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23 views17 pages

Phy Ip New

Uploaded by

ARUMUGAM G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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JAI GURU DEV

MAHARISHI SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE


SENIOR SECONDARY

GRADE XI-A

PHYSICS IVESTIGATORY PROJECT


2023 – 2024
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTOR

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

M.DHARSHAN MR.ARUMUGAM
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my


teacher Mr Arumugam as well as our principal Mrs Dr. T.
Suprabha singh who gave me the golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project on the topic “PARALLELOGRAM
LAW OF VECTOR” which also helped me in doing a lot of
research and I came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them. Secondly I would also like to thank
my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project with in the limited time frame.
What does the Parallelogram Law of Vectors
state?

If two vectors acting simultaneously at a point can


be represented both in magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides of
a parallelogram drawn from a point, then the resultant vector is
represented both in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram passing through that point.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO TOPIC
01 InTROduCTIOn

02 ExPERIMEnT

03 AIM

04 MATERIALs REquIREd

05 FORMuLA

06 PROCEduRE

07 dIAGRAM

08 ObsERVATIOn

09 CALCuLATIOns

10 REsuLT

11 PRECAuTIOns

12 sOuRCEs OF ERROR

13 COnCLusIOn

14 bIbLIOGRAPhy
INTRODUCTION
In this experiment, we will study the properties of the laws of vector
addition, one of
it being the parallelogram law of vector. It is studied using the
Gravesand’s apparatus
and hence finding the weight of unknown body.
It is an apparatus used for demonstrating laws of vector summation.

There are two pulleys with certain masses attached and there is another
mass hung on
the string. The idea is that at equilibrium, the vector sum of the forces
(weights)
experienced by the two masses on the pulley is equal to the force
(weight)
experienced by the mass in the middle.
of theTo
parallelogram
vectors.
given
findbody
the
law
weight
using
of
Aim:

TO FInd ThE WEIGhT OF ThE GIVEn bOdy


usInG PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTORs.
Apparatus required:

❖ Parallelogram law of forces apparatus (Gravesand’s apparatus)


❖ plumb line
❖ slotted weights
❖ Spring balance
❖ a body (a wooden block) whose weight is to be determined
❖ thin strong or thread
❖ white drawing paper sheet
❖ drawing pins
❖ mirror strip
❖ sharp pencil
❖ metre scale
❖ set squares
Formula:

If the two unknown weights P and Q are suspended through the two
pulleys and the
unknown weight R is suspended from the middle hanger,then:

and

Were,
R is the unknown weight and
P and Q are the balance weights.
The unknown weight R can be calculated using this formula.
PROCEDURE

Setting up the apparatus:

✓ Set up the Gravesand’s apparatus in vertical position. Use a


plumb line for this purpose.
✓ Fix a white sheet of paper on the wooden board with the help of
drawing pins.
✓ The two hangers are tied at the ends of thread. The thread should
be long enough.
✓ Another tread at the middle of the first thread is tied (at O).
Suspend an unknown weights P and Q on the two ends of the
longer thread. The longer thread should pass over the pulleys.
✓ Weights P and Q should be suspended in a way that the knot O
remains in equilibrium.
✓ Ensure that neither the weights nor the threads touch the board or
the table.
Taking Impressions of three forces on paper:
✓ Mark the position of knot O on the white paper by a sharp pencil.
✓ Slightly disturb the slotted weights P and Q and leave them. Note
the position of O. It should be closer to the earlier position. If that
is not the case, then the pulleys are not frictionless and need
further lubrication.
✓ Hold the mirror strip lengthwise under each thread. Mark the
position of the ends of the images of the threads formed in the
mirror.
✓ Now, cover the image by the thread. This is necessary in order to
remove parallax error.
✓ Remove the hangers and note the weight of each hanger and
slotted weights with the help of spring balance.
Drawing the parallelogram:
✓ Remove the sheet of paper from the wooden board.
✓ With the help of a metre scale, draw the lines OT1, OT2 and OR.
Mark the points P1, P1’, P2 and P2’.
✓ Draw a parallelogram with sides OA and OB in the ratio of
known weights attached to pulley.
✓ Draw the diagonal OC and measure it.
✓ After joining the line OC, get the resultant R of all three forces.
Measurement of weight:
✓ Take a suitable scale, let 1cm=50 g, so if P=50 g, then length
OA=3cm and Q=150g, so length OB=3cm.
✓ Complete the parallelogram OACB using set squares and join
diagonal OC. OC represents resultant vector R.
✓ Measure diagonal OC. Let OC=3cm, then unknown weight=3
* 50=150 g.
✓ Similarly, repeat the same procedure by changing weights P
and Q suitably.
✓ Find correct weight of the given body by spring balance.
Diagram:
Observations:

Least count of spring balance =100g


Weight of body by spring balance = 150g
Scale used: Let 1 cm = 50 g

Forces
Sides (cm) Resultant
(g.wt)
force – R
S.no P Q OA OB OC
(g.wt)

1. 100 100 2 2 3.1 155

2. 150 150 3 3 3.1 155

3. 200 200 4 4 3 150


Calculations:
Mean weight, W= 155+155+150/3
= 153.3 g

Percentage error =150-153.3/150*100


=2.2%

Result:
The weight of given body = 152.5 g
The error is within limits of experimental error.

Precautions:
1. The board should be stable and vertical.
2. The pulleys should be friction less.
3. The hangers should not touch the board or table.
4. Junction O should be in the middle of the paper sheet.
5. Points should be marked only when weights are at rest.
6. Points should be marked with sharp pencil.
7. Arrows should be marked to show direction of forces.
8. A proper scale should be taken to make fairly big parallelogram.
Sources of error:
1. Pulleys may have friction.
2. Weights may not be accurate.
3. Points may not be marked correctly.
4. Weight measured by spring balance may not be much accurate

Conclusion:
The weight of the unknown body has been found using parallelogram
law of vector and the result has been recorded.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

This project is made by using the analytical data provided by the


following reference books and websites:

➢ Class 11 NCERT textbook


➢ Wikipedia
➢ Class 11 lab manual

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