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UNIT 2:- LINEAR ALGEBRA: EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS

SET – I
LINEAR DEPENDECE AND INDEPENDENCE OF VECTORS
Q.1. Determine whether following sets of vectors are linearly dependent or independent. If
dependent find the relation between them.
(1) X1  (1,1,0); X 2  (1,0,1); X 3  (0,1,1) Ans : lin. independent
(2) X1  (3,2,4); X 2  (1,0,2); X 3  (1,1,1) Ans : lin. independent
(3) X1  (1,2,1,0); X 2  (1,3,1,2); X 3  (4,2,1,0); X 4  (6,1,0,1)
Ans : lin. independent
(4) X1  (1,2,3,4); X 2  (3,1,2,1); X 3  (1,5,8,7) Ans : X 3  X 2  2 X1
(5) X1  (2,3,1,1); X 2  (2,3,1,2); X 3  (4,6,2,1) Ans : X 3  5 X1  3 X 2
(6) X1  (2,1,4); X 2  (0,1,2); X 3  (6,1,14); X 4  (4,0,12)
Ans : 2 X1  2 X 2  X 4 0
Q.2. Show that the row vectors of the matrix A are linearly independent where
2 5 2  3
3 6 5 2 
(1) A   
4 5 14 14 
 
5 10 8 4 
Q.3. Determine whether row / column vectors of the following matrices are linearly
dependent or independent. If dependent find the relation between them.
1  1 2 0 
2 1 1 1   2 0 6 4
(1) A    (2) A   1 1  1 0 
3  1 2  1  
   4 2 16 12
3 0 3 1 
Q.4. Determine the relation among the column vectors of the following matrix.
1 2 3
 1 1 0
(1) A   
2 1 3
 
0 1 1

EIGEN VALUES & EIGEN VECTORS

Non-Repeated Eigen Values
Q.1. Find the eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors of following matrices
5 4 1  4
(1) A    Ans : 1  1, X1   ; 2  6, X 2   
1 2  1 1
 5 2  1 2
(2) A    Ans : 1  1, X1   ; 2  6, X 2   
 2  2  2  1

Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK

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8  8  2   4  3  2

(3) A  4  3  2
 Ans :   1, X  3;   2, X  2;   3, X  1 
  1 1   2 2   3 3  
3  4 1  2 1  1 
4 6 6  6 0 3
(4) A  1
 3 2  Ans : 1  1, X 1   2; 2  1, X 2   1 ; 3  4, X 3   1 
       
 1  4  3  7   1  1
1 0 0  1 0  0

(5) A  0 3  1
 Ans : 1  1, X 1  0; 2  2, X 2  1; 3  4, X 3   1 
       
0  1 3  0 1  1
 2 2 1  1   1 1 

(6) A  2 1 2
 Ans : 1  1, X 1  2; 2  3, X 2   2 ; 3  7, X 3  2
       
 1 2 6 1   0  5
Repeated Eigen Values
2 1 1  1  1 1

(1) A  1 2 1 Ans : 1  2  1, X 1   1  & X 2   0 ; 3  3, X 3  1
       
0 0 1  0   1  0
 9 4 4 1  1  1 

(2) A   8 3 4 Ans : 1  2  1, X 1  2 & X 2  0; 3  3, X 3  1 
       
 16 8 7  0 2 2
2 2 1 1  1 1

(3) A  1 3 1 Ans : 1  2  1, X 1   2 & X 2   0 ; 3  5, X 3  1
      
1 2 2  0   1 1
1 2 3 1    2  3

(4) A  2 4 6 Ans : 1  14, X 1  2; 2  3  0, X 2   1  & X 3   0 
       
3 6 9 3  0   1 

Repeated Eigen Values with Single Eigen Vector

3 10 5  5 1 

(1) A   2  3  4 Ans : 1  2  2, X 1   2 ; 3  3, X 3   1 
     
 3 5 7   5  2
1 1 0  c1 

(2) A  0 1 0 Ans : 1  2  3  1, X   0 
   
0 0 1 c2 

Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK

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Q.2. Find the eigen values of A. Hence determine the eigen values of
A1, A2 , A3 ,5 A & adjA where
2 1 1  3 1 1 
  
(1) A  1 2 1 Ans : 1  1, 2  1, 3  3. (2) A   1 5  1

   
0 0 1  1  1 3 
1 2  3
 
Q.3. The matrix A is defined as A  0 3 2 Find the eigen values of
 
0 0  2
3 A3  5 A2  6 A  2I .
CAYLEY HAMILTON’S THEOREM
Q.1. Verify Cayley Hamilton’s theorem for the following matrices.
1 2  2 1 2 1

(1) A   1 3 0  (2) A   1 0 3
   
 0  2 1   2  1 1
Q.2. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A and hence compute A1 by using
Cayley Hamilton’s theorem and also find the value of adj A.
4 3 1  23 17  1  5  1  7
  Ans : Char.Eq n :   A1   4 3 10 
1
(1) A  2 1  2
 3  62  6  11  0; A   8 3  2
2
 11  
1 2 1  
 9 7  2 
 
 3  5  2 
Q.3. Verify Cayley Hamilton’s theorem for the following matrices and hence find A-1 if it
exists where
2 1 1   3 1  1

(1) A   1 2  1 1
Ans : A 
1
1 3 1
  4 
 1  1 2   1 1 3 
3 1 1  7  2 3

(2) A   1 5  1 Ans : A1 
1 
1 4 1
  20  
 1  1 3   2 2 8
0 0 1  4 1  1

(3) A  3 1 0 Ans : A1   12 2 3 
1
  5 
 2 1 4  5 0 0 
0 c  b 0 c  b

(4) A   c 0 a Ans : A1  2
1  c 0 a 
  a  b2  c2  
 b  a 0   b  a 0 

Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK

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Q.4. Using Cayley Hamilton’s theorem, find A-1 , where

1 1 3  24 8 12 

(1) A  1 3  3 Ans : A1   10  2  6
1
  8 
 2  4  4   2  2  2
Q.6. Show that the matrix A satisfies its characteristic equation and hence determine A4 &A-1
if it exists where
1 2  2   55 104 24  3 2 6

(1) A   1 3 0 A4   20  15 32 , A1  1 1 2
     
 0  2 1   32  40  23 2 2 5
1  2 2 7 2  10

(2) A  1 2 3
 Ans : A1   2
1
2 1 
  9 
0  1 2   1 1 4 
Q.7. State Cayley Hamilton’s theorem. Use it to express 2 A5  3 A4  A2  4 I as a linear
 3 1
polynomial in A, where A   . Ans : 2 A5  3 A4  A2  4I  138 A  403I .
  1 2
2 1 1 

Q.8. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A  0 1 0 .

 
1 1 2
Verify Cayley Hamilton’s theorem and hence evaluate the matrix expression
A8  5 A7  7 A6  3 A5  A4  5 A3  8 A2  2 A  I .
8 5 5 5 4 4 14 13 13
Ans : 0 3 0Char .Eq : 3  52  7  3  0; A2  0 1 0, A3   0 1 0 
     
5 5 8 4 4 5 13 13 14

Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK

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UNIT 2:- LINEAR ALGEBRA: EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS

SET – II
LINEAR DEPENDECE AND INDEPENDENCE OF VECTORS
Q.1. Determine whether following sets of vectors are linearly dependent or independent. If
dependent find the relation between them.
(1) X1  (1,2,3); X 2  (3,2,9); X 3  (1,6,5) Ans : lin. independent
(2) X1  (1,2,1,2); X 2  (0,1,2,0); X 3  (1,4,3,2) Ans : lin. independent
(3) X1  (1,2,3)T ; X 2  (3,2,1)T ; X 3  (1,6,5)T Ans : X 2  2 X1  X 3
(4) (2,3,4,2); (1,2,2,1); (1,1,2,1) Ans : X 3  X1  X 2
(5) X1  (1,0,2,1); X 2  (3,1,2,1); X 3  (4,6,2,4); X 4  (6,0,3,4)
Ans : X 3  6 X 2  2 X 42 X1
(6) X1  (1,2,4); X 2  (2,1,3); X 3  (0,1,2); X 4  (3,7,2)
Ans : 9 X1  12 X 2  5 X 3  5 X 4 0
(7) X1  (1,4,5); X 2  (5,2,1); X 3  (2,1,3); X 4  (3,6,11)
Ans : X 2  4 X 3  X 4 0
Q.2. Show that the row vectors of the matrix A are linearly independent where
1 2  2
(1) A   1 3 0
 
 0  2 1 
Q.3. Determine whether row / column vectors of the following matrices are linearly
dependent or independent. If dependent find the relation between them.
1  1 2 0  2 3  1  1 
2 1 1 1  1  1  2  4 
(1) A    (2) A   
3  1 2  1 3  1 2 4
   
3 0 3 1  6 3 0  7

EIGEN VALUES & EIGEN VECTORS

Non-Repeated Eigen Values
Q.1. Find the eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors of following matrices
 1  1 1 1
(1) A    Ans :  1  0, X 
1   2 ;   2, X 
2  
 1 1  1  1
4  5 1 5
(2) A    Ans :  1   1, X 
1   2 ;   3 , X 
2  
1  2 1 1
cos   sin   i 1 i 1
(3) A    Ans :  1  e , X 
1   2 ;   e , X 
2  
 sin  cos    i  i 
2  2 3  1  11  1

(4) A  1 1 1 Ans : 1  1, X 1   1; 2  2, X 2   1 ; 3  3, X 3  1
      
1 3  1  1  14 1

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 4 2  2  2 1  0 

(5) A   5 3 2
 Ans : 1  1, X 1  1 ; 2  2, X 2  1 ; 3  5, X 3  1
       
 2 4 1  4 2 1
 9 2 6  2 1 2

(6) A  5 0  3 Ans : 1  1, X 1   1; 2  1, X 2   1; 3  2, X 3   1
       
 16 4 11   3   2   4 
2 0 1  1 0  1

(7) A  0 2 0
 Ans : 1  1, X 1   0 ; 2  2, X 2  1; 3  3, X 3  0
       
1 0 2  1 0 1
1 1 3  1 1 1 

(8) A  1 5 1
 Ans : 1  2, X 1   0 ; 2  3, X 2   1; 3  6, X 3  2
       
3 1 1  1   1  1 
 8 6 2  1  2 2

(9) A   6 7  4
 Ans : 1  0, X 1  2; 2  3, X 2   1 ; 3  15, X 3   2
       
 2  4 3  2  2  1 
Repeated Eigen Values
2 1 1  1 1 1 

(1) A  2 3 2
 Ans : 1  2  1, X 1   1 & X 2   0 ; 3  7, X 3  2
       
3 3 4  0   1 3
  2 2  3   2  3   1
(2) A  2
 1  6 Ans : 1  2  3, X 1   1 ; X 2  0; 3  5, X 3   2
       
  1  2 0   0  1  1 
1  6  4 c  c  2

(3) A  0 4 2 Ans : 1  2  1, X 1  1 & X 2  0; 3  0, X 3   1 
       
0  6  3 0 1  2
 17 18  6 1   1  2

(4) A   18 19  6
 Ans : 1  2  1, X 1  1 & X 2  0 ; 3  2, X 3  2
   
       
  9 9  2 0  3  1 
 6 2 2  2  1 1 

(5) A   2 3  1
 Ans : 1  8, X 1   1 ; 2  3  2, X 2  0 & X 3  2
   
       
 2  1 3   1   2  0

Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK

 Page 7 of 8

Repeated Eigen Values with Single Eigen Vector

2  2 2 0    4

(1) A  1 1 1 Ans : 1  2  2, X 1  1; 3  2, X 3    1 
     
1 3  1 1  7 
 3  7  5  3

(2) A  2 4 3 Ans : 1  2  3  1, X   1 
   
 1 2 2   1 
Q.2. Find the eigen values of A. Hence determine the eigen values of
A1, A2 , A3 ,5 A & adjA where
2 1 1  3 1 1 
  
(1) A  1 2 1 Ans : 1  1, 2  1, 3  3. (2) A   1 5  1

   
0 0 1  1  1 3 
1 2  3
 
Q.3. The matrix A is defined as A  0 3 2 Find the eigen values of
 
0 0  2
3 A3  5 A2  6 A  2I .

CAYLEY HAMILTON’S THEOREM

Q.1. Verify Cayley Hamilton’s theorem for the following matrices.
 1 2 3  1 2 1

(1) A  2 4  2 (2) A   1 0 3
   
 1 1 2   2  1 1
Q.2. Verify Cayley Hamilton’s theorem for the following matrices and hence find A-1 if it
exists where
1 2 1 1 2 
(1) A   Ans : A1  
2  1 5 2  1
1 0 2 5 0 8 

(2) A  0 2 1 Ans : Char .Eq : 3  62  7  2  0; A2  2 4 5 
   
2 0 3 8 0 13
 21 0 34 6 0  4
A3  12 8 23, A1    2  1  1 
1
  2 
34 0 55  4 0 2 
1 1 2   2 5  1 

(3) A  3 1 1
 Ans : A1    1  3 5 
1
  11  
2 3 1   7  1  2

Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK

 Page 8 of 8

Q.3. Using Cayley Hamilton’s theorem, find A-1 , where

 2  1 3 4  5  2

(1) A  1 0 2
 Ans : A1    7  10  1 
1
  5 
4  2 1   2 0 1 
Q.4. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A and show that the equation is satisfied
by A where
1 3 7 
A  4 2 3 Char.Eq : 3  42  20  35  0
 
1 2 1 
Q.5. Show that the matrix A satisfies its characteristic equation and hence determine A4 &A-1
if it exists where
8  8  2  26  32  2

(1) A  4  3  2
 Char .Eq : 3  62  11  6  0; A2  14  15  4
   
3  4 1  11  16 3 
74  104 10  206  320 70    11 16 10
A3  40  51  2, A4  110  159 20 , A1   10 14 8 
1
    6 
11  52 13   95  160  19   7 8 8 
Q.6. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A and hence compute A1 by using
Cayley Hamilton’s theorem and also find the value of adj A.
1 2 1   2  1  1  2 1 1 
(1) A  0 1  1 Ans : A1   0 3 0 , adjA   0 3 0 
1 7
  3  3 
3  1 1   1  1 2   1 1  2
1 4 
Q.7. Find the characteristic equation for A    and use it to find the simplified
 2 3 
expression for A  5 A  6 A  38 A  4 A  7 I .
5 4 3 2

1501 3036
Ans : A5  5 A4  6 A3  38 A2  4 A  7 I  759 A  742I   .
1518 3019 
 2 1 1 
 
Q.8. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A   1 2  1 and verify that it is
 
 1  1 2 
satisfied by A and hence obtain A-1.
Express A6  6 A5  9 A4  2 A3  12 A2  23 A  9I as a linear polynomial in A.
2 0  1
Ans : Char .Eq : 3  62  8  3  0; A1  1 3 1 .
 
0 3 3 

Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK