Class-7-Ncert Notes-Math's-Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals
Class-7-Ncert Notes-Math's-Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals
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For Session 2023-24
Best Notes
CBSE
CLASS 7
Mathematics
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Introduction: Fractions
The word fraction derives from the Latin word “Fractus” meaning broken. It represents a part of
a whole, consisting of a number of equal parts out of a whole.
Fractions play an important part in our daily lives. There are many examples of fractions you will
come across in real life. We have to willingly or unwillingly share that yummy pizza amongst our
friends and families. Three people, four slices. If you learn and visualize fractions in an easy way,
it will be more fun and exciting. For example, slice an apple into two parts, then each part of the
sliced apple will represent a fraction (equal to 1/2).
Parts of Fractions
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
• Numerator: It is the upper part of the fraction, that represents the sections of the fraction
• Denominator: It is the lower or bottom part that represents the total parts in which the
fraction is divided.
3
Example: If is a fraction, then 3 is the numerator and 4 is the denominator.
4
Properties of Fractions
Similar to real numbers and whole numbers, a fractional number also holds some of the
important properties. They are:
• Commutative and associative properties hold true for fractional addition and
multiplication
• The multiplicative inverse of a/b is b/a, where a and b should be non zero elements
Types of Fractions
Based on the properties of numerator and denominator, fractions are sub-divided into different
types. They are:
• Proper fractions
• Improper fractions
• Mixed fractions
• Like fractions
• Unlike fractions
• Equivalent fractions
Proper Fractions
The proper fractions are those where the numerator is less than the denominator. For example,
8
will be a proper fraction since “numerator < denominator”.
9
Improper Fractions
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
The improper fraction is a fraction where the numerator happens to be greater than the
9
denominator. For example, will be an improper fraction since “numerator > denominator”.
8
Mixed Fractions
A mixed fraction is a combination of the integer part and a proper fraction. These are also called
mixed numbers or mixed numerals. For example:
2 [(3 × 3) + 2] 11
3 = =
3 3 3
Like Fractions
Like fractions are those fractions, as the name suggests, that are alike or same.
1 2
For example, take and ; they are alike since if you simplify it mathematically, you will get the
2 4
same fraction.
Unlike Fractions
Equivalent Fractions
Two fractions are equivalent to each other if after simplification either of two fractions is equal
to the other one.
2 4
For example, and are equivalent fractions.
3 6
4 (2×2) 2
Since, = =
6 (2×3) 3
Unit Fractions
1
One-third of whole =
3
1
One-fourth of whole =
4
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
1
One-fifth of whole =
5
Representation of Fractions
A fraction is represented by 2 numbers on top of each other, separated by a line. The number on
top is the numerator and the number below is the denominator. Example: 34 which basically
means 3 parts out of 4 equal divisions.
2,89,285
We have already learned to represent the integers, such as 0, 1, 2, -1, -2, on a number line. In the
same way, we can represent fractions on a number line.
For example, if we have to represent 1/5 and 3/5 parts of a whole, then it can be represented as
shown in the below figure.
Since the denominator is equal to 5, thus 1 is divided into 5 equal parts, on the number line. Now
1 3
the first section is and the third section is .
5 5
1 1 2 3
Similarly, you can practice marking more of the fractions on the number line, such as , , , ,
2 4 11 7
etc.
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
Multiplication of Fractions
Multiplication of a fraction by a whole number:
1 7
Example 1: 7 × ( ) =
3 3
7 35 7
Example 2: 5 × ( ) = , Dividing numerator and denominator by 5, we get
45 45 9
1 1 11
Or, of 11 = ( ) × 11 =
2 2 2
Division of Fractions
Reciprocal of a Fraction
Although zero divided by any number means zero itself, we cannot find reciprocals for them, as a
(5)
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
Division of Fractions
Division of a whole number by a fraction: we multiply the whole number with the reciprocal of
the fraction.
7 5 9
Example: 63 ÷ ( ) = 63 × ( ) = = 45
5 7 5
Division of a fraction by a whole number: we multiply the fraction with the reciprocal of the
whole number.
8 8 1 2
Example: ( ) ÷ 4 = ( ) × ( ) =
11 11 4 11
Division of a fraction by another fraction: We multiply the dividend with the reciprocal of the
divisor.
2 5 2 21 6
Example: ( ) ÷ ( ) = ( ) × ( ) =
7 21 7 5 5
Decimals
Introduction: Decimal
In Algebra, decimals are one of the types of numbers, which has a whole number and the
fractional part separated by a decimal point. The dot present between the whole number and
fractions part is called the decimal point. For example, 34.5 is a decimal number.
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
Decimal numbers are used to represent numbers that are smaller than the unit 1. Decimal
number system is also known as base 10 system since each place value is denoted by a power of
10.
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
Decimals
These both are separated by a decimal separator(.) called the decimal point.
The numbers to the left of the decimal point increase with the order of 10, while the numbers to
the right of the point increase with the decrease order of 10.
The above example 564.8 can be read as ‘five hundred and sixty four and eight tenths’
1
⇒ 5 × 100 + 6 × 10 + 4 × 1 + 8 × ( )
10
3 15 3
A fraction can be written as a decimal and vice-versa. Example: 1.5 or 1.5 = =
2 10 2
Multiplication of Decimals
Multiplication of decimal numbers with whole numbers:
Multiply them as whole numbers. The product will contain the same number of digits after the
decimal point as that of the decimal number.
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
If a decimal is multiplied by a power of 10, then the decimal point shifts to the right by the
number of zeros in its power.
E.g : 45.678 × 10 = 456.78 (decimal point shifts by 1 place to the right) or, 45.678 × 1000 = 45678
(decimal point shifts by 3 places to the right)
Multiply the decimal numbers without decimal points and then give decimal point in the answer
as many places same as the total number of places right to the decimal points in both numbers.
E.g:
Division of Decimals
Dividing a decimal number by a whole number:
45.2
Example:
55
4525
Step 1. Convert the Decimal number into Fraction: 45.25 =
100
4525 4525 1
Step 2. Divide the fraction by the whole number: (
100
) ÷ 5 = ( 100 ) × (5) = 9.5
4525 5
Step 1. Convert both the decimal numbers into fractions: 45.25 = and 0.5 =
100 10
4525 5 4525 10
Step 2. Divide the fractions: (
100
) ÷ (10) = ( 100 ) × ( 5 ) = 90.5
Example 2:
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
If a decimal is divided by a power of 10, then the decimal point shifts to the left by the number of
zeros present in the power of 10.
When the denominator in a fraction is very very small (almost tending to 0), then the value of
the fraction tends towards infinity.
(10)
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
Important Questions
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
c) |-89|
d) |-21|
Question 12. The side of an equilateral triangle is 3.5 cm. Find its perimeter.
a) 10.5 cm
b) 1.05 cm
c) 105 cm
d) None of these
3 24
Question 13. Provide the number in the box ≅ such that ×≅= .
5 75
7
a)
15
8
b)
15
5
c)
3
d) none of these
Question 14. What is the fraction of the shaded area?
2
a)
3
1
b)
3
1
c)
4
d) None of these
Question 15. Which of the following is a proper fraction?
28
a)
15
21
b)
23
16
c)
7
34
d)
3
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
1 1 1
5. Find the value of 3 + 8+ 3
3 4
5 9 5
6. The product of two numbers is 2.0016. If one of them is 0.72, find the other
number.
7. Reemu reads 15th pages of a book. If she reads further 40 pages, she would have
7
read th page of the book. How many pages are left to be read?
10
1 2 1
8. of a number equals ÷ . What is the number?
8 5 20
Long Questions:
1. Simplify the following:
1 1 1 1
2 + +
(𝑖) 2 5 (𝑖𝑖) 4 5
1 1 3 3
2 ÷ 1− ×
2 5 8 5
1
2. The weight of an object on the Moon is its weight on the Earth. If an object weight
6
3
5 kg on the Earth. How much would it weight on the Moon?
5
3. A picture hall has seats for 820 persons. At a recent film show, one usher guessed it
3 2
was full, another that it was full. The ticket office reported 648 sales. Which
4 3
usher (first or second) made the better guess?
1 2
4. A rectangular sheet of paper is 12 cm long and 10 cm wide.
2 3
Find its perimeter.
5. Find the perimeters of (i) ΔABE (ii) the rectangle BCDE in this figure. Whose
perimeter is greater?
(16)
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
ANSWER KEY -
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. (c) 71
6
2. (b)
7
3. (a) 0.002
4. (c) 2
5. (a) 0.0001
6. (b) 0.06
50
7. (c)
20
8. (d) 5
9. (b) 13.4 cm2
10. (a) .05
11. (c) |-89|
12. (a) 10.5 cm
8
13. (b)
15
2
14. (a)
3
21
15. (b)
23
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
16 2
= =2
7 7
3.
2 4 2 2 4 5
= + + −3= + × −3
3 5 5 3 5 2
2 2 2−3 1
= +2−3= −1= =−
3 3 3 3
4.
205 13 2665
2.05 × 1.3 = × = = 2.665
100 10 1000
5.
3 2 × 5 3 10 − 3 7
(𝑖) 2 − = − = =
5 5 5 5 5
7 4 × 8 7 (4 × 8) + 7 39 7
(𝑖𝑖) 4 + = + = = =4
8 8 8 8 8 8
3 2 3 × 7 2 × 5 21 + 10 31
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) + = + = =
5 7 5×7 7×5 35 35
6.
2 3 2 3×3−2×1
(𝑎) 3 − = − =
3 1 3 3
9−2 7 1
= = =2
3 3 3
2 4 2 4×5+2×1
(𝑏) 4 + = + =
5 1 5 5
20 + 2 22 2
= = =4
5 5 5
7.
2 2 8
(𝑖) , ,
9 3 21
Changing them to like fractions, we obtain
2 2 × 7 14
= =
9 9 × 7 63
(19)
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
2 2 × 21 42
= =
3 3 × 21 63
8 8×3 24
= =
21 21 × 3 63
Since 42 > 24 > 14,
2 8 2
∴ > >
3 21 9
1 3 7
(𝑖𝑖) , ,
5 7 10
Changing them to like fractions, we obtain
1 1 × 14 14
= =
5 5 × 14 70
3 3 × 10 30
= =
7 7 × 10 70
7 7×7 49
= =
10 10 × 7 70
𝐴𝑠 49 > 30 > 14,
7 3 1
∴ > >
10 7 5
Short Answer:
1.
(20)
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
2.
3
3. Time spent by Arnav in studies = 1 hours
4
1
Time spent by Arnav in playing cricket = 2 hours
2
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
3 1
Total time spent by Arnav = 1 hours + 2 hours
4 2
4.
5.
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
14
Hence, the required weight = kg.
15
3. Total number of seats = 820
Number of ticket sold = 648
3
For first usher = × 648 = 3 × 162 = 486
4
2
For second usher = × 648 = 2 × 216 = 432
3
Since 432 < 486
Hence, the first usher guessed better.
1 25
4. Length = 12 cm = cm
2 2
2 32
Breadth = 10 cm = cm
3 2
Perimeter = 2 × (Length + Breadth)
177
Perimeter of ΔABE = cm
20
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FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
02
(26)
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