IMPACT OF CHILD LABOUR ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF

SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KAMULI DISTRICT.

A CASE STUDY OF KAMULI PROGRESSIVE

SECONDARY SCHOOL

BY

MAYANJA NICHOLAS KIGENYI

BAE/4429011431DU

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO COLLEGE OF EDUCATION DISTANCE

AND E-LEARNING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH

EDUCATION OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY

AUGUST 2017
 DECLARATION

I, Mayanja Nicholas Kigenyi, certify that Research Report entitled “Impact ofchild labour on
academic performance of secondary schools in Kamuli district; a case study of Kamuil
Progressive Secondary School” except where due to acknowledgement has been made, the
work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in
part, to qualif~’ for any other academic award; the content of the report is the result of work
which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research
program; and, any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged.
Ethics procedures and guidelines approved by university for my Report have been followed
and has never been presented to any organization or institution of higher learning for Degree
or any other Academic Award.

Signature

MAYANJA NICHOLAS KIGENYI

BAE/44290/143/DU

Date
 APPROVAL

This is to acknowledge that this research report titled the impact of child labour on academic
performance of secondary school students in Kamuli District; a case study of Kamuli
progressive has been carried out under my close supervision and is now ready for submission
to the college of education, distance and e-learning in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Bachelors degree in Arts with Education of Kampala International University with my
approval.

Signature

LAAKI SAMSON

[SUPERVISORI

Date
 DEDICATION

This research work is lovingly dedicated to my respective guardians who have been my
constant source of inspiration, my family, my aunts and uncles Mrs Badebye joy, Mrs. Fredha
Kigenyi Mr. Henry Tenywa Kigenyi, Mr. Narowaiiro David Kigenyi, Mr. Nsekke Abassa, and
Mr. Badebye Paul for the inspirational instruction and guidance, friends especially Kijojje
Rayan and Namuddu Jackline. You have given me the drive and discipline to tackle any task
with enthusiasm and determination. Without your love and support, this project would not have
been made possible.

111
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I thank almighty God for seeing me through this course, despite being in
my worst moments, Glory be to God.

I wish to extend my deepest heartfelt appreciation to Aunt Badebe Joy, Uncle David Kigenyi,
Uncle Tenywa Henry Kigenyi, and Mr. Nsekke Abasa, among others for the financial and
material support without which I would not have been able to attend this programme.

I earnestly thank my lecturers at Kampala International University and all the visiting lecturers.

In a special way am extremely grateful to my supervisor Mr. Laaki Samson for his guidance,
ideas and encouragement this research would not have been possible without her contribution.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTECTS

DECLARATIoN I

APPROVAL II

DEDICATION III

ACKNOwLEDGEMENTs IV

TABLE OF C0NTEcTs V

LIST OF TABLES VIII

LIST OF FIGURES x

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS XI

ABSTRACT XII

CHAPTER ONES 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1

1.1.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1

1.1.2 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 2

1.1.3 CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVE 2

1.1.4 CONTEXTUAL PERsPECTIvE 3

1.2 STATEMENT PROBLEM 3

1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY 4

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 4

1.4.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE 4

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 4

V
1.5 REsEARcH QuEsTioNs .4

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 5

1.6.1TIMESc0PE 5

1.6.2 GEoGRAPHIcAL SCOPE 5

1. 6. 3 CONTENT SCOPE 5

1. 6.4 THEORETICAL SCOPE 5

1.6.5 CONTExTUAL SCOPE 5

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 6

1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6

1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 7

CHAPTER Two 8

LITERATURE REvIEw 8

2.1 INTRODUCTION 8

2.2 FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR 8

2.3 EFFECT OF CHILD LABOUR ON EDUCATION 9

2.4 WAYS OF MINIMIZING CHILD LABOUR IN RELATION To ENROLLMENT 9

CHAPTER THREE 12

METHODOLOGY 12
3.0 INTRODUCTION 12
3.1 Research Design 12

3.2 Study Population 12

3.3 Determination Of Sample Size And Selection 13

3.4 Data Collection Methods And Instruments 13

vi
3.5 Data Collection Instruments .13
3.5.1 Questionnaire Method 13
3.5.2 Interview Method 14
3.6 Validity And Reliability 14
3.6.1 Validity Of Instruments 14
3.6.2 Reliability Of Instruments 15
3.7 Data Collection Procedures 15
3.8 Data Analysis 15
3,9 Ethical Consideration 16

CHAPTER FOUR 17
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 17
4.0 Introduction 17
4.1 Demographic Characteristics 17
4.1.1 Gender Of Respondents 17
4.1.2 Age Of Respondents 18
4.1.3 Academic Qualifications Of Respondents 19
4.1.4 Marital Status Of Respondents 19

4.1.5 Religion Of Respondents 20

4.2 The Forms Of Child Labour In Karnuli Progressive Secondary School 20
The First Objective Of The Study Was To Determine The Forms Of Child Labour At Kamuli
Progressive Secondary School, Karnuli District. Data Collected Presented As Below 20

4.3 The Effects Of Child Labour On Academic Performance At Kamuli Progressive

Secondary School, Karnuli District 24

4.4 The Suggestions On Ways Of Minimizing Child Labour At Karnuli Progressive

Secondary School, Karnuli District 27

CHARPTER FIVE 30
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND AREAS OF FURTHER
RESEARCH 30
5.0 Introduction 30

vii
5.1 Summary Of The Findings .30
5.1.1 Gender Of Respondents 30
5.1.2 Age Of Respondents 30
5.1.3 Academic Qualifications Of Respondents 30
5.1.4 Marital Status Of Respondents 31
5.1.5 Religion Of Respondents 31
5.2 Conclusions 32
5.3 Recommendations 33
5.4 Areas Of Further Research 34
References 35
Appendices 36
Appendix 1: Research Instruments: Questionnaires 37

The Forms Of Child Labour In Kamuli Progressive Secondary School 38

Appendix Ii: Interview Guide 41
Appendix Ii: Research Budget 42
Appendix Iii: Research Time Frame 43

Viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table i: Showing Gender Of Respondents 17

Figure ii: Age Of Respondents 18

Table iii: Showing Academic Qualifications Of The Respondents 19

Table iv: Showing Marital Status Of The Respondents 19

Table v: Showing The Religion Of Respondents 20

Table vi: Showing The Response On The Forms Of Child Labour At Kamuli Progressive
Secondary School, Kamuli District 21

Table vii: Showing Response To The Effects Of Child Labour On Academic Performance At
Kamuli Progressive Secondary School, Kamuli District 24

Table viii: Showing Responses To The Suggestions On Ways Of Minimizing Child Labour
At Kamuli Progressive Secondary School, Kamuli District 27

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure i: Showing The Gender Of Respondents 17

Figure iii: Showing The Response To The Forms Of Child Labour At Karnuli Progressive
Secondary School, Kamuli District, Showing Those Who Strongly Agreed And Agreed In
Percentage 23

Figure iv:Showing The Response To The Effects Of Child Labour On Academic

Performance At Karnuli Progressive Secondary School, Kamuli District Showing Those Who
Strongly Agreed And Agreed In Percentage 26

Figure v: Showing Responses To Suggestions On Ways Of Minimizing Child Labour At

Kamuli Progressive Secondary School, Karnuli District. (Those Who Strongly Agreed And
Agreed) 29

x
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ILO International Labour Organisation

UCE Uganda Certificate of Education

UACE Uganda Advanced certificate of Education

USE Universal Secondary Education

MDGS Millennium Development Goals

SAP Structural Adjustment Programmes

UNICEF United Nations Children’s fund (formerly United Nations International

Children’s Emergency Fund)

WFCL Worst Forms of Child labour

DESD Decade on Education for Sustainable Development

USDOS United States Department of Labour

xi
 ABSTRACT

The study established the impact of child labour on academic performance of students in
Secondary Schools at Kamuli progressive Secondary School, Kamuli district. The study was
done basing on three objectives which were to: determine the forms of child labour at Kamuli
progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District, examine the effects of child labour on
academic performance at Kamuli progressive Secondary school, Karnuli District, seek
suggestions on ways of minimizing child labour at Kamuli progressive Secondary school,
Kamuli District. The research design was cross sectional and descriptive study which used
qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study population comprised of 125 respondents of
which 109 was the sample size. Purposive, stratified and random sampling design were used
to collect information and both questionnaire, survey and interview data research tools were
employed. Quantitative and qualitative methods, in-depth interviews were conducted and
questionnaires were also administered to some respondents who could not read and interpret
the question and the respondents from Kamuli progressive secondary School filled the
questionnaires. The study findings showed that child labour forms impact negatively on
student academic performance at Kamuli Progressive Secondary School according to the
analysis made, child labour has got a number of effects both positive and negative on academic
performance at Kamuli Preparatory Secondary School and also that there are suggestions on
ways of minimizing child labour at Kamuli progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District.
The study recommends that the children should be sensitized about the importance of educating
and need for them to learn other than getting involved in child labour since this would mean a
bright future for the children, the school management should encourage both the parents to
send their children to school since this eventually would reduce poverty in their homes when
their children have received education, Parents should be sensitized on the importance of
education their children rather than using them to supplement to family income hence this
should give parents the courage to face challenge and overcoming them without stopping their
children from going to school and There is need for the government and other stakeholders to
discourage child labour from the family level; since poverty emerged as the most constraining
factor on working children. Consequently, policy reforms and poverty reduction strategies
remain fundamental upstream concerns and must be pursued to tackle inequality and poverty.

xii
 CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter covers the background of the study, problem statement, objectives of the study,
the research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study (geographical scope, time
scope, and subject scope), justification of the study and organization of the Study.

1.1 Background of the Study

1.1.1 Historical perspective

According to the bible, proverbs 1:8, written by the united bible societies, children are
commanded by God to obey their parents. The same has also applied in the African traditional
ethics, due to some factors like poverty, diseases, and death, this rule has been abused by
parents or guardians and they engage children into the act of child labour. The child labour
activities have of late increased rising an alarm to various concerned organization.

Child labour is a long time international vice that denies children from attending school at their
tender ages, instead they work for their own or families survival. Child labour has always been
associated with high levels of poverty and family circumstances. There were about 215 million
children working full time (ILO 2004). These children do not go to school and have little or no
time to play without proper nutrition or care. Of the estimated 215 child labors around the
globe, approximately 114 million (53 percent) are in Asia and the pacific, 14 million (7 percent)
live in Latin America and 65 million (30 percent) live in sub —Saharan Africa,( Robin, carol,
Jenifer).

The Ugandan constitution does not prohibit child work; instead it defines the types of work to
be under taken by children such as help in household chores and forms provided the work is
performed outside school hours, and it doesn’t interfere with their schooling, physical and
moral development. The employment decree 1975, limits employment to minimum 14 years
of age. Child labour means the employment of children in their age group of 5 to 14 years with
or without payment, children are paid for some work outside their homes can be said to be child
labours. Part 2 section 9, of the children act (Uganda law), prohibit employing a child below
the age of 13 years in any form of undertaking. Children’s statute NO.16 1996. Spells out the
rights of a child and the welfare principles that guide those caring for children. While laws
require children to be in school, poverty and family circumstances force many children into
child labour schemes at the expense of their education, health and safety as their child hood.
Uganda introduced free and compulsory secondary education in line with the implementation
of millennium Development Goals (MDG,2008).

1.1.2 Theoretical perspective

The study is guided by the theoretical model on exploitative child labour by carol and swinner
ton (2002), where parents are considered to have imperfect information about whether
employment opportunities available to their children are exploitative or not and whether or not
to exploit their workers. In this model a ban on exploitative child labours is desirable because
it allows children to go to school and resolve the problem of imperfect information faced by
parents. The ban on child labour leads to increase in wages of child workers, and that
organization profit even for some that do not exploit child workers. The ban is perceived to
have ambiguous effects on the economic levels of the house hold and that parent considers
child employment to contribute to income levels at home.

1.1.3 Conceptual perspective

This study addressed two variables namely child labour and academic performance. The
theoretical model above can be explained by a modified conceptual where child labour is driven
by ignorant parents, high poverty levels and retrogressive cultures. The breakthrough of the
vicious cycle of child labour is through education observance of human and enforcement of
labor laws to ensure that a child goes to school. Its quality of education in schools that there is
productive labour for the family and the nation as a whole. The productive work force has
enhanced education, enforce labour laws and observe human rights. All these have enhanced
the level of income and reduced the poverty levels and this guarantees quality of education

2
The conceptual framework

Independent variables Extranous Dependent variables

Parent’s income

o Cultural practices Forms of child labour o School enrollment

o Impact of child labour _~ e Fishing, School retention
on education o Mining,
o Academic a Farming,

performance a Quarrying

Adopted; Sekamwa (2000)

Figure 1: Showing conceptual perspective

1.1.4 Contextual perspective

Education is the key tool in preventing child labours which child labour acts as an obstacle to
children attending school. Universal access to education and particularly, free and compulsory
employment until the minimum age for entry to employment. Employing children has an
adverse effect on their ability to develop into productive members ofthe society. When children
are left to work and at the same time go to school, they will always perform poorly in school
and therefore not to able to acquire the quality of education they need for productive in future.
Poor performance discourages the learners to continue in school, and consequently dropout of
school. This creates a cycle of an uneducated work force whose chance to improve their
standard of living is limited. The end result is future generations that perpetuates the viscous
cycle of poverty due to lack of education. There is high dropout rate in secondary schools in
Kamuli District in national examinations, especially in Uganda certificate of education, has
been dismal, something that has made the researcher to undertake this study to find out the
impact of child labour on enrollment, dropouts rates and retentions rates of students in
secondary schools in Kamuli district.

1.2 Statement problem

Child labour has existed in Uganda for many years. During the pre-independence days, children
were sent by their parents to work in farms in order to earn money to pay taxes for their parents.
Today, due to high incidences of poverty and the changing family structures and value systems,
children are known to work in the commercial agriculture sector, stone mining, in order to

3
 supplement family incomes. In urban areas, children are employed in the informal sector as
domestic helpers, street beggars and hawkers. Even with the introduction of free secondary
education, there is still poor enrollment of students, high dropout rates and low retention rates
in secondary schools, which have caused most schools in the county to register low
performances in national examinations. The county also records the poorest enrollment rates
with students dropping out of school at an alarming rate. Children of school- going ages are
seen in towns loitering or selling merchandise in market places. The issue is whether child
labour has an impact on the academic performance of individual, students and schools have
anything to do with the children being out of school most of the time working for pay. Hence,
it is against this background that the researcher wished to carry out research.

1.3 Purpose of study

The study was carried to establish the impact of child labour on academic performance of
students at Kamuli Progressive secondary School, Kamuli district.

1.4 Objectives of the study

1.4.1 General objective

The general objective of the study was to establish the impact of child labour on academic
performance of students in secondary schools in Kamuli progressive secondary school,
Kamuli district.

1.4.2 Specific objectives

The specific objectives of the study were;

i. To determine the forms of child labour at Kamuli progressive Secondary school, Kamuli
District
ii. To examine the effects of child labour on academic performance at Kamuli progressive
Secondary school, Karnuli District
iii. To seek suggestions on ways of minimizing child labour at Kamuli progressive Secondary
school, Kamuli District.

1.5 Research questions

The study intended to provide answers to the following questions;

i. What are the forms of child labour at Karnuli progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District?

4
ii. What are the effects of child labour on academic performance of students at Kamuli
progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District?
iii. What are the suggestions for minimizing child labour at Kamuli progressive Secondary
school, Karnuli District?

1.6 Scope of the study

The study considered the framework of assessing the impact of child labour on academic
performance. However, this should be time scope, geographical scope, content scope and the
theoretical scope.

1.6.1 Time scope

The research was conducted in a period of four months from February 2017 to May 2017

1.6.2 Geographical scope

The research was conducted with in Uganda from Kamuli Progressive Secondary School in
Kamuli district.

1. 6. 3 content scope

This study was based on the research objectives of the study;

(i) What are the forms of child labour in Kamuli district?

(ii) What are the effects of child labour on academic performance in selected secondary schools
in Kamuli district?
(iii) What are the suggestions for minimizing child labour in Kamuli district?

1. 6.4 Theoretical scope

The study is guided by the theoretical model on exploitative child labour by carol and Swinner
ton (2002), where parents are considered to have imperfect information about whether
employment opportunities available to their children are exploitative or not and whether or not
to exploit their worker.

1.6.5 Contextual scope

The study was conducted within the framework of the study and analyzing the impact of child
labour on academic performance, enrollment, and retention.

5
1.7 Limitation of the study

The researcher conducted a study on impact of child labour and academic performance Sub
County in Kamuli district. During the study, the researcher faced some problems. One of them
lacked enough money which made it hard to conduct the study well.

Besides time and financial constraints there was an issue of suspicion from some teachers and
parents who were not fully to co-operate in responding to my questionnaires with a fear of
being victimized at the later date.

Another limitation of the study was inadequate data collecting tools, the tools was designed in
away to sieve out across and was subjected to validation from exports.

The weather was not conducive during the research period because it is a rainy season so it was
raining in the area of study.

1.8 Significance of the study

The beneficiaries of the study may include the administrators, teachers, learners, curriculum
developers, parents, community and NGOs.

The outcome may assist the administration to have increase in school enrollment, low dropout
rates, the society will have harmony, and petty crimes will be reduced. The results may educate
the parents to understand their children and accept to help them at home.

The finding of this study may raise public awareness about the child labour and also may
sensitize the community to the learners who are child labourers.

The results may be used to enlighten teachers to realize the need and importance of assisting
learners who are child labour in class work tasks. Teachers in particular may devise ways of
attracting students in schools.

The finding of this study may help to improve the home and school environment for the benefit
of the child.

The results may be used by curriculum developers to review curriculum to render refresher
courses and to modify it to suit the learners who are child laborers. The outcome of the results
may also help NGOs to organize workshops and seminars.

6
1.9 Operational definitions of terms

Child labourer ; is a person below the age of 18 years , out of school , who is engaged or
employed in any work out their homes with or without payment.

Child labour; refers to (1) work that’s mentally, physically, socially and! or morally dangerous
and harmful to children. It also includes work or activities that interfere with school attendance.
(2) Hazardous work which by its nature or the circumstances under which it is performed
jeopardizes the health, safety and morals of a child.

School enrollment; is the number of students admitted in a year, in every class in a school.

Retention rate; is the rate at which students remain in schools and those students who are able
to proceed to the next class in the education level.

7
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Various researchers have done on child labour with respect to the forms and contributing
factors. Many of these researchers have been done on the major contributing factors in child
labour on academic performance of students in secondary schools. In this chapter, a discussion
on the impact of child labour on academic performance in secondary schools was done in the
following areas; forms of child labour, effects of child labour and suggestions for minimizing
child labour.

2.2 Forms of child labour

In Uganda, children primarily work in the formal sector. They work often with their families,
in subsistence and commercial agriculture the fact being that Uganda is agricultural country
for example on tea, rice, coffee, and sugar cane plantation. Children also work in herding and
fisheries. Children also work in domestic service like construction, transport like conductors,
quarries, and mines especially those who have upgraded to 16 years. In urban areas street
children are children who managed to escape from the abusive domestic service situation. A
country’s wide report on child labour shows that the eastern region is one of the regions in the
country that is faced with numerous child labour practices. The most common include sexual
exploitation, sugar cane harvesting, hawking and quarrying.

The over whelming poor social economic situation in the country, the number of children
entering the labour market has steadily increased. This is forcing children to work in order to
feed for themselves or supplement family incomes. According to the National child labour
report (2011/2012), approximate a total of 2,009,000 children engaged in some form of child
labour. Kampala city had the highest proportion of children in hazardous work (80 percent)
compared to all other regions.

The Employment Act No.6, (2006), protects children from employments, hawking,
commercial, social work and participation in manufacture, distribution and use of narcotic
substances. The occupational safety and health Act No. 9,(2006), provides for the inspection
of work places, identification of hazards at the work place and other connected matters. It is
hoped that, the implementation of these laws will help the elimination of all forms of child
labour.

8
2.3 Effect of child labour on education

The most common approaches to estimating the effect of child labour in schools is the
instructional variables approach which considers the school attendance and performance in
tests or examination (ILO, 2012). This has been done by using other variables not caused by
education, to predict involvement in child labour and the using this prediction rather than child
labour itself as an explanatory variable in a regression predicting school attendance. Beegle
el.at (2005), which employed this approach for Vietnamese children whose data were collected
during 1990s to relate the extent of child labour in affecting children’s performance in schools.
There is poor enrollment and transition in schools. Kamuli district Development plan 2015-
2016, notes that the total enrollment in secondary schools stood at just about 8,126. Many
young people drop off the formal education system lack alternative with proper mechanisms
and linkages to enable them acquire requisite skills that would allow them o actively and
decently participate in the labour market (ILO 2012). This study aimed at finding the effects of
child labour on education.

2.4 Ways of minimizing child labour in relation to enrollment

The law sets the minimum age for employment at 14 years. The law on minimum age does not
apply to children who work in agriculture. However, the law does prohibit all types of child
labour that are hazardous, exploitative or would keep children under 14 years from attending
school. In 2006, president Museveni signed four new laws that reform the labour code,
including the employment Act No.6, 2006. The employment Act defines the worst forms of
child labour as children working in industries, children aged 5 to 11 years working in non-
hazardous work, children working for long hours that are more than 43 hours a week. The Act
also prohibits children from engaging in night work between 6:30pm and 6:30am, and
stipulates that children between 5 and 11 years can only engage in light work which is not
harmful to their health, development or education, unless their work is part of a vocational
training program (Diego 2012).

The law provides for fines and up to 7 years imprisonment for employers caught employing a
child in any of the activities prohibited by the Act, these fines increase in cases where children
are injured or killed while performing one of the prohibited activities with the law stipulating
that a portion of the fine are to be used to benefit the child and or their immediate family. The
law prohibits slavery, bonded and forced labour, servitude.

9
In 2015, government of republic of Uganda made significant advancement in efforts to
eliminate the worst forms of labour. It introduced a bill to prohibit hazardous work children
and established a minimum age of 16 years. It trained more than 1000 criminal law enforcement
officers on issues related to the worst forms of labour. It approved national Action plan to
combat human trafficking and it expanded on its cash transfer program to allow more children
to stay in school.

The employment Decree, 1975 limits employment of children to minimum 14 years of age.
The Decree empowers labour inspectors to monitor compliance. The children statute No.6,
1996, also spells the rights of a child and the welfare principle that guide those caring for
children.

The constitution of Uganda, 1995 chapter 1 Article 34(4), provides the protection for a child
from hazardous and exploitative work. The constitution clearly spells out the right for children;
children are entitled to be protected from social and economic exploitation and should not be
employed in or required to perform work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere in their
education, to be harmful to their health or physical, mental and spiritual moral or social
development.

The law also prohibits children less than 18 years from being recruited into the military and
holds the government responsible for protecting, rehabilitating and reintegrating children
involved in armed conflict into society. The ministry of labour is responsible for enforcing
child labour laws, but according to United States Development of State (USDOS), the
ministry’s enforcement of the minimum age law is limited. The police anti-trafficking unit is
responsible for combating trafficking, though according to USDOS, it is not effective. In 2014,
ten children who were trafficked from rural Uganda to Kenya for agricultural labour were later
rescued.

The Ministry of gender, labour and social development plan (2011/2012) recognizes child
labour as a problem and calls for a evaluation of the impact of child labour on the individual
and the country, as well as its implication for the quality of the future labour force. The Ministry
of education and sports indicated in its Gender and Education policy that it would improve
programs to prevent child labour and facilitate child workers return to school as a means of
increasing children’s participation and gender equity in secondary education (constitution of
Uganda 2010).

10
The government of Uganda continues to participate in a 4 years, USD 5 million Tune bound
project on the Elimination of child labour funded by United states Development of Labour
(USDOL) and implemented by ILO-IPEC. The project aims to withdraw 15000 and prevent
7000 children from exploitative labour in domestic service, commercial sexual exploitation,
commercial and subsistence agriculture, fishing, herding, and informal sector street work.

11
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter gives a discussion of the methodology that was used in the research. The research
design, variable, population size, instrument to use in data collection was described. A
discussion of the pilot study, methods to be used in the collection of data determination of the
validity and reliability procedures will be described.

3.1 Research design

Orodho (2000) defines a research design as the scheme, outline or plan that is used to generate
answers to the research problems. A research design can be regarded as an arrangement of
conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance with
the research purpose. A descriptive survey research design was adopted in this study. This was
because people’s views and opinions were sought and described accordingly and established
how child labour affected academic performance. Both qualitative and quantitative methods
were used because they supplement each other. The qualitative approach was mainly used to
describe subjective assessments, analyses and interpretation of attitudes, opinions, and
behaviours of the respondents as expressed verbatim from interviews and focus group
discussions (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). The quantitative methods helped in generating
numerical data, which was statistically manipulated to meet required objectives through
descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages).

3.2 Study population

The study was done at Kamuli Progressive Secondary School. The actual population was 125
comprised of Academic staff, 23 Administrative staff, (15) Support staff and 6 members of the
School management according to the School Strategic Plan (2011). They comprised 125
members from both Kamuli Progressive and other university offices.

12
3.3 Determination of sample size and selection

A sample size of 109 respondents was determined using statistical tables ofKrejcie and Morgan
(1970), as cited by Amin (2005), and included various categories as specified in Table 1 below:

Table 1: Research respondents by category and sample

No. Category of (N) (S) Sampling technique

respondents

I Academic Staff 81 67 Simple random

sampling

2 Administrative 23 22 (both permanent and Stratified sampling

staff contract staff)

3 Support staff 15 14 Simple sampling

4 School 6 6 Purposive sampling

management

TOTAL 125 109

Key: N — Population Size, S — Recommended Sample Population (Krejcie & Morgan,

1970).

3.4 Data Collection methods and instruments

This study used both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data
was collected using questionnaires that were filled by the academic and administrative staff
and qualitative data was obtained from focus group discussions with the support staff and key
informant interviews with the School management.

3,5 Data Collection instruments

3.5.1 Questionnaire Method

A questionnaire is a data collection instrument used to gather data over a large sample or
number of respondents (Kombo and Tromp, 2006). This structured questionnaire was
developed following recommended guidelines by various scholars that include Kothari (2005),
Sekaran and Bougie (2010) and Saunders et a! (2009). The first section of the instrument
addressed issues of demographic data and other sections addressed the views following the

13
objectives that were stated in chapter one of this research report. In each section, the
respondents were given clear instructions on how to complete the item. The questionnaire was
refined once the instrument was piloted.

3.5.2 Interview guide

An interview guide is a set of questions that the researcher asks during the interview
(McNamara, 2009). The researcher designed an interview guide which was used during the
interview of the key respondents - the College Management. The researcher posed questions
intended to lead the respondents towards giving data to meet the study objectives and probed
the respondents in order to seek clarification about responses provided. A structured interview
guide was used for the school management to stimulate them into detailed discussion of child
labour impact on academic performance.

Structured interviews are useful not only because they show excellent validity in meta-analytic
research (Hunter and Schmitt, 1996), but also because they provide a chance to probe the
answers of the management and understand precisely what they mean. Interviewing is a very
useful approach for data collection because it allows the researcher to have control over the
construction of the data and it has the flexibility to allow issues that emerge during dialogue
and discussion to be pursued (Charmaz, 2002).

3.6 Validity and Reliability

As observed by Vogt (2007), a number of studies have used this instrument and found both
their reliability and validity values to be acceptable to the population being studied and in a
different context thus recommended for testing the validity and reliability of the instruments.

3.6.1 Validity of instruments

Vogt (2007: 117) defines validity as the truth or accuracy of the research. Saunders et al (2009)
add that it is the extent to which the data collection instrument measures as well as the
appropriateness of the measures coming to accurate conclusions. Validity tests were conducted
for content, criterion and construct validity to test how well the instrument is representative,
captures relationships between the variables as well as measure the concepts (Saunders et al,
2009; Vogt, 2007; and Sekaran & Bougie, 2010). This study utilized triangulation to ensure
validity of research findings prior to the administration of the research instruments. This
instrument was checked by experts and Content validity ratio was used to calculate the Content
Validity Index, using the formula below:

14
CVI = Total Number of items rated by all respondents

Total Number qfitems in the Instrument

3.6.2 Reliability of instruments

Reliability is defined by Vogt (2007) as the consistency of either measurement or design to

give the same conclusions if used at different times or by different scholars. The first step in
ensuring reliability was by providing clear operational definitions of the variables under study.
Thereafter, internal consistency was measured through internal consistency reliability (Sekaran
& Bougie, 2010) as well as split-half reliability using Cronbach’s alpha. If R2 (Alpha) value
equaled to 0.7 and above, then the instrument was considered satisfactory (Cronbach, 1951;
and Sekaran & Bougie, 2010).

3.7 Data collection procedures

The researcher sought approval from the college of education, distance and e-learning of
Kampala international university to ensure that the ethical guidelines are followed throughout
the data collection process. At the onset of data collection, the researcher sought permission
from the office of the Principal, the college to help access the respondents. Each questionnaire
contained an opening introductory letter requesting for the respondent’s cooperation in
providing the required information for the study. The respondents were further assured of
confidentiality of the information provided and that the study findings were to be used for
academic purposes only and necessary corrective measures in the College.

3.8 Data analysis

Data Analysis refers to the interpretation of the collected raw data into useful information
(Kombo and Tromp, 200). After editing and sorting out the questionnaires for completeness,
returns and coding analysis was done. The quantitative data analysis, descriptive statistics was
used to analyze the data to give the percentages and frequencies. Data was presented in form
of tables which helped to explain the relationship between the variables of study. Qualitative
data analysis was carried out on qualitative data from the opened ended question. Themes were
created and this helped in explaining the data. Computer software, statistical package for social
sciences were used.

15
 3.9 Ethical consideration

This involved;

1. Seeking permission from the heads of the respectively secondary schools.

2. The respondents will be ensured of confidentiality of their information given.
3. The respondents were neither required to disclose their names nor the names of their parents,
as some mediocre parents didn’t want their children to reveal that mediocrity to strangers.

16
 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction

This chapter comprises of the findings that were gathered by the researcher from Kamuli
progressive Secondary School, Kamuli district in relation to the topic; impact of child labour
on academic performance of secondary school students. The data is presented and interpreted
in view of the objectives mentioned in chapter one of this research. The interpretation also
seeks to answer the research questions that were raised in chapter one. Presentation and
interpretation of data in this chapter has been done with the aid of quantitative and qualitative
methods for example the use of tables, graphs, percentages and personal analysis and
interpretation presented in essay form. Questionnaires were provided to 109 respondents who
filled them to the best of their knowledge.

4.1 Demographic Characteristics

4.1.1 Gender of respondents

Table i: Showing Gender of respondents

Respondents Frequency Percentage

Male 70 64
Female 39 36
Total 109 100
Source: primary data, 2017

Figure i: Showing the gender of respondents

— Male
Female

17
Source: primary data, 2017

From the above table and figure, it can be seen that the majority of respondents are male that
is 70 respondents representing 64% of the total respondents and 39 respondents are female
representing 36% of the respondents. From the above presentation, it is clear that though many
of the respondents were male representing the highest percentage, the issue of gender
sensitivity was adhered to by few female who were selected.

4.1.2 Age of respondents

Table ii: showing the Age of Respondents

Age brackets Frequency Percentage

20-29 34 31
30-39 38 35
40-49 17 16
50+ 20 18
Total 109 100
Source: Primary data, 2017

Figure ii: Age of Respondents

Source: primary data, 2017

From the table and figure above presentation, it is clear that the age bracket of 30-39 has the
highest percentage of 35% of the total respondents because they were considered to be the
majority and being learned to contribute much information towards the subject of the study.
18
This was followed by respondents who fall in the age bracket of 20-29 with 31% of total
respondents and followed by those of 50+ with 18% and finally 17 respondents representing
16%. The bracket of 40-49 had few respondents compared to other people who fall in other age
brackets.

4.1.3 Academic Qualifications of respondents

Table iii: Showing academic qualifications of the respondents

Education Frequency Perceni

Diploma 26 24

Degree 32 29

Masters 23 21

Certificate 15 14

Others 13 12

Total 109 100

Source: primary data, 2017

From the above table it is seen that that the majority of the respondents at Kamuli Progressive
Secondary School are degree holders representing 29% followed by diploma holders at 24%
followed by masters holders representing 21% followed by Certificate holders by 14% and
certificate holders with 1 0% and finally others by 3 respondents representing a total percentage
of 12% of the total respondents. This implies that the respondents from Kamuli Progressive
Secondary School, Kamuli district can be relied upon for the purpose of this study are well
educated and therefore the information obtained from them can be relied upon for the purpose
of this study.

4.1.4 Marital status of respondents

Table iv: Showing marital status of the respondents

Marital status Frequency Percentage

Married 48 44
Single 36 33
Separated 25 23
Total 109 100
Source: Primary Data, 2017
19
Results in table 4 indicated that majority of the respondents were married with 44% of the
respondents followed by single with 36 respondent with 33%, followed by separated with 23%
of respondents. This implies that the respondents are well divided and belonged to all categories
as shown above but in general analysis it indicates that most people belong to organized
families and are married hence Information can therefore be relied on for making serious
decisions in the district.

4.1.5 Religion of respondents

Table v: showing the religion of Respondents

Religion Frequency ~ercent

Catholic 25 23

Protestant 21 19

SDA 18 16

Moslem i6 15

Orthodox 15 14

Others 14 13

Total 109 100

Source: primary data 2017

From the above table (v) it is seen that the majority of the respondents in Kamuli Preparatory
Secondary School, fall in the religion of Catholic representing 23% followed by protestant with
19%, followed by SDA representing 16%, followed by Moslem by 15%, Orthodox by 15
respondents representing a total percentage of 14% of the total respondents and finally others
by 13%. This implies that the respondents from Karnuli progressive fall in a well-known
religion according to the findings made and therefore the information obtained from
respondents falling under Catholic can be relied upon for the purpose of this study.

4.2 The forms of child labour in Kamuli Progressive Secondary School

The first objective of the study was to determine the forms of child labour at Kamuli
progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District. Data collected presented as below.

20
Table vi: Showing the response on the forms of child labour at Kamuli Progressive
Secondary school, Kamuli District.

Response on the Strongly Agree Not Disagree Strongly Total

forms of child Agree Sure Disagree
labour

F % F % F % F % F % F%

Children are made 49 45 16 15 17 15 12 11 15 14 109 100

to work against their
wishes for example,
Children in armed
conflict are forced
to fight.
There is forced 42 39 18 16 14 13 20 18 15 14 109 100
labour where work
is exchanged to pay
off loans that people
cannot pay off with
money or goods.
Children are forced 40 38 19 17 15 14 17 15 18 16 109 100
to live and work on
land belonging to
another person,
often with little or
sometimes no pay.
There is illegal 27 25 20 18 19 17 20 18 23 21 109 100
trading movement
of children for
labour and sexual
exploitation.
Children are owned 36 33 17 16 12 11 21 19 23 21 109 100
by and made to
work for another
person without
having any say over
what happens to
them.
Source: Primary Data, 2017

From the table above, on the forms of child labour at Kamuli Progressive Secondary school,
Kamuli District, 45% strongly agreed that Children are made to work against their wishes. For
example, Children in armed conflict are forced to fight, 15% agreeing as well, while 15%
respondents were recorded for not being sure, 11% disagreed and 14% strongly disagreed.
21
39% of the respondents agreed that there is forced labour where work is exchanged to pay off
loans that people cannot pay off with money or goods, 16% agreed, 13% of the respondents
were not sure, 18% disagreed and 14% strongly disagreed.

Children are forced to live and work on land belonging to another person, ofien with little or
sometimes no pay had 38% respondents who strongly agreed, 17% agreed, 14% were not sure,
while 15% disagreed and 16% strongly disagreed.

There is illegal trading movement of children for labour and sexual exploitation had 25% who
strongly agreed, 18% agreed, 17% were not sure, 18% disagreed and 21% strongly disagreed.

Children are owned by and made to work for another person without having any say over what
happens to them had 33% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 16% agreed, 11% were not
sure, 19% disagreed and 21% strongly disagreed.

22
Figure iii: Showing the response to the forms of child labour at Kamuli Progressive
Secondary school, Kamuli District, showing those who Strongly agreed and Agreed in
percentage.

70

60

50 ~1
Ii
40
I I
Ii
30 ~
I I
20
10
I
Children are made to There is forced Children are forced
i
There is illegal Children are owned
work against their labour where work is to live and work on trading movement ofby and made to work
wishes for example, exchanged to pay off land belonging to children for labour for another person
Children in armed loans that people another person, often and sexual without having any
conflict are forced to cannot pay off with with little or exploitation, say over what
fight. money or goods. sometimes no pay. happens to them.

Source: Primary data, 2017

From the figure above on the forms of child labour at Kamuli Progressive Secondary school,
Kamuli District, the data collected is presented majority of the respondents were that 60%
agreed that Children are made to work against their wishes for example, Children in armed
conflict are forced to fight, there is forced labour where work is exchanged to pay off loans that
people cannot pay off with money or goods had 55%, children are forced to live and work on
land belonging to another person, often with little or sometimes no pay had 55% of the
respondents as well, 43% of the respondents agreed that There is illegal trading movement of
children for labour and sexual exploitation and Children are owned by and made to work for
another person without having any say over what happens to them with 49%. The findings
made above implies that child labour forms impact negatively on student academic
performance at Kamuli Progressive Secondary School according to the analysis above.

23
4.3 The effects of child labour on academic performance at Kamuli progressive
Secondary school, Kamuli District.

The second objective of the study was to examine the effects of child labour on academic
performance at Kamuli Progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District. The responses to this
objective were gathered basing on a likert scale measure of 1; 5 measuring responses.

Table vii: showing response to the effects of child labour on academic performance at
Kamuli Progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District.

Response on the Strongly Agree Not Disagree Strongly Total

effects of child Agree Sure Disagree
labour on academic
performance
F % F % F %F % F % F %

There is damage to 42 38 22 20 15 14 17 16 13 12 109 100

health and
psychological
development.
The use of school 51 46 16 15 16 15 12 11 14 13 109 100
attendance as a
measure of learning
achievement is not
ideal for estimating
the harm that child
work causes.
Children that work as 44 40 20 18 14 13 16 15 15 14 109 100
well as go to school
may find themselves
less able to learn, as a
result of exhaustion or
insufficient time to
complete homework.
The long hours spent 36 33 26 23 17 16 16 15 14 13 109 100
on the job result in
fatigue, listlessness,
and lack of
concentration in class
Childlaborisfoundto 40 37 27 25 14 13 15 14 13 11 109 100
increase the student’s
probability of
repeating a grade.

Source: Primary Data, 2017

24
The data collected above shows that in line with the response to effects of child labour on
academic performance at Kamuli Progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District, There is
damage to health and psychological development had 38% of the respondents who strongly
agreed, 20% agreed, 14% disagreed, 16% respondents were not sure and 12% strongly
disagreed.

The use of school attendance as a measure of learning achievement is not ideal for estimating
the harm that child work causes had 46% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 15% agreed,
15% disagreed, 11% of the respondents strongly disagreed and 13% were not sure.

Children that work as well as go to school may find themselves less able to learn, as a result of
exhaustion or insufficient time to complete homework had 40% of the respondents who
strongly agreed, 18% agreed, 13% disagreed, 15% of the respondents were not sure and 14%
strongly disagreed.

33% of the respondents strongly agreed with the long hours spent on the job result in fatigue,
listlessness, and lack of concentration in class, 23% agreed, 16% disagreed and 15% of the
respondents strongly disagreed and 13% of the respondents were not sure.

Children are owned by and made to work for another person without having any say over what
happens to them had 37% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 25% agreed, 13% were not
sure, 14% disagreed and 11% of the respondents strongly disagreed.

25
Figure iv:Showing the response to the effects of child labour on academic performance

at Kamuli Progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District showing those who Strongly

agreed and Agreed in percentage.

63
62
61
60
59
I. .
58
57

•.~.•~•r
I
56
55
54
53
. . . . .i~ ...... . ..
[. ......... ........ .....~..

There is damage to The use of school Children that work The long hours
I
~ ~ ...........~....

Child labor is found

health and attendance as a as well as go to spent on the job to increase the
psychological measure of learning school may find result in fatigue, student’s
development, achievement is not themselves less able listlessness, and probability of
ideal for estimating to learn, as a result lack of repeating a grade.
the harm that child of exhaustion or concentration in
work causes. insufficient time to class
complete
homework.

Source: Primary data, 2017

According to the responses to the to the effects of child labour on academic performance at
Kamuli Progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District, ofthe respondents who strongly agreed
and agreed, it’s evident that child labour has got a number of effects on academic performance,
majority respondents were that child labor is found to increase the student’s probability of
repeating a grade with 62%, the use of school attendance as a measure of learning achievement
is not ideal for estimating the harm that child work causes had 61%, Children that work as well
as go to school may find themselves less able to learn, as a result of exhaustion or insufficient
time to complete homework had 58%, There is damage to health ai~d psychological
development with 58 as well% and The long hours spent on the job result in fatigue,
listlessness, and lack of concentration in class with 56%. The findings therefore imply that
many respondents agreed that child labour has got a number of effects on academic
performance at Kamuli Preparatory Secondary School, through increase in the student’s
probability of repeating a grade.

26
4.4 The suggestions on ways of minimizing child labour at Kamuli progressive
Secondary school, Kamuli District.

The respondents were asked about the suggestions sought on ways of minimizing child labour
at Karnuli progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District and the data collected was presented
following a likert scale measure of 1; 5 measuring responses as shown below.

Table viii: Showing responses to the suggestions on ways of minimizing child labour at
Kamuli progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District.

The suggestions on Strongly Agree Not Disagree Strongly Total

ways of Agree Sure Disagree
minimizing child
labour at Kamuli
progressive
Secondary school,
Kamuli District.
f % F % F % F % F % F %

Parents and school 48 44 16 15 17 16 15 14 13 11 109 100

staff should be
aware of any form
of child abuse or
exploitation
happening around
them
The management 42 38 19 18 14 13 20 19 14 13 109 100
should encourage
businesses to put
pressure on
government
officials to take
appropriate action
and on businesses
that use child labor
to use sustainable,
fair-trade practices.
There should be 31 28 22 20 17 16 19 18 20 18 109 100
creation of
more unions to
protect and prevent
against child labor.
Tostopandprevent 26 23 20 18 19 18 20 19 24 22 109 100
child labor, there
should be free

27
 education to the
children

There should be 36 33 17 16 12 11 21 19 23 21 109 100

creation of a
minimum family
income.
Source: Primary Data, 2017

From the table above, on the suggestions on ways of minimizing child labour at Kamuli
progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District, 44% strongly agreed that Parents and school
staff should be aware of any form of child abuse or exploitation happening around them, 15%
agreeing as well, while 16% respondents were recorded for not being sure, 14% disagreed and
11% strongly in disagreed.

38% of the respondents strongly agreed that the management should encourage businesses to
put pressure on government officials to take appropriate action and on businesses that use child
labor to use sustainable, fair-trade practices, 18% agreed, 13% of the respondents were not
sure, 19% disagreed and 13% strongly disagreed.

There should be creation of more unions to protect and prevent against child labor had 28%
respondents who strongly agreed, 20% agreed, 16% were not sure, while 1 8% disagreed and
18% strongly disagreed as well.

To stop and prevent child labor, there should be free education to the children had 23% who
strongly agreed, 18% agreed, 18% were not sure, 19% disagreed and 22% strongly disagreed.

There should be creation of a minimum family income had 33% of the respondents who
strongly agreed, 16% agreed, 11% were not sure, 19% disagreed and 21% strongly disagreed.

28
Figure v: Showing responses to suggestions on ways of minimizing child labour at
Kamuli progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District. (Those who strongly agreed and
agreed)

70
60
IF—.
50
40
30
0
~~1I.. 0

20 0
I
0~
0
0
0
10 0 I

0
Parents and school The management There should be To stop and prevent There should be
staff should be should encourage creation of more child labor, there creation of a
aware of any form businesses to put unions to protect should be free minimum family
of child abuse or pressure on and prevent against education to the income.
exploitation government child labor. children
happening around officials to take
them appropriate action
and on businesses
that use child labor
to use sustainable,
fair-trade practices.

Source: Primary data, 2017

From the figure above on the suggestions on ways of minimizing child labour at Kamuli
progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District, the data collected is presented majority of the
respondents were that 59% agreed with Parents and school staff should be aware of any form
of child abuse or exploitation happening around them, The management should encourage
businesses to put pressure on government officials to take appropriate action and on businesses
that use child labor to use sustainable, fair-trade practices had 56%, there should be creation of
more unions to protect and prevent against child labor had 48% of the respondents, 41% of the
respondents agreed that to stop and prevent child labor, there should be free education to the
children and there should be creation of a minimum family income had 49%. The findings
imply that, since the largest number of respondents agreed, there are suggestions on ways of
minimizing child labour at Kamuli progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District.

29
 CHARPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND AREAS OF FURTHER

RESEARCH

5.0 Introduction

The study was carried out with the view to establish the impact of child labour on academic
performance of students at Kamuli Progressive secondary School, Karnuli district. This chapter
is concerned with summary, conclusion, recommendations and suggestions about the findings
that were gathered from the case study and the areas of further research.

5.1 Summary of the findings

5.1.1 Gender of respondents

From the finding made, it can be seen that the majority of respondents were male that is 70
respondents representing 64% of the total respondents and 39 respondents were female
representing 36% ofthe respondents. From the presentation viewed, it is clear that though many
of the respondents were male representing the highest percentage, the issue of gender
sensitivity was adhered to by few female who were selected.

5.1.2 Age of respondents

From the presentations made, it is clear that the age bracket of 30-39 has the highest percentage
of 35% of the total respondents because they were considered to be the majority and being
learned to contribute much information towards the subject of the study. This was followed by
respondents who fall in the age bracket of 20-29 with 31% of total respondents and followed
by those of 50+ with 18% and finally 17 respondents representing 16%. The bracket of 40-49
had few respondents compared to other people who fall in other age brackets.

5.1.3 Academic Qualifications of respondents

From the findings made, it is seen that that the majority of the respondents at Kamuli
Progressive Secondary School were degree holders representing 29% followed by diploma
holders at 24% followed by masters holders representing 21% followed by Certificate holders
by 14% and certificate holders with 10% and finally others by 3 respondents representing a
total percentage of 12% of the total respondents. This implies that the respondents from Kamuli

30
Progressive Secondary School, Kamuli district can be relied upon for the purpose of this study
are well educated and therefore the information obtained from them can be relied upon for the
purpose of

5.1.4 Marital status of respondents

The findings indicated that majority of the respondents were married with 44% of the
respondents followed by single with 36 respondent with 33%, followed by separated with 23%
of respondents. This implies that the respondents were well divided and belonged to all
categories as seen in the findings but in general analysis it indicates that most people belong to
organized families and are married hence Information can therefore be relied on for making
serious decisions in the district.

5.1.5 Religion of respondents

From the findings made it is seen that the majority of the respondents in Kamuli Preparatory
Secondary School, fall in the religion of Catholic representing 23% followed by protestant with
19%, followed by SDA representing 16%, followed by Moslem by 15%, Orthodox by 15
respondents representing a total percentage of 14% of the total respondents and finally others
by 13%. This implies that the respondents from Kamuli progressive fall in a well-known
religion according to the findings made and therefore the information obtained from
respondents falling under Catholic can be relied upon for the purpose of this study.

On the forms of child labour at Kamuli Progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District, the data
collected was that that 60% agreed that Children are made to work against their wishes for
example, Children in armed conflict are forced to fight, there is forced labour where work is
exchanged to pay off loans that people cannot pay off with money or goods had 55%, children
are forced to live and work on land belonging to another person, often with little or sometimes
no pay had 55% of the respondents as well, 43% of the respondents agreed that There is illegal
trading movement of children for labour and sexual exploitation and Children are owned by
and made to work for another person without having any say over what happens to them with
49%.

On the effects of child labour on academic performance at Kamuli Progressive Secondary

school, Kamuli District, of the respondents who strongly agreed and agreed, it’s evident that
child labour has got a number of effects on academic performance, majority respondents were
that child labor is found to increase the student’s probability of repeating a grade with 62%, the

31
use of school attendance as a measure of learning achievement is not ideal for estimating the
harm that child work causes had 61%, Children that work as well as go to school may find
themselves less able to learn, as a result of exhaustion or insufficient time to complete
homework had 58%, There is damage to health and psychological development with 58 as
well% and The long hours spent on the job result in fatigue, listlessness, and lack of
concentration in class with 56%.

on the suggestions on ways of minimizing child labour at Kamuli progressive Secondary

school, Kamuli District, the data collected was presented and majority of the respondents were
that 59% agreed with Parents and school staff should be aware of any form of child abuse or
exploitation happening around them, The management should encourage businesses to put
pressure on government officials to take appropriate action and on businesses that use child
labor to use sustainable, fair-trade practices had 56%, there should be creation of more unions
to protect and prevent against child labor had 48% of the respondents, 41% of the respondents
agreed that to stop arid prevent child labor, there should be free education to the children and
there should be creation of a minimum family income had 49%.

5.2 Conclusions

The purpose of the study of the study was to establish the impact of child labour on academic
performance of students at Kamuli Progressive secondary School, Kamuli district and it was
carried out on the three research objectives which included to: determine the forms of child
labour at Kamuli progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District, examine the effects of child
labour on academic performance at Kamuli progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District and
to seek suggestions on ways of minimizing child labour at Kamuli progressive Secondary
school, Kamuli District.

The findings reveal that child labour forms impact negatively on student academic performance
at Kamuli Progressive Secondary School according to the analysis made. Majority of the
respondents were that 60% agreed that Children are made to work against their wishes for
example, Children in armed conflict are forced to fight, there is forced labour where work is
exchanged to pay off loans that people cannot pay off with money or goods had 55%, children
are forced to live and work on land belonging to another person, ofien with little or sometimes
no pay had 55% of the respondents as well, 43% of the respondents agreed that there is illegal
trading movement of children for labour and sexual exploitation and children are owned by and
made to work for another person without having any say over what happens to them with 49%.

32
It is therefore concluded that to a certain extent, child labour forms impact on student academic
performance in one way or another at Kamuli Progressive Secondary School.

The findings revealed that child labour has got a number of effects both positive and negative
on academic performance at ICamuli Preparatory Secondary School whereby majority
respondents were that child labor is found to increase the student’s probability of repeating a
grade with 62%, the use of school attendance as a measure of learning achievement is not ideal
for estimating the harm that child work causes had 61%, Children that work as well as go to
school may find themselves less able to learn, as a result of exhaustion or insufficient time to
complete homework had 58%, There is damage to health and psychological development with
58 as well% and the long hours spent on the job result in fatigue, listlessness, and lack of
concentration in class with 56%. It is therefore concluded that child labour impact much on
academic performance at Kamuli Preparatory Secondary School.

The findings reveal that there are suggestions on ways of minimizing child labour at Kamuli
progressive Secondary school, Kamuli District following the majority respondents that 59%
agreed with Parents and school staff should be aware of any form of child abuse or exploitation
happening around them, The management should encourage businesses to put pressure on
government officials to take appropriate action and on businesses that use child labor to use
sustainable, fair-trade practices had 56%, there should be creation of more unions to protect
and prevent against child labor had 48% of the respondents, 41% of the respondents agreed
that to stop and prevent child labor, there should be free education to the children and there
should be creation of a minimum family income had 49%. It is concluded though suggestion
are there, still there are some other ways that need to be put in place in order to combat child
labour activities in Kamuli district.

5.3 Recommendations

In light of the research findings, the following recommendations were made:

There is need for the government and other stakeholders to discourage child labour from the
family level; since poverty emerged as the most constraining factor on working children.
Consequently, policy reforms and poverty reduction strategies remain fundamental upstream
concerns and must be pursued to tackle inequality and poverty.

33
 The children should be sensitized about the importance of educating and need for them to learn
other than getting involved in child labour since this would mean a bright future for the
children.

The school management should encourage both the parents to send their children to school
since this eventually would reduce poverty in their homes when their children have received
education.

Parents should be sensitized on the importance of education their children rather than using
them to supplement to family income. Hence this should give parents the courage to face
challenge and overcoming them without stopping their children from going to school.

The government can help in curbing dropout rates by empowering parents through self—help
programmes hence children who have dropped out of school to help their parents will be able
to continue with their education more effectively. Education officers at national and county
levels should work with children officers to achieve this goal.

5.4 Areas of further research

The results presented in this report may not be conclusive and should be treated as being
preliminary. Further analysis of the survey data on the impact of child labour on academic
performance needs to be done to validate these findings and provide greater confidence in
explaining the interaction of the variables. Therefore based on these there is need for further
study to be conducted on the following.

o The impact of child labour on enrollment of secondary school students

o Assessment of parents’ awareness towards child labour
o The effect of stoppage of child labour on the enrollment of students

34
 REFERENCES

UBOS (2013), A Baseline survey on National Labour and child activities 20 11/12. Child Report. July
2013, Uganda, ILO-UBOS.

The National Labour force and cild activities survey 2011/12. Child labour report (IPEC), Uganda Bureau
of statistics, plot 9, coiville street, .p.o Box 7186, kampala (UBOS) 2013- lv

Admassie.A.(2002). Explaining the High Incidence of child labour in sub-saharan Africa. Africa
Development Review, 14 (2) 25 1—275.

Akabaashi, H. and psacharopolous, G. (1999) “The Trade-off Between Child Labour and Human capital
Formation: A Tanzanian case study,”journal ofDevelopment studies. V35, June.

Alexandrescu, G. 2002. Romania: Working street children in Bucharest: A rapid assessment, RA # 19,
(Gneva, ILO-IPEC)

Childrens care International. (2012). CCIs Canadian office is in Montreal (Quebec) Canada. Retrieved on
14/10/2012

Kielland, A. and Tovo, M. (2006). Children at work. Child labour practices in Africa. Boulder/ London:
lynne Rienner publishers.

Kothani, C.R. (2004). Research methodology methods and techniques, New Delhil, India

Kouzes, J.M., & posner, B.Z. (2003). Leadership practices inventory. Retrieved June 27, 2012 from
www.consumatcoachin~.com/irnage/lPI-wb

Leedy, P. D & Omrod, J,E (2001). Practical Research: planning and Design. New Jersey. United Kingdom,
Merril, and prentice Hall.

Hum, (2012) coolie- Humanitarian Movement Against child oppression & others living in Exploitation.
Retrieved on 14/10/2012. www.hum-coolie.com/on-child-labour.htm

ILO, (2004). Child labor. A textbook for university students. International labour office, CH-1211 Geneva
22, Switzerland.

ILO, (2005). Gender Equity and decent work good practices at the workplace. Bureau for Gender Equity.

Levison, Deborah, Jasper Hoek. David Lam and Suzanne Duryea. 2006. Intermittent child Employment
and its implications for Estimates of child labour. Unpublished manuscript.

35
UNESCO,(2008). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2008: Education for all by 2015- Will we make it?
(Paris, UNESCO, 2008)

Christine Mbabazi Mpyangu (PHD), Eric Awich Ochen (PHD), Eria Olowo Onyango (PHD), Yovani A
Moses Lubale (PHD). March 2014, Out of school children study in Uganda.

Save the children international (2011). The ‘The invisible ‘ children: inequalities in education in the
common wealth.

Policy Brief No.8- sept.2009 (DFID) consortium for Research on Education, Access, Transitions and
Equity.

36
 APPENDICES

Appendix i: Research Instruments: Questionnaires

I Mayanja Nicholas Kigenyi carrying out a study titled: the impact of child labour on academic
performance of secondary school students. I’m a student at Kampala International University
pursuing a Bachelors Degree of Arts with education.

I’m privileged to have you as my respondent and the information given to me is purely for
academic purposes and will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

PART A- Demographic characteristics

1. Gender
Male
Female
2. Age
20—29 years ______

30—39years I I
40—49 years ______

Above 50 years I
3. Religion
Catholic I I
Protestant I I
Moslem I I
SDA ____

Orthodox I
Others I_______

4. Qualification academically

PhD I I
Master’s Degree _______

Bachelor’s Degree
Diploma I I
Certificate I I
Others I
37
5. Marital status

Married
Single
Separated/divorced

PART B: The forms of child labour in Kamuli Progressive Secondary School

The following are the forms of child labour in Kamuli Progressive Secondary School. (1-
Strongly Agree, 2-Agree, 3-Not sure, 4-Disagree, 5-Strongly disagree) Tick the appropriate
box.
The forms of child labour in Kamuli Progressive 1 2 3 4 5
Secondary School

Children are made to work against their wishes. For

example, Children in armed conflict are forced to
fight.

There is forced labour where work is exchanged to

pay off loans that people cannot pay off with money
or goods.

Children are forced to live and work on land

belonging to another person, often with little or
sometimes no pay.

There is illegal trading movement of children for

labour and sexual exploitation.

Children are owned by and made to work for another

person without having any say over what happens to
them.

If there is any other form of child labour in Kamuli Progressive Secondary School, Please
mention them.

38
PART C: The effects of child labour on academic performance at Kamuli Progressive
Secondary School
The following are the effects of child labour on academic performance at Karnuli Progressive
Secondary School. (1-Strongly Agree, 2-Agree, 3-Not sure, 4-Disagree, 5-Strongly disagree)

Tick the appropriate box depending on your level of agreement

The effects of child labour on academic 1 2 3 4 5

performance at Kamuhi Progressive Secondary
School
There is damage to health and psychological
development.

The use of school attendance as a measure of

learning achievement is not ideal for estimating the
harm that child work causes.

Children that work as well as go to school may find

themselves less able to learn, as a result of
exhaustion or insufficient time to complete
homework.

The long hours spent on the job result in fatigue,

listlessness, and lack of concentration in class

Child labor is found to increase the student’s

probability of repeating a grade.

If there is any other effect of child labour on academic performance at Kamuli Progressive
Secondary School, Please mention them.

39
PART D: Suggestions for minimizing child labour at Kamuli preparatory Secondary
School, Kamuli District.

7. In your view, is there any suggestion that you can raise for minimizing child labour at Kamuli
preparatory Secondary School, Karnuli District?

Yes I~J
No I
Not sure I______
If yes, the following are the suggestions for minimizing child labour at Kamuli preparatory
Secondary School, Kamuli District? (1-Strongly Agree, 2-Agree, 3-Not sure, 4-Disagree, 5-
Strongly disagree) Tick the appropriate box.

Suggestions for minimizing child labour 1 2 3 4 5

Parents and school staff should be aware of any form of child

abuse or exploitation happening around them

The management should encourage businesses to put pressure on

government officials to take appropriate action and on businesses
that use child labor to use sustainable, fair-trade practices.

There should be creation of more unions to protect and prevent

against child labor.

To stop and prevent child labor, there should be free education to

the children

There should be creation of a minimum family income.

If there is any other suggestions for minimizing child labour at Kamuli Preparatory Secondary
School, Kamuli District, Please mention them.

Thank you for your corporation

May God Bless You

40
 APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE

1. Whether child labour has got any form concerning academic performance

2. How does child labour impact on child academic performance at Kamuli progressive
Secondary School, Kamuli district?

3. What extent do effects of child labour impact on academic performance?

4. What are the effects of child labour on academic performance?

5. Comment on how child labour affects academic performance at Kamuli progressive

secondary school, Kamuli District.

6. Whether there are suggestions for minimizing child labour in Kamuli district.

7. What are suggestions for minimizing child labour at Karnuli progressive secondary School,
Kamuli district?

41
 Appendix ii: Research Budget

NO ITEM Cost

1 Photocopy/printing 120,000/=

2 Relevant Research analysis 100,000/=

3 Meals 100,000/=

4 Data analysis 100,000/=

5 Consultation 100,000/=

6 Miscellaneous 50,000/

TOTAL 570,000/=

42
 APPENDIX iii: Research Time Frame

NO ACTIVITY Time Months

1 Variable formulation April 2017

2 Chapter one formulation and May 2017

design

3 Literature & Methodology June-July 2017

4 Data collection August 2017

5 Data analysis September 2017

6 Report writing and submission November 2017

43