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Intel 80186 microprocessor, sometimes

called i186,
186 is an enhanced version of Intel
8086 16-bit processor. Being completely object
code compatible with the 8086, the 80186
integrated many system components into one
chip, added 7 new instructions.
Instructor: Sazid Zaman Khan
With the exception of integrated components,
Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and the Intel 80186 microprocessor is not very
Engineering, IIUC different from the 8086, and, because of this, the
80186 may be considered as an embedded
version of 8086.

Had a clock speed of 6 MHz.

The Intel 80286 also called the iAPX 286, 286
The third x86 generation of x86
"two-eighty-six"), introduced in 1982, was microprocessors, Intel 80386 (i386) was a
a 16 bit microprocessor with 134,000 32-bit microprocessor backwards compatible
transistors. Like its contemporary simpler with previous generations of 80x86 CPUs.
Major new feature in the i386 CPU was 80386
cousin, the 80186, it could correctly execute
protected mode - this mode fixed many
most software written for the earlier shortcomings that existed in
microprocessors. the 80286 processor and in the 80286

After the 6 and 8 MHz initial releases, it was protected mode operation.
subsequently scaled up to 12.5 MHz.
The Intel 80386 was produced at speeds up

16-bit microprocessor. to 33 MHz.

Max CPU clock rate of 16 MHz to 100 MHz.
Pentium, Family of microprocessors developed by Intel
corporation. Introduced in 1993 as the successor to Intel’s

It’s a 32 bit microprocessor. 80486 microprocessor, the Pentium contained two
processors on a single chip and about 3.3

Execution time of instructions was million transistors Using a CISC (complex instruction set
computer) architecture, its main features were a 32-
significantly reduced. Many load, store and bit address bus, a 64-bit data bus, built-in floating-point
arithmetic instructions executed in just one and memory-management units, and two 8KB caches. It
was available with processor speeds ranging from 60
cycle (assuming that the data was already in megahertz (MHz) to 200 MHz. The Pentium quickly
the cache). became the processor of choice for personal computers. It
was superseded by ever faster and more powerful
processors, the Pentium Pro (1995), the Pentium II (1997),
the Pentium III (1999), and the Pentium 4 (2000).

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In computing, multitasking is a method by which multiple
Multi-

Multi-user is a term that defines an Operating
tasks, also known as processes, share common processing
resources such as a CPU. In the case of a computer with a System or application that allows access by
single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point
in time, meaning that the CPU is actively executing multiple users of a computer. Time-sharing
instructions for that task. Multitasking solves the problem systems are multi-user systems.
by Scheduling which task may be the one running at any
given time, and when another waiting task gets a turn. The
Example: A Unix server where multiple users
act of reassigning a CPU from one task to another one is
called a Context Switch. When context switches occur have access.
frequently enough the illusion of parallelism is achieved.
Even on computers with more than one CPU
(called multiprocessor machines), multitasking allows
many more tasks to be run than there are CPUs.

In computing, a process is an instance of
A thread of execution is the smallest sequence of

a computer program that is being executed. It programmed instructions that can be managed
contains the program code and its current independently by an Operating System scheduler.
activity. Depending on the Operating
On a single processor, multithreading generally
System (OS), a process may be made up of occurs by time-division multitasking:
multiple threads of execution that execute the processor switches between different
instructions concurrently. threads. This context switching generally

A computer program is a passive collection of happens frequently enough that the user
instructions; a process is the actual execution of perceives the threads or tasks as running at the
those instructions. Several processes may be same time. On a multiprocessor or multi-
associated with the same program; for example, core system, threads can be truly concurrent,
opening up several instances of the same with every processor or core executing a separate
program often means more than one process is thread simultaneously.
being executed.

L1 and L2 are levels of cache memory in a

computer. If the computer processor can find the
data it needs for its next operation in cache
memory, it will save time compared to having to
get it from random access memory. L1 is "level-
1" cache memory, usually built onto the
microprocessor chip itself.

L2 (that is, level-2) cache memory is on a
separate chip (possibly on an expansion card)
that can be accessed more quickly than the larger
"main" memory. A popular L2 cache memory size
is 1,024 kilobytes (one megabyte).

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In October of 1992, Intel released the Pentium.

Pentium
The Pentium 4 processor was Intel's first all-new
The Pentium introduced the architecture design since 1995. The new
new superscalar technology, which allowed the
processor to execute two instructions per clock architecture, called NetBurst,
NetBurst was able to achieve
cycle. In addition, the Pentium doubled the bus higher processor speeds using a more complex
width to 64 bits and incorporated a small pipelining method (a technique to increase the
internal, or L1 cache (8 KB) built into the number of instructions that can be executed per
processor itself.

A superscalar CPU can execute more than one unit of time) than previous processors. It was
instruction per clock cycle. Because processing also the first true 64-bit architecture, prompting
speeds are measured in clock cycles per second software giants like Microsoft to produce 64-bit
(MHz), a superscalar processor will be faster than software, such as Windows XP.
a scalar processor rated at the same megahertz.

1.3-3.8 GHz.

Intel decided that the successor to the Pentium 4 would be
Core 2, in which two CPUs are fabricated on a
divided into two models - one for mobile (laptop) PCs, and
another for desktop PCs - hence the brand names of M and D single die (rather than separate dies, as in the
respectively. (Previous Pentium models had different versions Pentium D). The "2" represents version 2 (since
made for desktop / mobile PCs, but were marketed under the the architecture is actually an upgrade to the
same name - eg, Pentium 4 vs. Mobile Pentium 4)The Pentium M original version, named Core), and not the
(for mobile PCs) had much lower power consumption and heat Core
output than previous mobile versions, which gave higher number of processors. The physical number of
performance than the Pentium 4, even at lower clock speeds (2 processors is identified by the word "Duo" or
GHz max). The Pentium M is largely responsible for the laptop "Quad" following the Core 2 brand. Therefore, a
boom that continues to this day.

The Pentium D (for desktop PCs) was Intel's first dual-core Pentium Core 2 Duo is a dual-core CPU (a single
processor. It was essentially two distinct CPUs, each with its own die containing two CPUs), and a Pentium Core 2
die, and packaged together as a single processor. This was a Quad is a quad-core CPU (two separate dies,
true multiprocessing CPU - common automated tasks such as each containing two CPUs, giving four total
virus checks and software upgrades could proceed in parallel
with other tasks without significantly degrading performance. CPUs).

Speed: 2.8-3.6 GHz.
Up to 3.9 GHz.

A Core 2 Duo on the other hand is also a Dual
Uses 4 threads. Yes, it uses hyperthreading
Core processor but it is manufactured by Intel
and is part of the "Core 2" series. The "2" in the technology which is the latest craze due to its
"Core 2" only means, that this series is from the improved efficiency over earlier processors
second generation. There is, for example, the that were put on the market.
"Core 2 Quad", wich obviously has 4 cores.

In a nutshell:
This processor consists of 2-4 cores,

Dual Core = general term for all processors with depending on which one you get your hands
two cores on.

Core 2 = series of processors manufactured by
Intel
Uses less heat and energy than earlier

Core 2 Duo = Intel processor with two cores processors, which is always a good thing in

Core 2 Quad = Intel processor with four cores this day and age.

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As with the Core i3 processor, this comes with 2-
This processor comes with 8 threads,
4 cores, the main difference is that it has a definitely enough to get the job done quickly,
higher clock speed than the Core i3.
maybe even at the speed of light if you’re

This is also a heat and energy efficient processor,
but it does seem to be better at this particular lucky. It also utilizes hyperthreading
job than the Core i3 processor. technology.

The number of threads used in this is no
Four cores to take advantage of with this
different than the Core i3 with 2-4 threads, and particular series.
it also uses hyperthreading technology for a
boost in performance.
Just like the other ones in this Intel series of

The cache of the Core i5 is bigger than the Core processors, it is more energy efficient and
i3. produces less heat.

An Embedded Processor is a microprocessor that
A coprocessor is a special set of circuits in

is used in an embedded system. These
processors are usually smaller, use a surface a microprocessor chip that is designed to
mount form factor and consume less power. manipulate numbers or perform some other
Embedded processors can be divided into two specialized function more quickly than the
categories: ordinary microprocessors and
microcontrollers. Microcontrollers have more basic microprocessor circuits could perform
peripherals on the chip. In essence, an embedded the same task. A coprocessor offloads
processor is a CPU chip used in a system which is specialized processing operations, thereby
not a general-purpose workstation, laptop or
desktop computer. Embedded processors can be reducing the burden on the basic
found in portable devices like digital watches, microprocessor circuitry and allowing it to
PDAs, digital cameras, GPS units and MP3 work at optimum speed.
players.

Bit slicing is a technique for constructing
Itanium is Intel's first microprocessor that is
a processor from modules of smaller bit width. Each
of these components processes one bit field or "slice" based on the 64-bit architecture known
of an operand. The grouped processing components as IA-64 . Developed under the code name
would then have the capability to process the chosen
full word-length of a particular software design. of Merced , Itanium and its

Bit slice processors usually consist of an ALU underlying architecture are expected to
(Arithmetic and Logic Unit) of 1, 2, 4 or 8 bits and provide a foundation for the next-generation
control lines. For example, two 4-bit ALUs could be
arranged side by side, with control lines between of software for the server and high-
them, to form an 8-bit CPU, with four slices a 16-bit end workstation markets.
CPU can be built, and it takes 8 four bit slices for a
32-bit word CPU (so the designer can add as many
slices as required to manipulate increasingly longer
word lengths).

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In addition to supporting a 64-bit
An additional Itanium feature includes a Level

processor bus and a set of 28 registers, the 3 (L3) cache memory , to supplement the
64-bit design allows access to a very current L1 and L2 cache memories found in
large memmory (VLM). In addition, the most of today's microcomputers.
architecture exploits features in Explicitly
Parallel Instruction Computing ( EPIC), a joint
Intel and Hewlett-Packard development
effort. These provide advances in the Parallel
handling of computer instructions known
as predication and speculation .