
ber
This operator is highly used in SQL SELECT * FROM Employee
SQL Equal
queries. The Equal Operator in WHERE Gender = ‘Male’;
1 Operator
SQL shows only data that matches
(=)
the specified value in the query.
SQL Equal The Equal Not Operator in SQL SELECT * FROM Employe
Not shows only those data that do not e_details WHERE Emp_Sal
2
Operator (! match the query's specified value. ary! = 45000;
=)
SQL SELECT * FROM Employe
3 Greater The Greater Than Operator in e_details WHERE Emp_Id
Than SQL shows only those data which > 202;

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 41

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Operator are greater than the value of the

(>) right-hand operand
SQL The Greater Than Equals to SELECT * FROM Employe
Greater Operator in SQL shows those data e_details WHERE Emp_Id
Than from the table which are greater >= 202;
4
Equals to than and equal to the value of the
Operator right-hand operand.
(>=)
SQL Less The Less Than Operator in SQL SELECT * FROM Employe
Than shows only those data from the e_details WHERE Emp_Id
5 Operator database tables which are less than < 204;
(<) the value of the right-side operand.

SQL Less The Less Than Equals to SELECT * FROM Employe

Than Operator in SQL shows those data e_details WHERE Emp_Id
6 Equals to from the table which are lesser and <= 203;
Operator equal to the value of the right-side
(<=) operand.

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
1. Create tables for the given application
2. Apply Relational operators on the given application
IX. Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)

Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. What is the use of relational operators?
2. List all Relational operators of SQL.
(Space for answer)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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XI. Exercise
1. Consider the following schema
Student (stu_name, course_id, Roll_no, percentage)
Write queries for the following:
i. Select stu_name, course_id, from Student WHERE percentage is >=60 and <=100;
ii. Select details of students whose Roll numbers are above 15;
iii. Select stu_id, Roll_no from Student WHERE course_id! =121;
XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-logical-operators.htm
3. https://www.javatpoint.com/sql-logical-operators

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 43

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 44

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 10: Use Set operators to perform different operations

I. Practical Significance: Set operators in SQL help to combine and compare the
results of two or more queries. You can use set operators to find common elements,
unique elements, or differences between tables. This makes it easier to analyze and
understand your data. Students will learn to manipulate and analyze data by
combining and comparing multiple datasets using set operators in SQL.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To write SQL queries to implement SET operators using SQL

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES(COS):CO3

- Manage database using SQL.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Write Queries to implement SET operations using SQL.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

There are certain rules which must be followed to perform operations using set
operators in SQL.
Rules are as follows:
1. The number and order of columns must be the same.
2. Data types must be compatible

Serial
Operator Description Syntax SQL Query Example
Number
1 UNION Combines two SELECT * FROM SELECT * FROM emp

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 45

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

tables, removes tablename1 UNION

duplicates UNION SELECT * FROM dept;
SELECT * FROM
tablename2;
Combines two SELECT * FROM SELECT * FROM emp
tables, keeps tablename1 UNION ALL
UNION
duplicates UNION ALL SELECT * FROM dept;
ALL
2 SELECT * FROM
tablename2;
Returns SELECT * FROM SELECT * FROM emp
common rows tablename1 INTERSECT SELECT *
3 INTERSECT between two INTERSECT FROM dept;
tables SELECT * FROM
tablename2;
(table1 minus SELECT * FROM SELECT * FROM emp
table2) tablename1 MINUS
4 MINUS Returns rows MINUS SELECT * FROM dept;
from first table SELECT * FROM
not in second tablename2;

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
1. Create tables for the given application
2. Apply set operators on the given tables
IX. Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 46

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Explain the need of set operators in SQL
2. Describe various set operators in SQL
(Space for answer)
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XI. Exercise
1. Consider following Schema :
emp1(empno,ename,deptno)
emp2(empno,ename,deptno)
Write SQL commands for the following statements.
1. Display the names of employees including duplicate employee names.
2. Display the names of employees excluding duplicate employee names.
3. Display the common employee names from both the tables.
4. List employees who are not assigned to any department?

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 47

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_union.asp
3. https://www.javatpoint.com/set-operators-in-sql
XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 48

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 11: Execute queries using string functions

I. Practical Significance:

The string is a collection of characters used to store multiple characters. Most of the
time we need to modify and access the strings. SQL has built-in string functions. The
SQL built-in string functions take an input string and return an output string. String
functions are used to perform various character manipulations.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To execute queries using string functions to perform advance calculations

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):

CO3 - Manage database using SQL.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Execute queries using String functions.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

String Functions are used to perform operations on characters and return
characters.
Some of the string functions are as follows:

Function Explanation Example Output

ASCII Converts a single character SELECT ASCII('t');

string to its corresponding
116
ASCII code, between 0
and 255.
CHAR_LENGTH () It gives you the number of SELECT
characters in the string. CHAR_LENGTH('worl 6
d!');

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

CHARACTER_LENG It gives you the number of SELECT

TH () characters in a given set of CHARACTER_LENGT 11
strings. H (‘HELLO WORLD' );
CONCAT () It appends two strings to SELECT CONCAT SQL is very
create the new single ('SQL', ' is', ' very', ' interesting
string interesting, ' subject.'); subject
LCASE String This string function allows SELECT LCASE (‘The
Function users to convert the CAPITAL of INDIA is
the capital
specified string into lower NEW DELHI');
of india is
. case letters
new delhi

LEFT/RIGHT String SELECT LEFT

This string function shows
Function (‘The CAPITAL of IND
the leftmost characters The
IA is NEW DELHI', 11);
from the given string. It CAPITAL
.
reads the characters to the
given index position
LOCATE String This string function shows SELECT
Function the index value of the first LOCATE('INDIA','The
16
occurrence of the word in CAPITAL of INDIA is
the given string. NEW DELHI ', 1);
LPAD /RPAD String This string function adds SELECT LPAD( 'NEW', ###NEW
Function the given symbol to the 6, '#');
left of the given string.
LTRIM/ RTRIM This string function cuts SELECT LTRIM( 'NEW IS THE
String Function the given character or DELHI IS THE CAPITAL
string from the left of the CAPITAL OF INDIA', OF INDIA
given original string. It 'NEW DELHI');
also removes the space
from the left of the
specified string.

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
Execute SQL queries using String functions

X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)

Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. What is REPLACE string functions?
2. What is the function of SPACE string function?
3. What output you get when you compare two strings using STRCMP built in string
function?
(Space for answer)
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 51
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XI. Exercise:
1. Write output of the following queries.
2. Select concat (‘Jay’ ‘IITB’) from Dual;
3. Select ltrim (‘Shreya’,’s’) from Dual;
4. Select upper(‘raj’) from Dual;
5. Select rpad (“HR’, 10, ‘*’) from Dual;

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/oracle-plsql-
programming/0596003811/ch09s03.html
2. https://beginner-sql-tutorial.com/oracle-functions.htm
3. https://www.javatpoint.com

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 52

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 53

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 12: Execute queries using Arithmetic functions

I. Practical Significance: Arithmetic functions in SQL are needed to perform

mathematical operations on data. They enable to analyze and manipulate numerical
data directly within the database. This practical allows students to write SQL queries
using built-in arithmetic functions given application.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To execute queries using arithmetic functions to perform advance calculations

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):CO3

- Manage database using SQL.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Execute queries using Arithmetic functions.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Numeric Functions are used to perform operations on numbers and return
numbers
Some of the arithmetic functions are as follows:

Function Explanation Example Output

ABS() It returns the absolute SELECT ABS(-363.4)

value of a number. from dual; 363.4

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

CEIL() It returns the smallest SELECT CEIL (2.83)

integer value that is from dual;
3
greater than or equal
to a number.
FLOOR() Integer value that is SELECT FLOOR
Less than or equal to (2.83) from dual; 2
the number 'x'
MOD() It returns the SELECT MOD(21, 4)
remainder of n divided from dual; 1
by m.
POWER() POWER(m, n): It SELECT POWER(5,
returns m raised to the 2) from dual; 25
nth power.
ROUND() SELECT
It returns a number ROUND(7.553) from
rounded to a certain dual; 8
number of decimal
places.
SQRT() It returns the square SELECT SQRT(49)
root of a number. from dual; 7

TRUNC() It returns numeric SELECT 56.53

value truncated to n TRUNC(56.53635, 2)
places right of the from dual;
decimal point.

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
Execute SQL queries using arithmetic functions

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

IX. Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Differentiate between round() and trunc()
2. Differentiate between floor() and ceil()
3. List arithmetic functions which are not listed here.

(Space for answer)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 56

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 57

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 13: Implement queries using Date and Time functions

I. Practical Significance:

SQL Date and Time operations are used for operations on date and time provided by
users. As long as your data contains only the date portion, your queries will work as
expected. However, if a time portion is involved, it gets more complicated. SQL
supports various date and time data types and formats. The specific date format
depends on the database system you are using.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To execute queries using Date and Time functions to perform advance calculations

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):CO3

- Manage database using SQL.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Execute queries using Date and Time functions.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)
a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

SQL also provides multiple functions to handle date and time values.
Functions are as follows:

Function Explanation Syntax

CURDATE() Function To get the current date, we use the SELECT

CURDATE() function in MySQL. The CURDATE();
format of the resultant date will be
'YYYY-MM-DD' (string) or
YYYYMMMDD (numeric).

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NOW() Function The MySQL NOW() function will NOW()

retrieve the current date and time
value as a timestamp based on the
context and, the value returned will be
in either of the two formats: 'YYYY-
MM-DD hh:mm:ss' and
'YYYYMMDDhhmmss'.
CURRENT_TIMEST The MySQL SELECT
AMP() Function CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() function CURRENT_TIM
is used to get the current timestamp. ESTAMP();
The value returned will be in 'YYYY-
MM-DD hh:mm:ss' (string) or
YYYYMMDDhhmmss (numeric)
format. This function is a synonym for
NOW().

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

(Space for answer)

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XI. Exercise:
1. Write output of the following queries.
a. Select sysdate from Dual;
b. Select last_day() from Dual;
c. Select dayofweek() from Dual;
d. Select last_day(sysdate) from Dual;
e. Select monthnow() from Dual;
XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links
1. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/oracle-plsql-programming/0596003811/ch09s03.html
2. https://beginner-sql-tutorial.com/oracle-functions.htm

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 60

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

3. https://www.javatpoint.com
4. www.tutorialsteacher.com
5. www.w3schools.com
XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 61

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 14: Implement queries using Aggregate functions

I. Practical Significance: Aggregate functions or group functions in SQL are needed to

calculate summary values from multiple rows of data. They help you add up numeric
values (SUM), find the average (AVG), get the smallest (MIN) and largest (MAX)
values, and count rows (COUNT) of the entire column. These functions make it easier
to understand and analyze large amounts of data. This practical allows students to
write queries using SQL aggregate functions.
II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:
To find totals, averages, minimums, maximums, and counts using aggregate functions.
III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):CO3
- Manage database using SQL.
IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:
Implement queries using Aggregate functions.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)
a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Serial Group Function Explanation of Group

Example
Number Name Function
AVG() Returns average value of SELECT AVG(salary) FROM
1
specified column emp;
SUM() Returns summation of SELECT SUM(salary) FROM
2
specified column emp;
MIN() Returns lowest value of SELECT MIN(salary) FROM
3
specified column emp;
MAX() Returns highest value of SELECT MAX(salary) FROM
4
specified column emp;
COUNT (*) Counts all rows including SELECT COUNT(*) FROM
5
duplicates and nulls emp;
COUNT Counts number of values in SELECT COUNT(comm)
6
(column_name) specified column excluding FROM emp;
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 62
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

nulls
COUNT (DISTINCT Counts distinct non-null values SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT
7
column_name) in specified column deptno) FROM emp;

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
1. Create tables for the given application
2. Write SQL queries using aggregate functions
IX. Result(s)
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X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Describe group functions or aggregate functions in SQL
2. Differentiate between count(*) and count(columname)
(Space for answer)
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 63
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

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XI. Exercise
Consider the following schema
Emp(empno,ename,job,mgr,hiredate,sal,comm,deptno)
1. Display the minimum, maximum, sum and average salary of all employees. Label
the columns Maximum, Minimum, Sum and Average respectively.
2. Determine the number of managers without listing them. Label the column number
of managers
3. Write a query that will display the difference between the highest and lowest
salaries. Label the column DIFFERENCE.
4. Display the number of employees in department 10 who earns a commission

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 64

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://beginner-sql-tutorial.com/sql-group-functions.htm
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql_certificate/using_the_group_functions.htm
XIII. Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 65

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 15: Execute queries for Ordering and Grouping data.

I. Practical Significance:

This practical will help students to understand different clauses used in SQL. The
clauses are used to retrieve the information from the table. SQL clause helps us to
retrieve a set or bundles of records from the table. SQL clause helps us to specify a
condition on the columns or the records of a table. Different clauses available in the
Structured Query Language are as follows: WHERE CLAUSE, GROUP BY
CLAUSE, HAVING CLAUSE, ORDER BY CLAUSE.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To execute queries using different clauses to perform advance calculations.

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):

CO3 - Manage database using SQL.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Execute queries using different clauses.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)
a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Clauses Explanation Syntax

WHERE The WHERE clause is used to filter SELECT column1,

records. It is used to extract only column2, ...
those records that fulfill a specified FROM table_name
condition. WHERE condition;

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 66

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

HAVING The HAVING clause was added to SELECT

SQL because the WHERE keyword column_name(s)
cannot be used with aggregate FROM table_name
functions. WHERE condition
GROUP BY
column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY
column_name(s);
GROUP BY The GROUP BY statement groups SELECT
rows that have the same values into column_name(s)
summary rows. The GROUP BY FROM table_name
statement is often used with WHERE condition
aggregate functions (COUNT(), GROUP BY
MAX(), MIN(), SUM(), AVG()) to column_name(s)
group the result-set by one or more ORDER BY
columns. column_name(s);
ORDER BY The ORDER BY keyword is used SELECT column1,
to sort the result-set in ascending or column2, ...
descending order. FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1,
column2, ...
ASC|DESC;

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
Execute SQL queries using different WHERE, HAVING, GROUPBY, ORDER BY
clause.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 67

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

IX. Result(s)
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X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
Create Two Tables Emp and Dept, Consider the following schema
Emp (Emp_no as primary key, E_name, Dept_no, Dept_name, name, Job_id, Salary)
and Dept (Dept_no as primary key, emp_no foreign key, deptname, location)
1. Display the information of the tables using SELECT command.
2. Execute the SQL queries using SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY clause.
3. Execute the SQL queries using SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY and HAVING clause.
4. Execute the SQL queries using SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY clause.
5. Write the advantages of using the Order By clause.
(Space for answer)
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 68

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XI. Exercise:
1. Write output of the following queries.
a. Display minimum salary of employee from every department;
b. Display total salary of every department.
c. Display the department having total employees more than 5.
d. Display details of employees with employee name in ascending order.
a. Display emp_no, dept_no from dept Group By deptname.

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/oracle-plsql-programming/0596003811/ch09s03.html
2. https://beginner-sql-tutorial.com/oracle-functions.htm

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 69

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

3. https://www.javatpoint.com
4. www.tutorialsteacher.com
5. www.w3schools.com
XIII. Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 70

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 16: Implement SQL queries for Inner and Outer Join

I. Practical Significance:
Join is used to combine the data spread across tables. A join is performed by the 'where'
clause which combines the specified rows of tables. This practical allows students to join
two or more tables.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To efficiently join data from multiple tables

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNIN OUTCOMES (COS):

CO3 - Manage database using SQL.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Execute the queries based on Inner & Outer join

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Joins :
Serial Join Explanation Syntax Example Output
No Type
1 Equi- A join based SELECT SELECT emp. Rows with
Join on equalities columns FROM empno, matching
using the = table1, table2 emp.ename, deptno values
operator. It emp.deptno, from both emp
WHERE
retrieves table1.column1 = dept.deptno, and dept
rows with table2.column2; dept.loc FROM tables.
matching emp, dept

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values in WHERE
both tables. emp.deptno =
dept.deptno;
2 Non A join using SELECT SELECT e. Rows from
Equi- relational columns FROM ename, e. salary, emp and
Join operators table1, table2 s. grade FROM salgrade where
other than = WHERE emp.salary
emp e, salgrade s
(e.g., <, >, table1.column1 < falls between
WHERE
<=, >=, !=). table2.column2; salgrade.losal
e.salary and
BETWEEN salgrade.hisal.
s.losal AND
s.hisal;

3 Self A join where SELECT SELECT Rows where

Join a table is a.column1, worker.ename each worker's
joined with b.column2 "employee", manager is
itself. It manager.ename also listed in
FROM table a,
compares "manager" FROM the emp table.
table b WHERE
rows within emp worker,
a.column =
the same b.column; emp manager
table. WHERE
worker.mgr =
manager.empno;
4 Left Returns all SELECT SELECT All records
Outer records from columns FROM EMP.emp_id, from EMP
Join the left table EMP.name, table and
table1
and matched DEPT.dept_name matching
records from LEFT OUTER FROM EMP records from
the right JOIN DEPT. Non-
LEFT OUTER
table. table2 matching
JOIN
Returns DEPT rows
NULL for ON DEPT ON are NULL.
non- table1.column = EMP.dept_id =
matching table2.column; DEPT.dept_id;
rows from
the right
table.
5 Right Returns all SELECT SELECT All records
Outer records from columns FROM EMP.emp_id, from DEPT

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Join the right table1 RIGHT EMP.name, table and

table and OUTER JOIN DEPT.dept_name matching
matched table2 ON FROM EMP records from
records from table1.column = RIGHT OUTER EMP. Non-
the left table. table2.column; JOIN DEPT matching EMP
Returns rows are
ON EMP.dept_id
NULL for NULL.
= DEPT.dept_id;
non-
matching
rows from
the left table.
Note:
Guidelines for Equi-Join:
1. Rows in one table can be joined to rows in another table according to the common
values existing in corresponding columns, that are usually primary and foreign key
columns.
2. When writing a select statement that joins tables, precede the column name with the
table name. (e.g. dept.deptno)
3. If the same column name appears in more than one table, the column name must be
prefixed to the table name. (e.g. dept.deptno, emp.deptno)
4. If the column names are unique, then we need not prefix it with the table name.
Table aliases
Table aliases are used to make multiple tables queries shorter and more readable. As a
result, we give an alias name or short name to the table in the 'from' clause. The alias
can be used instead of the table name throughout the query.

Following are the types of joins:

▪ Equi - join
▪ Non equi-join
▪ Self-Join
▪ Outer Join

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 73

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Equi -join
A join, which is based on equalities, is called equi-join. In equi-join comparison
operator equal to (=) is used to perform a join. It retrieves rows from tables having a
common column. It is also called simple join.
Syntax: select table1.column, table1.column,table2.column,….,
from table1, table2
where table1.column1 = table2.column2;
Example:
Select emp.empno,emp. ename,emp.deptno,
dept.deptno,dept.loc
from emp, dept
where emp.deptno = dept. deptno;

Guidelines:

1. Rows in one table can be joined to rows in another table according to the common
values existing in corresponding columns, that are usually primary and foreign key
columns.
2. When writing a select statement that joins tables, precede the column name with the
table name. (e.g. dept.deptno)
3. If the same column name appears in more than one table, the column name must be
prefixed to the table name. (e.g. dept.deptno, emp.deptno)
4. If the column names are unique, then we need not prefix it with the table name.

select e. empno, e.ename, e.deptno,

d.deptno, d.loc
from emp e, dept d
where e.deptno = d.deptno;

Note: - The above example is same as example of equi join but uses table aliases where
'e' refers to emp table and 'd' refers to dept table.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 74

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Non equi-join

A join that specifies the relationship between columns belonging to different tables by
making use of the relational operators (<, >, <=, >=, ! =) other than '=' operator is
called as non equi-join.
To use non equi-join create the following table.
Table - Salgrade
Column-name Datatype
Grade Number (4)
Losal Number (8)
Hisal Number (8)

[Note - Students will insert the following records in a given table.]

GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999

To relate emp and salgrade tables using non-equi join.

Example:
select e.ename, e.salary, s.grade
from emp e, salgrade s
where e.salary
between s.losal and s.hisal;

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 75

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

select e.ename, e.salary, s.grade

from emp e, salgrade s
where e.salary >= s.losal and
e.salary <= s.hisal;

Self-join

Joining a table to itself is known as self-join. i.e. it joins one row in a table to another.
It can compare each row of the table to itself and with other rows of the same table.
Example: To find the name of each employee's manager you need to join EMP table to
itself.

select worker.ename "employee", manager.ename "manager"

from emp worker, emp manager
where worker.mgr = manager.empno;

Note:
The above example joins the emp table to itself. To stimulate two tables in the FROM
clause, there are two aliases, namely WORKER and MANAGER, for the same table,
EMP.
Outer Join
An outer join returns all the rows returned by simple join or equi join as well as those
rows from one table that do not match any row from the other table.
Consider following tables for outer join:
EMP Table
emp_id ename dept_id
1 Riya 1
2 Pranav 2
3 Mansi NULL

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 76

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

DEPT Table
dept_id dept_name

1 HR

2 IT

3 Finance

1. LEFT OUTER JOIN

Description: The LEFT OUTER JOIN returns all records from the left table (EMP),
and the matched records from the right table (DEPT). The result is NULL from the
right side, if there is no match.
Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM EMP
LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.dept_id = DEPT.dept_id.
Example:
SELECT EMP.emp_id, EMP.name, DEPT.dept_name
FROM EMP
LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.dept_id = DEPT.dept_id;

Output:
emp_id name dept_name
1 Riya HR
2 Pranav IT
3 Mansi NULL
2. RIGHT OUTER JOIN

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 77

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Description: The RIGHT OUTER JOIN returns all records from the right table
(DEPT), and the matched records from the left table (EMP). The result is NULL from
the left side, when there is no match.

Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM EMP
RIGHT OUTER JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.dept_id = DEPT.dept_id;

Example:

SELECT EMP.emp_id, EMP.name, DEPT.dept_name

FROM EMP
RIGHT OUTER JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.dept_id = DEPT.dept_id;
Output:
emp_id name dept_name
1 Riya HR
2 Pranav IT
NULL NULL Finance

3. FULL OUTER JOIN

Description: The FULL OUTER JOIN returns all records when there is a match in
either left (EMP) or right (DEPT) table records. It returns NULL for records that do not
have a match in the other table.

Syntax:
SELECT columns

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 78

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

FROM EMP
FULL OUTER JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.dept_id = DEPT.dept_id;

Example:
SELECT EMP.emp_id, EMP.name, DEPT.dept_name
FROM EMP
FULL OUTER JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.dept_id = DEPT.dept_id;
Output:
emp_id name dept_name
1 Riya HR
2 Pranav IT
3 Mansi NULL
NULL NULL Finance
VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr.No Equipment Name with Broad Specifications Relevant LLO

Number
Computer system with all necessary components like; motherboard,
random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), internal hard
1 All
disk drives, Mouse, Keyboard, and RDBMS applications such as Oracle
Express Edition,MySql,SQLite,Oracle Live SQL etc.

VIII. Procedure
1. Create tables for given application
2. Assign Primary key for created table
3. Join two or more tables

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 79

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

IX. Result(s)
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X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Define Join. List types of Joins.
2. Describe outer join.
(Space for answer)
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XI. Exercise
1. Display employee Nikhil’s employee number, name, department number, and department
location.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 80

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

2. Display the list of employees who work in the sales department.

3. Display the list of employees who do not work in the sales department.
4. Display the employee names and salary of all employees who report to Sumit Patil.
XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_full.asp
3. https://www.javatpoint.com/sql-server-joins
XIII. Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………
Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 81

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 17: Create and manage Views for faster access on relations.

I. Practical Significance:

This practical will help students to understand Views, Sequences and Indexes used in
SQL. A view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement. A view
contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from
one or more real tables in the database. You can add SQL statements and functions to
a view and present the data as if the data were coming from one single table. A
sequence is a user-defined schema-bound object that generates a series of numeric
values. Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database more quickly than
otherwise. The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up
searches/queries.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To execute queries using Views, Sequences, Indexes to perform advance calculations.
III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):CO3
- Manage database using SQL.
IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:
i. Create, Update, drop/ Delete views.
ii. Create and execute Sequences.
iii. Create and execute indexes.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)
a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
a. Views:
A view is created with the CREATE VIEW statement. View can hide complexity and
can be used as a security mechanism. View can be a virtual table which is derived from
one or more than one table. View is created using tables of same database or different
database. It is used for security purposes because they provide encapsulation of the name
of the table. View has several benefits:
1. Complexity: Views help to reduce complexity. Different views can be created on the
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same base table for different users.

2. Security: It increases security by excluding the sensitive information from the view.
3. Query Simplicity: It helps to simplify commands from the user. A view can draw data
from several different tables and present it as a single table.
4. Consistency: A view can present a consistent, unchanged image of the structure of the
database. Views can be used to rename the columns without affecting the base table.
5. Data Integrity: If data is accessed and entered through a view, the DBMS can
automatically check the data to ensure that it meets the specified integrity constraints.
6. Storage Capacity: Views take very little space to store the data.
7. Logical Data Independence: View can make the application and database tables to a
certain extent independent.
Syntax
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
b. SEQUENCE
The sequence of numeric values is generated in an ascending or descending order at
defined intervals and can be configured to restart when it exceeds maximum value. A
sequence is a set of integers that are generated in order of demand. Sequences are
commonly used in databases because many applications require each row in a table to
contain a unique value and sequence provides an easy way to generate them.
SYNTAX:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name
START WITH initial_value
INCREMENT BY increment_value MINVALUE minimum value
MAXVALUE maximum value
CYCLE|NOCYCLE;
c. INDEX
The Index in SQL is a special table used to speed up the searching of the data in the
database tables. Index provides a fast access path to column that is indexed. Indexes are
stored independently from actual data. It is mostly useful on large tables and on columns
that frequently appear in WHERE clause. When the table is dropped, index will also

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automatically drop. More than one index is allowed in one table.

SYNTAX:
CREATE INDEX Index_Name ON Table_Name (Column_Name);
VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Relevant LLO
Sr. Equipment Name with Broad Specifications
Number
No
Computer system with all necessary components like; motherboard,
1 random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), internal hard All
disk drives, Mouse, Keyboard, and RDBMS applications such as Oracle
Express Edition, MySQL, SQLite, Oracle Live SQL etc.
VIII. Procedure
a. Write and execute query for view.
b. Write and execute query to insert, modify and delete records through views
c. Write and execute query to delete view.
d. Write and execute query for creating altering and dropping sequence.
e. Write and execute query for simple and composite index.
IX. Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
a. What are synonyms, write its syntax and advantages.
b. What is the difference between simple and composite index?
c. What are the disadvantages of views?
d. Write the syntax to delete view.
(Space for answer)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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c. Drop sequence emp_sequence;

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links
1. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/oracle-plsql-programming/0596003811/ch09s03.html
2. https://beginner-sql-tutorial.com/oracle-functions.htm
3. https://www.javatpoint.com
4. www.tutorialsteacher.com
XIII. Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Marks Obtained
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

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Experiment No 18: Implement PL/SQL program using Conditional Statements

I. Practical Significance: Conditional statements in PL/SQL are like decision-makers

in PL/SQL code. They help to make choices based on different conditions. For
example, if something is true, do one thing, if not, do something else. This flexibility
makes PL/SQL code more powerful and capable of handling different situations. This
practical allows students to write a PL/SQL program using Conditional Statements- if,
if then else, nested if, if elsif else.
II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:
To implement conditional statements in PL/SQL to make better decisions and to
improve problem-solving skills.
III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):CO4
- Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.
IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:
Implement PL/SQL program using Conditional Statements.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)
a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Sr. Title Explanation Syntax Example Program
No.
1 If Checks a IF DECLARE
condition and condition x NUMBER := 10;
executes a THEN
block of code statement; BEGIN IF x > 5 THEN
if it's true. END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_
LINE ('x is greater than
5');
END IF;
END;
2 If-Then- Executes one IF DECLARE
Else block of code condition x NUMBER := 3;
if a condition THEN

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is true and statement; BEGIN

another if it's ELSE
false. statement2 IF x > 5 THEN
; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_
LINE('x is greater than
5');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_
LINE('x is not greater
than 5'); END IF;
END;
3 If-Elsif Allows IF DECLARE
checking condition1 x NUMBER:= 3;
multiple THEN
conditions in statement1 BEGIN
sequence and ; ELSIF IF x > 5 THEN
executing condition2 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_
correspondin THEN LINE('x is greater than
g blocks of statement2 5');
code. ; ELSE
statement3 ELSIF x = 5 THEN
; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_
LINE('x is equal to 5');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_
LINE('x is less than 5');
END IF;
END;
4 Nested If Uses one or IF DECLARE
more if condition1 x NUMBER := 3;
statements THEN IF
inside condition2 y NUMBER := 10;
another if THEN BEGIN IF x > 5 THEN
statement. statement;
IF y > 5 THEN
END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_
END IF; LINE('Both x and y are
greater than 5');
END IF;

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END IF;
END;

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
Implement PL/SQL program based on the given problem
IX. Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. List conditional statement in PL/SQL.
2. Describe any three conditional statements in PL/SQL

(Space for answer)

X. Exercise

1. Write a PL/SQL program that checks if a given number is positive, and if it is, prints
"Number is positive".
2. Write a PL/SQL program that asks the user for their age and then prints “You can vote"
if they are over 18, and "You cannot vote" otherwise.
3. Write a PL/SQL program that asks the user for percentage and then assigns grades
based on the following conditions:
Distinction (>=75%)
First Class (>=60 and <75)
Second Class (>=45 and <60)
Pass Class (>=40 and <45)
Fail (<40)

XI. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM

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2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/plsql/plsql_conditional_control.htm
3. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/oracle-plsql-
programming/9781449324445/ch04.html
XII. Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

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Experiment No 19: Implement PL/SQL program using Iterative Statements

I. Practical Significance:
The PL/SQL loops are used to repeat the execution of one or more statements for a
specified number of times. These are also known as iterative control statements. The
iterative statement can be embedded in a PL/SQL procedure, function, or anonymous
block statement. In PL/SQL we have three different loop options to choose from when
we want to execute a statement repeatedly in our code block. They are:
a. Basic loop.
b. For loop
c. While loop

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To implement conditional statements in PL/SQL to make better decisions and to
improve problem-solving skills.

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):CO4

- Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Implement PL/SQL program using Iterative Statements.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

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VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

Title Explanation Syntax Example
Program
Basic Basic loop or Loop set serveroutput
loop simple loop is on;
sequence of statements
preferred in DECLARE i int;
PL/SQL code end loop;
when there is no BEGIN i := 1;
surety about how LOOP
many times the
block of code is to if i>10 then
be repeated. exit;
end if;
dbms_output.put_
line(i);
i := i+1;
END LOOP;
END;
For This loop is used FOR counter_variable set serveroutput
when some on;
IN
statements in start_value..end_value DECLARE
PL/SQL code
block are to be LOOP i number(2);
repeated for a fixed statement to be BEGIN
number of times. executed FOR i IN 1..10
END LOOP; LOOP
dbms_output.put_
line(i);
END LOOP;
END;
while It is an entry- WHILE <test_ set serveroutput
controlled loop condition> on;
which means that LOOP DECLARE num
before entering in a int: =1;
while loop first the <action>
condition is tested, BEGIN

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if the condition is END LOOP; while (num <= 10)

TRUE the LOOP
statement or a
group of dbms_output.put_
statements get line(''|| no);
executed and if the num: = num+2;
condition is
FALSE the control END LOOP;
will move out of END;
the while loop.

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
Implement PL/SQL program based on the given problem
IX. Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
suchquestions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. List Iterative statement in PL/SQL.
2. Write PL/SQL program using any one Iterative statement.
(Space for answer)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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XI. Exercise
a. Write a PL/SQL program to display multiplication table of 5 using FOR loop.
b. Write a PL/SQL program to calculate factorial of 10 by using PL/SQL WHILE LOOP
statement.
c. Write a PL/SQL program to calculate the prime numbers between 1 to 50.

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM

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2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/plsql/plsql
3. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/oracle-plsql-
programming/9781449324445/ch04.html
4. PL/SQL WHILE Loop Tutorial (plsqltutorial.com)
5. https://www.ibm.com/pl/sql
XIII. Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

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Experiment No 20: Implement PL/SQL program using Sequential Control

I. Practical Significance: Sequential statements are used in PL/SQL help to control the order of
execution in PL/SQL code. The Case statement checks different conditions and executes
specific code based on those conditions. Goto jumps to a specific part of PL/SQL program,
continue skips to the next iteration of a loop. This practical allows students to implement
PL/SQL program using sequential control.
II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:
To implement PL/SQL program with simple code structure using Sequential Control
III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):
CO4 - Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.
IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:
Implement PL/SQL program using Sequential Control.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)
a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
a. Case Statement
The PL/SQL CASE statement runs a series of actions depending on a selector, which can
be a variable, function, or expression. It functions similarly to an IF statement but uses the
keyword WHEN instead. The CASE statement checks conditions one by one from top to
bottom, executing the corresponding action when it finds a true condition, then moving to
the END CASE clause.
Syntax:
CASE selector
WHEN selector_value_1 THEN
statements_1
WHEN selector_value_1 THEN
statement_2
...
ELSE
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else statements
END; CASE;
Example:
DECLARE
grade char(1) := 'A';
BEGIN
CASE grade
when 'A' then dbms_output.put_line('Excellent');
when 'B' then dbms_output.put_line('Very good');
when 'C' then dbms_output.put_line('Good');
when 'D' then dbms_output.put_line('Average');
when 'F' then dbms_output.put_line('Passed with Grace');
else dbms_output.put_line('Failed');
END CASE;
END;
2. CONTINUE
Explanation:
In PL/SQL, the CONTINUE statement allows you to skip the rest of the current iteration of
a loop and start the next iteration
Syntax:
CONTINUE;
Example:
DECLARE
counter NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
WHILE counter <= 5 LOOP
IF counter = 3 THEN
CONTINUE; -- Skip the rest of the loop for counter = 3
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Counter: ' || counter);
counter := counter + 1;
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END LOOP;
END;
In this example, the loop will print numbers from 1 to 5, but it will skip printing the number
3 due to the CONTINUE statement.
3. GOTO
In PL/SQL, the GOTO statement transfers control to a labeled statement within the same
block or subprogram.
Syntax:
GOTO label_name;
Example:
DECLARE
x NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
<<start>>
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Start');
GOTO end;
<<middle>>
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Middle'); -- This line will be skipped
<<end>>
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('End');
END;
In this example, the program jumps directly from the start label to the end label, skipping the
middle label and its associated statement.

VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

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VIII. Procedure
1.Define the PL/SQL block structure
2.Write the control statements
3.Implement the logic for the given problem

X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)

Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. List sequential statements in PL/SQL
2. Describe any two sequential statements in PL/SQL
(Space for answer)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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XI. Exercise
1. Write a PL/SQL program that calculates the sum of all even numbers between 1 and 10,
skipping odd numbers [Use CONTINUE statement]
2. Write a PL/SQL program that prints numbers from 1 to 10, but skips printing the
number 5 [Use GOTO statement]
3. Write a PL/SQL program that asks the user to input a number (1 for Monday, 2 for
Tuesday, ..., 7 for Sunday) and prints the corresponding day of the week.

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XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://www.plsql.co/plsql-sequential-control.html
3. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/oracle-plsql-programming/0596009771/ch04.htm
XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

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Experiment No 21: Create Implicit and Explicit Cursors.

I. Practical Significance:
A cursor is a pointer to this context area. PL/SQL controls the context area through a cursor.
A cursor holds the rows (one or more) returned by a SQL statement. The set of rows the cursor
holds is referred to as the active set. You can name a cursor so that it could be referred to in a
program to fetch and process the rows returned by the SQL statement, one at a time. There
are two types of cursors namely: Implicit cursors, Explicit cursors.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To implement PL/SQL programs to implement cursors.

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):

CO4 - Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Implement PL/SQL program based on cursors.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background:

Cursors provide a way to iterate through the rows returned by a query, one at a time, and
perform various operations on the data. With cursors, we can access records individually,
control them as needed, or display them on the console accordingly.
The PL/SQL programming language supports two kinds of cursors.
Implicit Cursor
Explicit Cursor

I. Implicit Cursors

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An implicit cursor is generated by Oracle when DML statements such as INSERT, UPDATE,
and DELETE are executed. Oracle offers some attributes through which programmers can
perform operations on these cursors. Implicit cursors help to handle database transactions
without requiring to manually create cursors every time. The attributes offered by Oracle are
as follows:

a. %FOUND: This function returns a Boolean value of True,if INSERT, UPDATE, and
DELETE, affect single or multiple rows. Similarly, it returns True if any SELECT statement
also returns single or multiple rows. If neither of these conditions are met, the function will
return False.
b. %NOTFOUND: This attribute operates in reverse to its counterpart, %FOUND. If a DML
statement has not affected any rows or a SELECT statement does not return any results, then
the %NOTFOUND attribute will be evaluated as True. Alternatively, it will return False when
rows have been impacted by a DML statement or when the SELECT DML statement returns
at least one result.
c. %ISOPEN: Regarding Implicit cursors, Oracle shut off the cursor immediately following
the SQL statement’s execution, resulting in a False return value.
d. %ROWCOUNT: The function returns the rows affected by DML statements such as
INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. It can also provide the count of rows returned from
SELECT INTO statements in PL/SQL code.

II. Explicit Cursor

An explicit cursor is declared in a program’s declaration block and are particularly useful
when working with SQL statements that produce multiple rows of results. To use an explicit
cursor, many steps need to be implemented, including careful definition and initialization of
the cursor within the program. If used correctly, explicit cursors can improve program
performance and data accuracy.

Explicit Cursor Syntax

Cursor Cursor-Name
IS
Select-Statement;
Steps to Utilize Explicit Cursors
Step 1: Cursor Declaration
Syntax: CURSOR cursor_name IS SELECT statement;
Step 2: Open Cursor

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Syntax: OPEN cursor_name;

Step 3: Fetching Cursor
Syntax: FETCH cursor_name INTO variable;
Step 4: Close Cursor
Syntax: CLOSE cursor_name;
VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
1.Write program in notepad, save the program with .sql extension.
2. Take the program to SQL command prompt.
3. Execute and check the program output.

X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)

Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Distinguish between Implicit and Explicit cursors in oracle.
2. List advantages of using cursors in SQL programming.
(Space for answer)
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XI. Exercise
a. Write a PL/SQL program for displaying details of students studying in computer department
using cursors.
b. Write a PL/SQL program to print even number of records stored in the student table.
c. Write a PL/SQL program to display the number of items having price more than 10000 in
store table using cursors.

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. CURSORS IN PL/SQL WITH EXAMPLES | PL/SQL TUTORIAL - YouTube
2. https://www.oracletutorial.com/plsql-tutorial/plsql-cursors/
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 109
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

3. https://www.javatpoint.com/pl-sql-cursors
4. https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/other-databases/timesten/22.1/plsql-developer/use-
cursors-pl-sql-programs.html
5. https://traininginchennai.in/plsql_cursors.html
XIII. Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 110

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 22: Implement PL/SQL program based on Exception Handling (Pre-defined

exceptions) application

I. Practical Significance: Creating a PL/SQL program with exception handling using pre-
defined exceptions allows PL/SQL code to deal with unexpected errors or problems that
might happen while it runs. This makes PL/SQL program more reliable and prevents it from
crashing or giving wrong results when things go wrong unexpectedly. This practical allows
students to implement PL/SQL program based on pre-defined exceptions.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To implement PL/SQL programs with exception handling using pre-defined exceptions that
leads to more reliable code.

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):

CO4 - Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.
IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:
Implement PL/SQL program based on Exception Handling (Pre-defined exceptions).

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

An exception in PL/SQL is a problem or error that happens during the execution of a
program, which disrupts the normal flow of the code. The exception block in PL/SQL is
important because it helps manage unexpected errors during program execution. It allows
you to handle these errors gracefully, preventing program crashes and ensuring a smoother
user experience.
Exception Name Description

NO_DATA_FOUND Raised when a SELECT INTO statement

returns no rows.
TOO_MANY_ROWS Raised when a SELECT INTO statement
returns more than one row.
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ZERO_DIVIDE Raised when a division by zero occurs.

INVALID_NUMBER Raised when trying to convert a character string
to a number fails.
VALUE_ERROR Raised when an arithmetic, conversion,
truncation, or constraint error occurs.
Example:
DECLARE
temp number;
BEGIN
SELECT p_name into temp from student where p_name='Ameya';
dbms_output.put_line('the p_name is '||temp);
EXCEPTION
WHEN value_error THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Error');
dbms_output.put_line('Change data type of temp to varchar(20)');
END;
VALUE_ERROR exception is raised WHEN a statement is executed that resulted in an
arithmetic, numeric, string, conversion, or constraint error. This error mainly results from
programmer error or invalid data input. Here, it is raised because temp is declared with the
datatype number.temp datatype should have been varchar2
VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr.No Equipment Name with Broad Specifications Relevant LLO

Number
Computer system with all necessary components like; motherboard, random
access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), internal hard disk
1 drives, Mouse, Keyboard, and RDBMS applications such as Oracle Express All
Edition,MySql,SQLite,Oracle Apex etc.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Distinguish between user defined exception and predefined exception
2. Explain pre-defined exception with an example.
(Space for answer)
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XI. Exercise
1. Write a PL/SQL program that asks the user to input two numbers and divide the first
number by the second. Handle the predefined exception for division by zero and
display an appropriate message if it occurs.
2. Write a PL/SQL program that retrieves the salary of an employee based on their
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 113
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employee ID (emp_id). If the employee ID does not exist in the database, handle the
NO_DATA_FOUND exception and print a message saying, "Employee ID not found."
XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://www.oracletutorial.com/plsql-tutorial/plsql-exception/
3. https://www.javatpoint.com/pl-sql-exception
XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 114

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 23: Implement PL/SQL program based on Exception Handling (User-defined

exceptions)

I. Practical Significance: PL/SQL allows you to define your own exceptions according to the
need of your program. A user-defined exception must be declared and then raised explicitly,
using either a RAISE statement or the procedure
DBMS_STANDARD.RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To implement PL/SQL programs with exception handling using user-defined exceptions that
leads to more reliable code.

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):

CO4 - Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Implement PL/SQL program based on Exception Handling (User-defined exceptions).

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

User defined exceptions: This type of users can create their own exceptions according to
the need and to raise these exceptions explicitly raise command is used. Example: Divide
non-negative integer x by y such that the result is greater than or equal to 1. From the given
question we can conclude that there exist two exceptions Division by zero. If result is
greater than or equal to 1 means y is less than or equal to x.
DECLARE
x int:=&x; /*taking value at run time*/
y int:=&y;
div_r float;

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exp1 EXCEPTION;
exp2 EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
IF y=0 then
raise exp1;
ELSEIF y > x then
raise exp2;
ELSE
div_r:= x / y;
dbms_output.put_line('the result is '||div_r);
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN exp1 THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Error');
dbms_output.put_line('division by zero not allowed');
WHEN exp2 THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Error');
dbms_output.put_line('y is greater than x please check the input');
END;
VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
1.Follow the rules while raising the exception.
2.Implement the logic for the given problem
IX. Result(s)
X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 116
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. How to define the exception?
2. Create the Procedure with the help of user defined exception.
(Space for answer)
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XI. Exercise
1. Write a PL/SQL program by using the user defined exception.
2. Write a PL/SQL program that asks for customer Id, when user enters invalid Id, the
exception Invalid-Id is raised.

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XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.oracletutorial.com/plsql-tutorial/plsql-exception/
2. https://www.javatpoint.com/pl-sql-exception
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/plsql/plsql_exceptions.html
4. https://way2tutorial.com/plsql/plsql-user-defined-exception.php
XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 118

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 24: Create Procedures and stored procedures for modularity

I. Practical Significance: Procedures in PL/SQL is a named block of code that can be stored
in a database. Procedures accept input parameters, perform a specific task. They provide a
way to modularize code, enhance reusability, and promote efficient development practices.
This practical allows students to implement PL/SQL procedures and call them to perform
tasks.
II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:
To implement PL/SQL procedure for modularity and to optimize performance, enhance
security
III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):
CO4 - Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.
IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:
Create Procedures and stored procedures for modularity.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)
a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
PL/SQL procedures, also known as stored procedures, are subprograms that can be called
to perform a specific action in a database. They can contain a series of SQL statements
and take parameters. PL/SQL procedures can be stored in a database and called by name
from an application.
Syntax for creating procedure:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name
[ (parameter [, parameter]) ]
IS
[declaration_section]
BEGIN
executable_section
[EXCEPTION
exception_section]

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END [procedure_name];
Example:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE greetings
AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Hello World!');
END;
Calling a procedure:
BEGIN
greetings;
END;
In the above example, procedure is called by its name greetings
VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
1.Define the PL/SQL block structure for procedure
2.Implement the logic for the given problem
3. Call the stored procedure

IX. Result(s)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………
X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 120

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

1. Write syntax for creating PL/SQL Procedure.

2. Write steps to call a procedure in PL/SQL
3. List types of parameters in Procedure and explain them.
(Space for answer)
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XI. Exercise
1. Write a procedure emp_count () to count number of employees in department, use dept_no
as input parameter
2. Create a stored procedure to accept name and greet user with name.

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

3. Write a PL/SQL procedure to insert any three records in EMP table.

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/plsql/plsql_procedures.htm
3. https://www.javatpoint.com/pl-sql-procedure
XIII. Assessment Scheme
Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 122

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 25: Create functions for given database

I. Practical Significance: PL/SQL function is a named, self-contained block of code that

performs a specific task and returns a value. Functions are designed to encapsulate logical
operations, promoting code modularity and reusability. Developers can build a more
maintainable and efficient PL/SQL codebase by isolating specific tasks within functions.
This practical allows students to implement PL/SQL Functions for the given database.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To implement PL/SQL function on database.

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):

CO4 - Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Implement Function for given database.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

A typical PL/SQL function consists of the following components:
Function Declaration
The function declaration serves as the initial step in defining a PL/SQL function. It includes
the function’s name, input parameters (if any), and the return type. Parameters can be either
input-only or input-output, allowing for dynamic and flexible function behavior.
Local Declarations
Within the function’s block, local declarations allocate memory for variables that are used to
store intermediate values or perform calculations. These variables are confined to the scope of
the function, preventing them from interfering with other parts of the codebase.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 123

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Function Body
The function body contains the actual logic of the function. It consists of a series of statements
that manipulate the input parameters and local variables to achieve the desired outcome. This
is where the magic happens, as developers can employ conditional statements, loops, and other
programming constructs to implement complex operations.
Return Statement
The return statement marks the end of the function and specifies the value that will be returned
to the caller. It is essential to ensure that the return type matches the one declared in the function
header.
SYNTAX:
FUNCTION function_name (parameter1 [IN | OUT | IN OUT] datatype, parameter2 [IN | OUT
| IN OUT] datatype, ...)
RETURN return_datatype
IS
-- Declaration section (optional)
variable1 datatype;
variable2 datatype;
...
BEGIN
-- Function body
-- SQL and PL/SQL statements
RETURN return_value;
EXCEPTION
-- Exception handling (optional)
WHEN exception_name1 THEN
-- Handle exception 1
WHEN exception_name2 THEN
-- Handle exception 2
...
END;
VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 124

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

VIII. Procedure
1.Define the PL/SQL block structure
2.Implement the logic for the given problem
IX. Result(s)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
questions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. What is the difference between Function and Procedure.
2. Write syntax for creating and replacing function.
(Space for answer)
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 125

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://www.javatpoint.com/pl-sql-Functions.
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/plsql/plsql_functions.html
4. PL/SQL Developer - Allround Automations

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 126

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 127

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

Experiment No 26: Implement triggers for given database

I. Practical Significance: PL/SQL triggers are named database objects stored in a database
that can be called automatically on the occurrence of a particular event. Triggers can be
used to automate database processes, enforce data integrity, and improve database
performance. This practical allows students to implement PL/SQL triggers for given
database.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME:

To implement PL/SQL triggers for applying integrity, consistency and error handling in a
database

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS):

CO4 - Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.

IV. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME:

Implement triggers for given database.

V. Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Follow installation steps.
c. Follow ethical practices.

VI. Relevant Theoretical Background

A PL/SQL trigger is a database object that automatically executes a specific action such as
inserting, updating, or deleting data in response to events like a row being modified or a table
being dropped. Triggers are often used to enforce business rules, maintain data integrity, and
automate tasks within the database.
Syntax:
CREATE [OR REPLACE ] TRIGGER trigger_name
{BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
{INSERT [OR] | UPDATE [OR] | DELETE}

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

[OF col_name]
ON table_name
[REFERENCING OLD AS o NEW AS n]
[FOR EACH ROW]
WHEN (condition)
DECLARE
Declaration-statements
BEGIN
Executable-statements
EXCEPTION
Exception-handling-statements
END;
VII. Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

VIII. Procedure
1.Define the PL/SQL block structure
2.Implement the logic for the given problem

X. Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)

Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more such
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 129
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

questions to ensure the achievement of identified CO.

1. Differentiate between row level trigger and statement level trigger
2. What is the purpose of using WHEN clause in a trigger

(Space for answer)

XII. References/Suggestions for further reading: include websites/links

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGU4YfSSjdM
2. https://www.javatpoint.com/pl-sql-trigger
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/plsql/plsql_triggers.htm

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 130

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (313302)

XIII. Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Sr. No Process related (10 Marks) 30%

Tool Selection Ability 20%

1.
Follow Ethical Practices 10%
2.
Product related (15 Marks) 70%
3. Verifying System Requirement for Installation 20%
4. Correctness in Use of Command Tools 15%

5. Use of Attribute/s Options 15%

6. Timely Submission 10%

7. Answering Sample Questions 10%

Total (50 Marks) 100%

List of student Team Members

1…………………………………
2………………………………....
3…………………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained of Teacher
Process Product
Total (50)
Related (15) Related (35)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K Scheme’) 131

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