CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: CLASS X: BOOK EXERCISE:-

REVIEW QUESTIONS:-

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPES:

1. The corpuscles which transport the respiratory gas oxygen to the different parts of the
body - Red Blood Corpuscles (Erythrocytes)

2. Which of the following acts like a blood reservoir? - Spleen.

3. The process of engulfing germs by Neutrophils - Phagocytosis.

4. The artery with the highest amount of nitrogenous waste - Renal Artery.

5. The compound formed by the combination of carbon-dioxide and haemoglobin -

Carbaminohaemoglobin.

6. Which of the following substance is released from Eosinophil? - Antitoxins.

7. The double-layered membrane which covers and protects the heart - Pericardium.

8. The blood vessel without a muscular layer in its wall - Capillary.

9. The blood vessel which carries the blood from the stomach and intestine to the liver -
Hepatic Portal Vein.

10. The kind of cells that initiate blood coagulation - Thrombocytes.

B. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE:

1.

a. Blood platelets - Initiates blood clotting.

b. Neutrophils - Engulf germs by Phagocytosis and kills them.

c. Erythrocytes - Absorbs and transfers oxygen from lungs to tissues.

d. Lymphocytes - Produces antibodies.

e. Bone marrow - Bone marrow produces different types of White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs)

2.

a. Three components of Circulatory system - Blood, Heart, Blood vessels.

b. Three kinds of blood cells - Red blood corpuscles, White Blood Corpuscles and Blood
platelets.

c. Three kinds of blood vessels - Artery, vein, Capillary.

d. Three circulating fluids in human body - Blood, Lymph and Tissue fluid.

e. Three non-circulating fluids in human body - Vitreous humour, Synovial fluid and
aqueous humour.

f. Two lymphatic organs - Lymph, Tonsil.

g. Two components of blood - Plasma, Blood corpuscles.

h. Two kinds of circulatory system in different animals - Closed blood vascular circulatory
system, Open blood vascular circulatory system.

i. Two components of haemoglobin- Haem (Iron) and Globin (Protein)

j. Two phases of circulation of blood in human body - Pulmonary circulation and Systemic
circulation.

3.

a. Any one vein which starts from an organ and ends in another organ besides the heart -
Hepatic portal vein.

b. The kind of blood vessels which have no muscular walls - Capillary.

c. The artery which carries deoxygenated blood - Pulmonary Artery.

d. The kind of blood cells which can squeeze out through the walls of one category of blood
vessels - White blood corpuscles.

e. The smallest common blood vessels formed by the union of capillaries - Vein.

f. The blood vessel which starts from capillaries and ends in capillaries - Hepatic Portal
Vein.

g. The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the auricles contract - Auricular systole.

h. The valve present in between the chambers on the right side of the human heart -
Bicuspid valve.

i. The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles get filled with blood from the
atrium - Auricular systole.

j. The fluid found between the membranes of the heart - Pericardial fluid.

4.

a. The blood vessel that begins and ends in capillaries is the Hepatic Portal Vein.

b. A blood vessel which has small lumen and thick wall is Artery.
c. The valve which prevents backflow of blood in the veins and lymph vessels - Pocket-
shaped valve.

d. An anti-coagulant present in the blood is Heparin.

5.

a. LUB: Atrioventricular valves:: DUP: Semi-lunar valve.

b. CORONARY ARTERY: Heart:: HEPATIC ARTERY: Liver.

c. RBCs: Polycythaemia:: WBCs: Leukaemia.

d. WBCs: Leukopenia:: RBCs: Erythropenia.

e. CHEST PAIN: Angina Pectoris:: HEART ATTACK: Myocardial infarction.

C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE:

1.

RED BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Biconcave, disc-like. Irregular amoeboid.

2.

LUBB DUP
First sound produced in the heart due to the Second sound produced in the heart due to
closure of bicuspid and tricuspid valve at the closure of Semi-lunar valve at the base
the start of ventricular systole. of Pulmonary artery and Aorta at the start of
ventricular diastole.

3.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
SA Node Pacemaker
Defective haemoglobin in RBC Sickle cell anaemia
Muscle fibres located in heart Purkinje fibres
The liquid squeezed out of blood during Serum
clotting
Never tires, keep on contracting and relaxing Cardiac muscle
Cardiac cycle 0.85 seconds
Liquid part of the blood without corpuscles Plasma

4.

SUBSTANCE FROM TO
 BLOOD Lungs Whole Body
Carbon-dioxide WHOLE BODY LUNGS
Urea WHOLE BODY KIDNEY
Digested Carbohydrates Intestine WHOLE BODY
HORMONES ENDOCRINE GLANDS Target organs

D. DESCRIPTIVE TYPES:

1. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:-

a. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - The circulatory system is a network consisting of blood,
blood vessels and the heart. This network supplies tissues in the body with oxygen and
other nutrients, transports hormones and removes unnecessary waste products.

b. BLOOD – It is a red coloured fluid connective tissue containing plasma in which blood
corpuscles are suspended, present in blood vessels and heart.

c. HEART: The heart is made of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that allows it to act as a
pump within the circulatory system. Heart pushes the blood around the body and has
different chambers such as right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle to
prevent the mixing of oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide rich blood.

d. DIAPEDESIS: Process by which WBC squeeze out of the walls of the capillaries and
then engulf germs by Phagocytosis.

e. Rh FACTOR: Rh factor is an inherited antigen often found on the blood cells. Some
individuals have these antigens and are thus Rh positive (Rh+) while others who do not
have this antigen are Rh negative (Rh-)

2. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN:

ERYTHROCYTES LEUCOCYTES
Nucleus is absent. It is present.
LEUKOCYTES THROMBOCYTES
LIFE SPAN: Two weeks. Three to four days.
ARTERIES VEIN
The wall is thick and muscular. It is thin and less muscular.
Narrower Lumen. Wider Lumen.
PULMONARY CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Circulation of blood from the right ventricle Circulation of blood from left ventricle to the
to lungs through the pulmonary artery and entire body tissue through the Aorta and the
the return back to the left auricle through return to the right auricle through Vena
pulmonary vein. Cava.
BICUSPID VALVE TRICUSPID VALVE
It is located between right auricle and right It is located between left auricle and left
ventricle. ventricle.
3. GIVE REASONS:
a. THE LEFT VENTRICLE HAS THICKER WALLS THAN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE.
ANS. Left ventricle pumps blood to the farthest tips of the body and head while Right
Ventricle pumps blood to the very next lungs. Therefore, Left ventricle needs to generate
much more force of contraction than Right ventricle. So, it needs more thick muscular
walls that Right ventricle to carry out its function.

b. THE WALLS OF RIGHT VENTRICLE ARE THICKER THAN THOSE OF THE RIGHT
AURICLE.
ANS. Right ventricle pumps blood against gravity to the lungs while Right auricle pumps
the blood to the very next ventricle. Thus, Right ventricle needs more thick muscular walls
than right auricle in order to generate more powerful contraction.

c. VITAMIN K IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE PROCESS OF BLOOD CLOTTING.

ANS. Vitamin K acts as a catalyst that transforms some anti-clotting proteins, which are
always present, into clotting proteins when there is a cut or wound to the body. The
mechanism of blood clotting involves the presence of calcium and other clotting factors.
Thrombokinase activates an enzyme called prothrombin activator. The enzyme
prothrombin activator then converts plasma protein prothrombin into thrombin.
Thrombin is the enzyme which in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Polymerized fibrin
together with platelets forms a clot at the wound site. The prothrombin is a plasma
protein synthesized in the liver. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin.
Hence, Vitamin K is essential for the process of blood clotting.

d. A MATURE MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTE LACKS NUCLEUS, MITOCHONDRIA AND

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
ANS. Lack of nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum helps erythrocytes in the
following way:

1. Loss of nucleus makes the red cells biconcave, thus increasing their surface area to
absorb more oxygen.

2. Loss of mitochondria means that they cannot use the absorbed oxygen themselves.

3. Absence of endoplasmic reticulum makes it flexible so that they can move through fine
capillaries.

e. PEOPLE HAVE A COMMON BELIEF THAT THE HEART IS LOCATED ON THE LEFT
SIDE OF THE CHEST.
ANS. The roughly triangular part of the heart containing the thick and powerful muscles
of the walls of the left ventricle is pointed to the left side. Therefore, the powerful
contraction during the left ventricular systole gives the feeling that the heart is placed on
the left side.

4. WRITE IMPORTANT ROLE/ROLES OF THE FOLLOWING:

a. TONSIL - Tonsils are lymph glands located on the sides of the neck. They tend to
localize the infection and prevent it from spreading it in the body as a whole.
b. SPLEEN - The spleen is a large lymphatic organ. The spleen acts as a blood reservoir in
case of emergency such as haemorrhage, stress or poisoning. It produces lymphocytes
and destroys worn out RBCs.

c. HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN - The hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood
from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver. This blood
contains nutrients and toxins extracted from digested contents.

d. BASOPHIL - Basophils are a type of white blood cells. They are the least common type
of granulocyte which release chemicals called histamine for inflammation which dilate
blood vessels.

e. SAN (Sino-Atrial Node) - The Sino atrial node (SAN) is a region of cardiac fibres located
in the right atrium. The electrical wave of stimulation is initiated here and extends over
the two atria, causing them to contract. It is often referred to as the pacemaker of the
heart.

5. DOUBLE CIRCULATION: Circulation of the blood twice through the two different routes
of the heart to complete one cardiac cycle.

PULMONARY CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

Circulation of blood from the right ventricle Circulation of blood from left ventricle to the
to lungs through the pulmonary artery and entire body tissue through the Aorta and the
the return back to the left auricle through return to the right auricle through Vena
pulmonary vein. Cava.

6. BLOOD CLOTTING:
a. Injured blood vessels cause platelets to be injured.
b. Injured platelets release thromboplastin/thrombokinase which converts inactive
prothrombin to thrombin (active) in presence of calcium ions.
c. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to mesh of fibrin threads in presence of calcium
ions.
d. The RBCs are entangled in the fibrin threads while the clear liquid called serum oozes
out.
e. The entangled mass of RBC in the fibrin threads is called CLOT.

7.
a. PULMONARY SEMI-LUNAR VALVE – It is located at the opening of Pulmonary Artery
from Right ventricle.
b. TONSIL: On the side of the neck.
c. HEART: It is located between the lungs and above the diaphragm.
d. PACEMAKER: On the ‘wall of the right auricle near the opening of Superior Vena Cava.
e. HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN: It is located between liver and stomach, intestine.

E. STRUCTURED/APPLICATION/SKILL TYPE:
i.
a. 1.Red blood corpuscles (RBCs)
2.White blood corpuscles (WBCs)
3. Blood platelet
4. Blood plasma
b.

RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES WHITE BLOOD CORPUSCLES

RBCs are minute, biconcave disc like WBCs are irregular amoeboid like.
structures.
RBCs lack nucleus. WBCs have nucleus.

c. FUNCTION:
A. RBC: Absorbs and transfers oxygen from lungs to tissues.
B. WBC: It produces anti-bodies which neutralize the antigens produced by germs.
C. BLOOD PLATELET: Initiates blood clotting.

d. LIFE SPAN OF RBCs: 120 days.

e. Soluble protein which helps in the clotting of blood – FIBRINOGEN.

ii.
a. The structure 3 represents the heart. It forms the centre of double circulation and is
located between the liver and the head. Also the blood circulation (indicated by 1) begins
from heart to lungs.

b. AORTA – 5
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN – 7
PULMONARY ARTERY – 1
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA – 9
RENAL VEIN – 8
STOMACH - 10

iii.
a. A – ARTERY
B – VEIN
C – CAPILLARY

b. 1. TUNICA EXTERNA
2. LUMEN
3. TUNICA MEDIA
4. ENDOTHELIUM

c.

VEIN ARTERY
 Have less and thin muscular walls. Have thick and more muscular walls.
Have wider lumen. Have narrower lumen.

d. A (ARTERY) – Oxygenated blood

B (VEIN) – Deoxygenated blood

e. At the CAPILLARY level, the actual exchange of gases takes place.

iv.
a. The phase is VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE and ATRIAL DIASTOLE.

b. Ventricular muscles are contracting during this phase because the valve between the
two ventricles and pulmonary artery and aorta are open while the atrio-ventricular valves
are closed.

c. 1 – PULMONARY ARTERY
2 – AORTA
3 – PULMONARY VEIN
4 – LEFT AURICLE
5 – BICUSPID VALVE
6 – RIGHT VENTRICLE

d. PART 1 (PULMONARY ARTERY) – Deoxygenated blood.

PART 2 (AORTA) – Oxygenated blood.

e. Two valves – BICUSPID and TRICUSPID VALVE are closed in the phase.

v.
a. 1 – RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES (RBCs)

b. Phenomenon occurring in A is DIAPEDESIS.

c.

RED BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS

RBCs are minute biconcave disc like. It is irregular amoeboid.
RBCs lack nucleus. WBCs have nucleus.

d. The process which occurs in B and C is PHAGOCYTOSIS. In this process, the WBCs
engulf the foreign particles and destroy them, thus preventing the occurrence of disease.

vi.
a. 1 – RIGHT AURICLE
2 – BODY PARTS

b. 3 – AORTA
c. 2 – LEFT VENTRICLE

d. LUNGS

vii.
a. The kind of blood vessels shown in the figure is vein. Its branches are termed as
Venule.

b. The structure shown inside the blood vessels are valve. Its role is to prevent the
backflow of blood.

c. Deoxygenated blood flows through these blood vessels normally. The blood vessel which
carries blood from the heart to the lungs is the pulmonary artery.

d. Hepatic vein and renal vein are related to Liver and Kidney respectively.

viii.
a. 1 – AORTIC ARCH
2 – LEFT AURICLE
3 – LEFT VENTRICLE
4 – AORTA
5 – INFERIOR VENA CAVA
6 – SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

b. Inferior vena cava transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior or the lower region
of the body (including abdomen and legs) to heart and superior vena cava transports
deoxygenated blood from the anterior or upper regions of the body (including head, chest
and arms) to the heart.

c. Left auricle collects blood from Lungs. The blood vessel involved is Pulmonary Vein.

d.

INFERIOR VENA CAVA AORTA

Thin wall and wide lumen. Thick wall and narrow lumen.
Transports deoxygenated blood from the Transports oxygenated blood from heart to
posterior regions to the heart. body parts.

e. When there is a blockage in any coronary artery or in any one or more of their branches,
there is deadening of the corresponding area of heart muscles leading to myocardial
infarction (i.e., heart attack).