NAME : AHSAN AHMED KHAN

REGISTRATION # : BSCS/01-17/M026

COURSE : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

COURSE INSTRUCTOR : MISS SIDRA

ASSIGNMENT NO : FINAL EXAM
Q1.

Stratified Sampling:

A probability sampling technique wherein the researcher divides the population into different
subgroups, and then randomly selects the final subjects through proportions from the different strata.

Area Sampling:

A method of sampling that is used when there is no complete frame of reference is available. The total
area under investigation is divided into small sub-areas which are sampled at random or according to a
restricted process.

Q2.

Data Collection:

It is a systematic method of collecting and measuring data gathered from different sources of
information in order to provide answers to relevant questions. An accurate evaluation of collected data
can help researchers in order to predict future phenomenon and trends.

Data Collection Methods:

The process and system of data collection is purely based on the type of study being conducted as well
as depending on the researchers plan and design, there are several ways to collect data.

The most commonly used methods are:

i. Literature Sources
ii. Surveys
iii. Interviews
iv. Observations
v. Documentations
vi. Records
vii. Experiments, etc.

Factors to Consider on a data collection method to adopt for study:

There are various factors to consider when choosing a data collection methods. Such as that the
researcher must select the method /methods for his own study, keeping in his mind following factors:

1. Nature, Scope and Object of Enquiry:

This is the most important factor affecting the choice of a particular method. The
method which is selected should have to be able to that it suits the type of enquiry that is about
to be conducted by the researcher. It is also important in deciding that whether the data already
available is usable or the unavailable data is collectable or not.
2. Funds(Budget):
Availability of funds or knowledge of budget for the research project determines to a
large extent the method to be used for the collection of data. When the funds or budget are
limited to the researcher, he/she will have to use comparatively cheaper method which might
 not be as effective as some other costly method. Therefore, the finance is in fact a big
requirement in practice and a limitation of the researcher’s act.
3. Time Period:
Availability of time period has also an importance in deciding a particular method of
data collection. Some methods relatively take more time, whereas with others the data can be
collected in a comparatively shorter time duration.
4. Precision:
It is yet another important factor to be considered at the time of selecting the method
of collection of data required.
But one must remember that each method of data collection has its uses and none is superior in
all situations.

Q3.

Impact of Reward Management on Employee Performance:

The aim of this study was to learn the impact of rewards management on employee performance in the
Agriculture Industry of Pakistan. The data was gathered from various staff members in different
positions in one of the leading Cotton Textile Production and Apparels Industry in order to have relativity
and reliability.

i. Background of the Study:

The agriculture industry of Pakistan is considered as a backbone and exerts a significant
economic impact on the welfare of the state. In the agriculture industry it is imperative for
organizations to focus on their employees’ performance and they must constantly endeavor to
develop and improve it. Employees in any organization should be considered as assets,
particularly within the agriculture industry because it is basically manpower intensive.
Therefore, any organization in the industry relies heavily on the performance of their workforce.
Employee performance involves the tasks that are associated with their job and how effectively
the employees execute these tasks. The objective of this study is to establish that whether a
structured reward system is essential to employee performance and to determine whether a
reward system influences this to any degree.
ii. Statement of the Problem:
Due to global competitiveness, organizations are compelled to enhance their performances in
order to stay competitive and serve the society, stakeholders and employees effectively. The
objective of every organization thus has remained, to be successful by improving performance
and staying competitive. Organizational success is determined by the performance of its
workforce. For DMBs to maintain their organizational licenses, they need to stay competitive
and increase or maintain their assets. This has pressured DMBs to give individual targets to
employees and reward them per performance: making organizational performance dependent
on employee performance, & employee performance relies on the reward system application of
the organization. DMBs that have effectively successfully managed their reward systems end up
with motivated employees who ensures their competitiveness; as they always have additions
their payees owing to well-motivated employees with high morale, with the right work attitude,
very committed and productive employees and high performing employees who will stop at
nothing to meet their individual targets.
 iii. Objectives of the study:
 Assess the nature of the relationship between reward structure and employee
motivation.
 Ascertain how recognition of excellent performance affects employees’ job satisfaction.
 Investigate the effect of promotion on employee commitment.
iv. Appropriate Research Design of the Study:
The best research design for this study is survey research design. The data was obtained through
primary and secondary data. The target population of the staff was 155. The major instrument
for data collection was a five point scale questionnaire titled reward management and employee
performance.

Q4.

Research Methods Research Methodology

Definition: Definition:
Research methods are the strategies, processes A way to systematically solve a research problem.
or techniques utilized in the collection of data or It is a science of studying how research is done
evidence for analysis in order to uncover new scientifically. Essentially it is the procedure by
information or create better understanding of a which the researchers go about their work of
topic. describing, evaluating & predicting phenomenon.
It aims to give the work plan of research. It
provides training in choosing methods, materials,
scientific tools and techniques relevant for the
solution of the problem.
Types of Research method: Types of Research methodology:
i. Observation i. Qualitative
ii. Surveys ii. Quantitative
iii. Interviews
iv. Focus Group
v. Experiments
vi. Data Study / Archival Study
vii. Mixed Methods

Q5.

Characteristics of Scientific Research:

i. Objectivity:

Scientific Knowledge is objective. Objectivity means the ability to see and accept facts as they as, not as
one may wish they were. To be objective, one has to protect himself against his own prejudices, beliefs,
desires, values and preferences. Objectivity requires that one should set aside all kinds of subjective
prejudices and considerations.

ii. Verifiable:
Science rests on sensory data, that is, data collected through our senses: ear, eye, nose, tongue and
touch. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence so that other observers can observe, weigh
or measure the same phenomenon and verify the observation to verify its accuracy.

iii. Systematic Exploration:

A scientific investigation adopts a certain sequential procedure, an organized plan or a research design
to collect and analyze data about the problem under study. In general, this plan includes some scientific
steps: formulation of hypothesis, compilation and analysis of facts, and generalization and scientific
prediction.

Q6.

Scope of a Literature Review:

A literature review may be comprehensive or selective but it should examine seminal or principal works
and the works that have been consequential in the field. The scope of a literature review will vary by
assignment and discipline. The literature review may be part of a larger work or a stand-alone article,
meaning that it is the entirety of a paper. The literature review may be a part of the introduction, or a
separate section to a thesis, dissertation, or research report setting up the context for the author’s
original research. The literature review does:

o Compares & Contrast

o Identifies areas of consensus and dissent
o Reveals gaps or oversights
o Indicates areas needing further research
o Points out trends, themes, approaches, methodologies, theories, and frames of analysis
o Discusses major debates in the field
o Examines methodological or theoretical strengths and weaknesses

Q7.

Primary Source Secondary Source

It provides raw information and first-hand It provides second-hand information and
evidence and gives a direct access to the subject commentary from other researchers and it
of your research. describes, interprets, or synthysizes primary
sources.
Examples: Examples:
 Interview Transcripts  Journal Articles
 Statistical Data  Reviews
 Works of Art  Academic Books

Q8.

Critical Points in Sampling Design:

 1. The universe or proportion of interest is the first step in any sample design. The accuracy of
result in any study depends on how clearly the universe or population of interest is defined. The
universe can be finite or infinite depending on the numbers of items it contains.
2. The sampling unit within the population of interest is the second step in the sample design. The
sampling unit can be anything that exists within the population of interest. For example,
sampling unit may be a geographic unit, or a construction unit or it may be an individual unit.
3. Preparing the list of all the items within the population of interest is the next step in the sample
design process. It is from the list, which is also called as source list or sampling frame, that we
draw our sample. It is important to note that our sampling frame should be highly
representative of the population of interest.
4. Determination of sample size is the next step to follow. This is the most critical stage of the
sample design process because the sample size should be not accessible large nor it should be
too small. It is desired that the sample size should be optimum and it should be representative
of the population and give reliable results. Population variance, population size, parameters of
interest and budgetary constraints are some of the factors that impact the sample size.
5. Deciding about the technique of sampling is the next step in sample design. There are many
sampling techniques out of which the researchers has to choose the one which gives lowest
sampling error, given the sample size and budgetary constraints.

Q9.

Optimal Item Construction in Survey Research:

For this purpose in a particular survey we need to write questions for:

i. A particular population
ii. A particular purpose
iii. For placement next to other questions in the survey

In order to make questions readable and understandable for every respondent and not leading a person
to a particular way, we may need biased questions, as they don’t reflect the particular persons thinking
or feeling about a question.

Types of bias:

1. Objectionable questions
2. Unequal comparisons
3. Bias in more than one direction
4. Unbalanced categories
5. Emotionally charged words
6. Threats to self-esteem
7. Personalization

Procedure for obtaining a high response rate:

Following points are proven strategies:

1. Choosing appropriate type of survey

2. Following the K.I.S.S. (Keep it short and simple) Principle
 3. Adding a personal touch to the invitations
4. Providing incentives
5. Following up and reminding the respondents

Q10.

Report Writing Process:

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Features In Common
Both methods require data collection and analysis
Difference
Explores the how, why, or what associated with a Examines the relationships or differences among
phenomenon. known and measureable variables
It involves interviews, observation, focus groups It primarily involves surveys and secondary closed
and articrafts. –entered data.
Examples
Name, Gender, phone number, etc. Likert Scale, interval Scale, etc.

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