DATA MANAGEMENT 2.

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
• numerical in nature and can be ordered or ranked
Data Management or Statistics • Ex. Weight, height, age, test scores, speed and body temperatures, grades, etc.
• the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting • can be categorized as discrete or continuous
numerical data.
• refer to the mere tabulation of numeric information in reports of stock, market
transactions, or to the body of techniques used in processing or analyzing DISCRETE VARIABLE
data.
• variable whose values can be counted using integral values
Sampling Methods - covers how data will be collected. • Ex. Number of enrollees, drop-outs, deaths, number of students in a
classroom, number of computers functioning, number of mathematics subjects
and number of calls received.
TYPES OF STATISTICS CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
1. Descriptive Statistics - is concerned with collecting, organizing, presenting, • variable that can assume any numerical value over an interval or intervals. It
and analyzing numerical data. The statistician tries to describe or summarize a can yields decimals or fractions
situation.
• Ex. Height, weight, temperature, time
2. Inferential Statistics - also called Statistical Inference or Inductive
Statistics, is concerned with analyzing the organized data leading to
prediction or inferences.
• It implies that before carrying out an inference, appropriate and correct Dependent and independent variable
descriptive measures or methods are employed to bring out good results.
• Dependent and Independent Variables
Variables • Dependent Variable - the variable whose value is being predicted
• Independent Variable - the predictor
• The characteristic that is being studied is called variable.
• It varies across individuals or objects. • Example 1: to predict the amount of sunlight on the growth of a certain plant
• It includes age, race, gender, intelligence, personality type, attitudes, political • Example 2: To evaluate the effect of using computer to the performance of the
or religious affiliation, height, weight, marital status, eye color, etc. students
Two Types of Variable Data
1. Qualitative • A collection of observations on one or more variables.
2. Quantitative • Factual information such as measurements or statistics used as a basis for
• Discrete Variable reasoning, discussion, or calculation.
• Continuous Variable • Information in numerical form that can be digitally transmitted or processed
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary).
• The raw material which the statistician works. It can be found through
1. QUALITATIVE VARIABLES surveys, experiments, numerical records, and other modes of research

- represent differences in quality, character, or kind but not in amount.

• Ex. Sex, birthplace or geographic locations, religious preference, marital

status, eye color, brand of computer purchased, etc.
Primary and Secondary Data Interval Data
• Primary data refer to information which are gathered directly from the - does not only include "greater than" and "less than" relationships, but also has a
original source or which are based on direct or first- hand experience (e.g. limit of measurement that permits us to describe how much more or less one
surveys, interviews, observations, registration, autobiographies, diaries, etc.). object possesses than another.
• Secondary data refer to information which are taken from published or
• No true zero which means zero is not really nothing.
unpublished data which are previously gathered by other individuals or
agencies (e.g.- books, magazines, newspapers, internet, etc.). Examples:

1. Fahrenheit temperature scale (0°F is colder than 5°F)

2. scores on test as a measure of knowledge (a score of 5 is better than O score)
Scales of Measurement of Data
1. Nominal or Categorical Data
Ratio Data
2. Ordinal Data - similar to interval data, but has an absolute zero and multiples are meaningful.
3. Interval Data
4. Ratio Data Examples:

1. election votes
2. measurements of length, height, weight, area, volume, density, velocity,
Nominal or categorical Data amount of money, etc.
3. average daily delivery of 1000 packages per day
• Use numbers for the purpose of identifying membership in a group or
4. ages of students enrolled in Statistics subject
category.
5. grades of engineering students in Calculus
• Examples:
DATA COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION
(a) electric consumption: (1) residential, (2) commercial, (3) industrial, (4)
government, (5) others TYPES OF DATA
(b)gender of NEUST BSIT/BSN students: (1) male, (2) female 1. PRIMARY DATA
2. SECONDARY DATA
(c)field of study: (1) BSN, (2) BIT, (3) BSChem (4) ECET
Data Presentation
NOTE: The mere gathering of the information or data is not a small task. A greater task
Ordinal Data
is to make the data comprehensible and meaningful.
• connote ranking or inequalities
• Examples:
RAW DATA-data collected in an investigation and they are not organized
(1) grades (A, B, C, D, E) systematically
(2) socioeconomic status (low, medium, or high)
• The data gathered are summarized and presented in different forms,
(3) intelligence (above average, average, below average) 1. TEXTUAL FORM- the data are incorporated in the text of the report.
2. TABULAR FORM - the data are presented in rows and columns.
(4) built of people (small, medium, large, extra-large) 3. GRAPHICAL FORM - the data are presented in graphics form for an "easy
to digest" information.
(5) contest (first, second, third)
METHODS OF ORGANIZING THE RAW DATA
• ARRAY - ordering of the observations from smallest to the largest or vice versa. It
has advantages because the low and high values can be readily perceived. The
process is tedious especially if the raw data are numerous.
• Example: A nationwide travel agency offers special rates for package tours during
summer. To economize spending for the advertisement only certain age group of
people will be sent brochures for attraction. The agency gets to previous passenger
customers from its files and groups them according to ages. Only those age groups
with least people are sent brochures.
FREQUENTLY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Steps in the Construction of Frequency Distribution Table

1. deciding on the set of groupings called classes,
2. sorting or tallying the data into classes and
3. counting the number of tallies in each class called class frequencies

Rules in Construction of Frequency Distribution Table

1. We seldom use fewer than 5 or more than 15 classes.
2. The classes cover equal ranges of values and make ranges multiples of
numbers that are easy to work with. Open classes should be avoided such as
classes of "less than" or "more than".
 3. Classes should not overlap. Frequently Distribution of Ages of Customer Passenger of National Travel
4. In the final presentation of the table, tally is usually omitted. Agency

Freud and Simon - suggested the formula in deciding the number of classes.

The value of 1 + 3.322 log N is called the sloven's formula. RELATIVE CLASS FREQUENCIES-show the percent of the total number of
observation in each class and must have a total of 1.

Note: A convenient value to start the first class is 10 or we may start with the smallest
value of the array of numbers, thus the first class would be 10-19.
True Limits and Class Marks
• A point that represents the halfway point between successive classes is called HISTOGRAM
a true limit or class boundary. It is obtained by adding the upper limit of
- It is a graphic representation of a frequency distribution where adjoined
one class and the lower limit of the next class and then dividing by 2.
vertical rectangles are drawn on the horizontal axis with the centers of the
• A point that represents the halfway between the lower limit and the upper
bases located at the class marks. The class boundaries are plotted against the
limit is called the class mark. It is obtained by adding the lower limit and the
frequencies. A histogram is called a frequency histogram when frequencies
upper limit of the same class and then dividing by 2.
are plotted along the vertical axis against the class boundaries.

FREQUENCY POLYGON

- is a closed figure of n sides constructed by plotting the class marks against

Class Limits, Class Boundaries, Class Marks the frequencies. In constructing a frequency polygon, class marks before the
lowest and after the highest class marks are drawn in order to close the
polygon.

Graphical Representation of Frequency Distribution

GRAPHICAL FORMS- often more helpful in making a stronger visual OGIVE
impact. Three charts that will help portray a frequency distribution graphically
are the histogram, the frequency polygon and the cumulative frequency - is a line graph representing the upper class boundaries along the horizontal
polygon. axis and the corresponding cumulative frequencies along the vertical axis. It is
also called "less than" cumulative frequency polygon; otherwise it is the
"greater than" cumulative frequency polygon.
The "less than" and "greater than" Cumulative Frequency Distribution

PIE CHART
-a circle that is divided into sectors-pie-shaped pieces - which are proportional in size
to the corresponding frequencies or percentages of frequencies.

TWO KINDS OF OGIVES

 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Example 1

Measures of Central Tendency The grades of Jake in five subjects are 85, 86, 88, 90, and 92. What is his
mean grade?
There are many ways of describing of a given set of data. A good number of
descriptive measures exist in statistics whose use depends largely on the nature of data
and the intended purpose of the description. This measure is the measures of central
tendency, it is use to see how a large set of raw materials can be summarized so that the
meaningful essential can be extracted from it.

The most commonly measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode.
Therefore, the average grade of Jake in his five subjects is 88.2.

Example 2
Mean
BSBA 1Z has 10 officers in their Statistics class. Two got a grade of 1.5, three
The most popular and useful measure of central tendency is the arithmetic mean, which got 1.75, another three got 2.25, one got 2.75 and another got 3.0 as their final
simply refer to as the mean. Widely referred to in everyday usage as the average. grades. What is the mean grade of the student officers?

Therefore, the mean grade of the officers in BSIT 1Z is 2.075

The symbol Σ is a Greek letter sigma, which means sum of. In plain language, the Example 3:
arithmetic is obtained merely by adding the individual scores and dividing the sum by
the number of scores. Determine the weighted mean if, 500 bags were sold at P250.00 each, 350
bags at P200.00 each, 200 bags at P150.00 each, 150 bags at P100.00 each
and 50 bags at P80.00 each.
Properties of the Mean
• easy to compute
• easy to understand
• valuable in statistical tool
• strongly influence by extreme values, this is particularly true when the
number of cases is small
• cannot be compute when distribution contains open- ended intervals

Uses of Mean
• for interval and ratio measurement
• when greatest sampling stability is desired
• when the distribution is symmetrical about the center
• when we want to know the "center of gravity" of a sample
Mean for grouped data Median
• For grouped data, the formula for finding the mean is as follows: The median is the value of the middle item is an ordered arrangement of data.
In an ordered distribution, half of the terms are located above the median and
half are below the median. The median is a positional measure; hence, the
values of the individual items in a distribution do not affect the median.

Uses of Median
• for ordinal or rank measurement
• when there is no sufficient time to compute the mean
• when the distribution markedly skewed, this is true when one or more very
extreme measures are at one end of this distribution.
• when the cases fall within the upper or lower values of the distribution and
not in how far they are from the central point
Example 1 • when an incomplete distribution is given when typical score is desired
Find the mean age of the patients in Hospital Y given Example: Find the median salary of the seven employees working in a small
in the table. government department, annual salaries (in thousand pesos) are as follows: 28, 60, 26,
32, 30, 26, 29.

Solution:
The mean age of the patients in Hospital Y is
Arrange first the salaries in ascending/descending order.

Solution:

Arrange first the salaries in ascending/descending order.

Therefore, the mean age of the patients in Hospital Y is
29.75 years old

Example 2

Find the mean score of the BS Environmental

Science students in Statistics examination
given in the table.

Therefore, the mean of the students' scores is

79.12.
Median for grouped data Uses of Mode
The formula for finding the median of a grouped data is given by: • for nominal or categorical data
• when the quickest value of central tendency is desired
• when a very rough value of central tendency is acceptable
• when we wish to know the most typical, or most frequent case in the
distribution

Example 1:

The manager of the men's store observes that the ten pairs of trousers sold yesterday
had the following waist sizes (in inches); 31, 34, 36, 33, 28, 34. 30, 34, 32, 40.

Solution:

31, 34 36, 33, 28, 34, 30, 34, 32, 40

The mode of the waist sizes is 34 inches, and this fact is undoubtedly of more interest
Example 1 to the manager than are the facts that the mean waist size is 33.2 inches and the median
waist size is 33.5 inches.
Find the median score of the BS
Environmental Science students in
Statistics exam given in the table. Mode for grouped data
To find the mode of a grouped data, the formula below is applied.

where:
Therefore, the median score is 78.26
= lower class boundary of the modal class

Δ1 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency of the
Mode class interval before the modal class

The mode is the simplest measure of central tendency. It may be early identified by Δ2 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency of the
merely looking at an ungrouped set of scores and locating the score or item which class interval after the modal class
occurs most frequently.
i = class interval size
A distribution with only one mode is said to be unimodal while a distribution with two
or more modes is described as multimodal. A distribution which has two modes is
labeled as bimodal; with three modes, as trimodal; and so on.
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Example 1 Measures of Dispersion
Find the modal score of the BS Environmental Science What is range?
students in Statistics exam given in the table
The range of a set of data values is the difference between the greatest data value and
For the distribution in table, the modal class is the class the least data value
interval 76-80, since it contains the highest frequency.
Hence, Range = Highest Value – Lowest Value

What is standard deviation?

The standard deviation of a set of numerical data makes use of the individual amount
that each data value deviates from the mean.

These deviations are represented by

What is variance?
Variance is simply the square of the standard deviation.

What are the measures of dispersion?

Some characteristics of data set may not be apparent from the measures of central
tendencies (mean, median, mode, and weighted average).

The average values do not reflect the spread or dispersion of data.

The measures of dispersion are quantities that describe of us the dispersion of a given
data set.

Frequency Distribution

What is frequency distribution

Karlo’s is not only an academic geek; he is also a sprinter. Every afternoon, he trains
for a 100m dash race. His time record is as follows:
Here’s a frequency distribution table of Karlo’s running time:

How do we interpret standard deviation?

Now let’s compare the standard deviations of Karlo and Mark.

Karlo’s standard deviation:

S = 0.32

Mark’s standard deviation:

S = 0.36

This means that Karlo’s data record clusters together more closely than Mark’s data
What are the measures of dispersion? record.
Let’s compute for the average of Karlo’s running time. Thus, we can say that Karlo is more consistent in performing for the 100m dash than
Mark.
Computation for Grouped MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION
Data of Measures of

Dispersion

Range, Standard Deviation

and Variance

Ungrouped Data
The scores of 12 students in a 100 item test are as follows:
81, 82,83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 95, 97, 98

• Find the 3rd quartile • Find 5th decile • Find 25th percentile
1. Q3 2. D5 3. P25
• n= 12, • n= 12, • n= 12,
np = 12*75% or 12*.75 np =12*50% or 12*.5 np =12*25% or 12*.25
np = 9 , 9th position np = 6 , 6th position np = 3, 3rd position
Q3 = 92 D5 = 88 P25 = 83
It implies that 75% of the It implies that 50% of the It implies that 25% of the
students got the scores students got the scores students got the scores
equal or below 92. equal or below 88 or equal or below 83.
above 88

What are Percentiles?

Percentiles are used to express the position of a certain value with respect to other
values in a data set arranged by rank.

A value x is called the pth percentile of a data set, provided p% of the data values are
less than.x.
 Grouped Data

It implies that 25% of the students got the scores equal or below 51.13 or 51.

COMPUTATIONS OF THE QUARTILES OF GROUPED DATA

The scores of 30 students in the test is presented in the frequency distribution table
below.

It implies that 75% of the students got the scores equal or below 66.33 or 66.
COMPUTATIONS OF THE PERCENTILES OF GROUPED DATA COMPUTATIONS OF THE DECILES OF GROUPED DATA

It implies that 20% of the students got the scores equal or below 49.5 or 50.

It implies that 10% of the students got the scores equal or below
46.5 or 47.

It implies that 80% of the students got the scores equal or below 68.83 or 69. It implies that 70% of the students got the scores equal or below 64.25 or 64.
 Presentation Skills 5. Decision Making

Preparing and structuring powerful presentations Some presentations are conducted with the sole aim of providing facts and figures to
help the audience reach a decision.
What is presentation?
Examples: Business meetings, presentation about legislation and laws, a SWOT
A presentation is the context of public speaking can be described as an activity where a analysis presentation, etc.
presenter presents his/her ideas, explains a process, provides information, or raises
6. Oral
questions regarding a subject. Some examples are demonstrations, reporting etc.
common purposes for presentations are to: inspire, inform or persuade. This might simply include a presenter speaking directly to the audience, without any
visual aid. This type of presentation can be difficult, since it can be hard to grab
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRESENTATION
audience attention without any visual aid. If you are looking to give an oral
Presentations can be presented for different purposes. presentation, you must have very good presentation skills and a compelling story to tell
your audience.
Below is an overview of some of the 7 most common types of presentations:
7. Visual
1. Informative
This include a set of images or a video playing out before an audience. Such a
This type of presentation might be brief, with essential information. Such a presentation might include slides or a video clip with text that the audience requires to
presentation is usually based on facts and avoids too many complicated details and read to understand the visuals, a silent animation with a symbolic message, a set of
assumptions. images played like a slideshow, and the like.
Examples: Class lectures, research findings, technical information, results from Making Powerful Presentation
experiments, etc.
Importance of making powerful presentation
2. Persuasive
Making powerful presentations is important for several reasons:
A persuasive presentation is geared towards convincing the audience to believe a
specific point of view. Such a presentation might conclude with a call to action. 1. Captivating the audience: A powerful presentation grabs the attention of the
audience and keeps them engaged throughout. This helps ensure that your message
Examples: Product demos, sales pitch, investor pitch, presentations on social issues, is effectively communicated and understood.
debates, etc.
2. Persuasion and influence: Powerful presentations have the ability to persuade and
3. Instractional influence others. Whether you are trying to sell a product or service, convince
stakeholders, or inspire change, a well-crafted presentation can be a powerful tool.
Such a presentation might be to provide an audience with instructions, such as 3. Professionalism and credibility: Delivering a powerful presentation demonstrates
regarding a process, or the use of a product. professionalism and enhances your credibility. It shows that you have put effort
into preparing and delivering your message, which can positively impact how
Examples: Tutorials for using a software, device or machine, employee orientation
others perceive you and your ideas.
presentations, explanation of a course syllabus, etc.
Steps on Making powerful presentation
4. Arousing
4. Define your objective: Clearly identify the purpose of your presentation. Are you
This type of presentation is meant to make the audience think about a certain topic.
trying to inform, persuade, or entertain? Understanding your objective will help
This can be to appeal to the intellect and emotions of the audience to point them
you structure your presentation effectively.
towards a certain point of view or to start a social debate.

Example: Religious speech, presentation about a taboo, motivational presentation, etc.

5. Know your audience: Research your audience to understand their needs, interests, • Making eye contact
and level of knowledge. Tailor your content and delivery to resonate with them Connect with audience members personally by making eye contact, scanning the
and address their specific concerns. room, and engaging them, rather than focusing on just one or two individuals.
6. Plan your content: Organize your presentation into a logical flow. Start with an • Use humor
attention-grabbing introduction, present your main points, and conclude with a When giving a speech, comedy can be a powerful tool for engagement and for
memorable ending. Use visuals, such as slides or props, to support and enhance making your points accessible. Just be sure the humor is appropriate for the setting
your message. and the target audience.
7. Craft compelling visuals: Create visually appealing slides that complement your • Use visual aids
message. Use clear and concise text, relevant images, charts, and graphs to Slides, pictures, or videos can break up a boring speech and emphasize its points,
illustrate your points. Avoid clutter and keep the design simple and consistent. but they should only be used selectively to avoid overwhelming or distracting
8. Practice and rehearse: Practice your presentation multiple times to become content.
comfortable with the content and delivery. Pay attention to your body language, • Encourage audience participation
voice modulation, and timing. Rehearsing will help you build confidence and Engage your audience by asking them to share their thoughts or experiences, or
ensure a smooth delivery. pose questions, to keep them engaged and gain valuable insights for your speech.
9. Engage the audience: Encourage audience participation and interaction. Use • Use storytelling
storytelling, humor, or thought-provoking questions to engage them. Incorporate Incorporate relatable stories and examples to make your speech memorable and
activities or demonstrations to make the presentation interactive and memorable. impactful, as people relate better to stories than abstract concepts or statistics.
10. Use effective communication techniques: Speak clearly and confidently, • Be passionate
maintaining eye contact with the audience. Use gestures and body language to Passionately speak about your topic, showcasing enthusiasm and energy, to engage
convey your message effectively. Vary your tone and pace to keep the audience your audience emotionally and maintain their interest throughout your speech.
engaged.
11. Address questions and feedback: Be prepared to answer questions and address any
concerns or feedback from the audience. This shows that you value their input and Techniques for managing nervousness:
helps build trust and credibility.
12. Seek feedback and improve: After the presentation, ask for feedback from trusted • Know your topic
colleagues or mentors. Analyze what worked well and areas for improvement. • Get organized
Continuously refine your presentation skills based on feedback and experience. • Practice, and then practice some more.
• Visualize your success.
Remember, practice and preparation are key to delivering a presentation. With time and • Do some deep breathing.
experience, you can refine your skills and become a more effective presenter.
• Don't fear a moment of silence.
Techniques for engaging an audience and managing nervousness • Recognize your success.

Importance of proper public speaking

Effective public speaking abilities have several direct advantages for the speaker
themselves, such as the ability to influence others, grow as a leader, and establish
oneself as a go-to source for ideas and solutions.

Techniques for engaging an audience:

• Start strong
Your speech's opening minutes should be interesting, with a fascinating statistic or
relevant tale, and a provocative question to hold the audience's attention.
 EFFECTIVE USE OF VISUAL AIDS & MULTIMEDIA IN THREE (3) EXAMPLES OF MULTIMEDIA
PRESENTATIONS • VIDEO
VISUAL AIDS • ANIMATION AND GIFS
• GRAPHS AND CHARTS
• VISUAL AIDS ARE VISUAL MATERIALS, SUCH AS PICTURES, CHARTS,
AND DIAGRAMS, THAT HELP PEOPLE UNDERSTAND AND REMEMBER 5 STEPS IN CREATING A MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION
INFORMATION SHARED IN AN ORAL PRESENTATION. • FRAME YOUR STORY
• A VISUAL AID IS TYPICALLY USED TO HELP AN AUDIENCE • CREATE AN OUTLINE
UNDERSTAND AND REMEBER INFORMATION IN A PRESENTATION. • CHOOSE YOUR TOOLS
EXAMPLES OF VISUAL AIDS • START BUILDING AND ADD MEDIA
• REVISE AND EDIT
• PHOTOGRAPHS
• INFOGRAPHICS PERSUASIVE SPEECH
• DIAGRAMS
A PERSUASIVE SPEECH IS A TYPE OF SPEECH WHERE THE GOAL IS TO
• VIDEOS CONVINCE THE AUDIENCE TO ACCEPT THE SPEAKER’S POINT OF VIEW
• DATA CHARTS & GRAPHS OR PERFORM A DESIRED ACTION.
WHY DO PRESENTERS USE VISUAL AIDS? PERSUASIVE SPEECHES RELY ON THREE FORMS OF RHETORIC, WHICH
VISUAL AIDS CAN: ARE AS FOLLOWS:

• HELP AN AUDIENCE AND REMEMBER INFORMATION IN A • ETHOS

PRESENTATION ETHOS IS THE SPEAKER’S CREDIBILITY.
• KEEP AN AUDIENCE INTERESTED IN THE PRESENTATION • PATHOS
• INSPIRE AN AUDIENCE TO ACT ON A CAUSE OR BUY A PRODUCT PATHOS IS THE SPEAKER’S ABILITY TO APPEAL TO THE AUDIENCE’S
EMOTIONS
• CLARIFY THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESENTATION
• LOGOS
• HELP THE SPEAKER REMEMBER THE POINTS TO MAKE IN THE
LOGOS IS THE SPEAKER’S ABILITY TO USE LOGIC AND REASONING
PRESENTATION
TO CONVINCE THE AUDIENCE
• MAKE A PRESENTATION MORE PERSUASIVE
FOR A PERSUASIVE SPEECH TO BE EFFECTIVE, CONSIDER THESE 10
HOW TO USE VISUAL AIDS IN PRESENTATION?
TIPS:
1. CHOOSE THE RIGHT TYPE OF VISUAL AID
1. Become an expert and anticipate counterarguments
2. KEEP IT SIMPLE AND CLEAR
2. Set and state a goal
3. ALIGN YOUR VISUAL AIDS WITH YOUR VERBAL DELIVERY.
3. Learn about your audience
4. TEST AND PRACTICE WITH YOUR VISUAL AIDS.
4. Choose an approach
5. ADAPT TO THE SITUATION AND THE AUDIENCE
5. Create an Outline
MULTIMEDIA 6. Write a strong introduction
7. Appeal to unity
A MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION IS A TYPE OF PRESENTATION THAT USES 8. Provide evidence
SEVERAL DIFFERENT FORMS OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION, SUCH AS 9. End with a call of action
VIDEO, INTERACTIVE SLIDES, AUDIO CLIPS, MUSIC AND MORE, TO GET 10. Practice your speech.
THE MESSAGE ACROSS.
HOW TO HANDLE QUESTION & ANSWER SESSION? Intercultural Communication
WHEN YOU DELIVER YOUR PRESENTATION, IT IS ONE-SIDED AND what is intercultural communication
THOROUGHLY PREPARED. HOWEVER, WHEN YOU ADDRESS THE Q & A
SESSION, IT IS TWO-SIDED AND NOBODY CAN ANTICIPATE THE Intercultural communication is the process by which people or organizations from
QUESTIONS POSED BY THE AUDIENCE. various cultural backgrounds exchange information, ideas, and cultural traditions. It
involves understanding and comprehending the ways that cultural variations can affect
IT IS IMPORTANT TO ADRESS AUDIENCE QUESTIONS WITH A POSITIVE how people communicate, how messages are interpreted, and how people interact in
MINDSET. HERE ARE SOME TIPS THAT CAN HELP. general.
1. PREPARE A FEW FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS) ABOUT THE
Recognizing cultural differences and their impact on
TOPIC TO MAKE YOU FEEL CONFIDENT ABOUT RESPONDING TO THE
QUESTIONS. communication
2. UNDERSTAND THE QUESTION AND THEN ANSWER. Recognizing cultural differences and their impact on communication is a fundamental
3. IF YOU DON’T KNOW THE ANSWER, YOU CAN ASK THE PARTICIPANTS aspect of cross-cultural communication or intercultural communication. It involves
TO RESPOND. understanding that people from different cultural backgrounds may have distinct ways
4. LISTEN TO THE QUESTION FIRST, AND THEN RESPOND of communicating, perceiving the world, and interpreting messages. Here are key
5. PAUSE BEFORE ANSWERING THE QUESTIONER points related to this concept:
6. DON; T RESPOND TO SOME QUESTIONS TOO QUICKLY AND TO OTHER
QUESTIONS TOO SLOWLY. Cultural Awareness: It’s essential to be aware of and appreciate cultural diversity.
7. GIVE CREDIT TO THE QUESTIONER.
8. AVOID PERCEPTIONS. Different cultures may have varying communication styles, norms, values, and
9. DON; T GIVE HALF-BAKED RESPONSES. customs.
10. NEVER ATTACK THE QUESTIONER FOR ASKING SILLY AND FOOLISH Verbal and Nonverbal Cues: Cultures vary in their use of verbal and nonverbal cues.
QUESTIONS AS SOME QUESTIONERS ASK QUSETIONS FOR THE SAKE
OF ASKING. For example, gestures, eye contact, and personal space might convey different
11. IN RARE CASES, YOU MAY COME ACROSS EGOISTIC QUESTIONERS
meanings in different cultures. Being aware of these cues helps avoid unintended
WHO DON’T AGREE WITH YOU AND HAVE A SOLE AIM TO DISCREDIT
YOU. offense
12. HANDLE THE HOSTILE QUESTIONERS CAREFULLY
13. WHEN YOU FIND SOMEONE IS INTERRUPTING YOUR PRESENTATION Non-Verbal Communication:
FREQUENTLY WITH QUESTIONS AND DISTURBING THE AUDIENCE,
YOU CAN SAY, “I’D BE HAPPY TI DISCUSS THIS WITH YOU AFTER THE Gestures and Body Language: Hand gestures, facial expressions, and body language
can vary greatly across cultures. What is considered a friendly gesture in one culture
PRESENTATION”.
14. MAINTAIN CONTROL OVER YOUR PRESENTATION. might be offensive in another.
15. END YOUR Q&A ON A POSITIVE NOTE. Body Posture: Standing or sitting up straight can convey confidence and attentiveness.
Slouching might indicate boredom or disinterest.

Eye Contact: In some cultures, prolonged eye contact is a sign of confidence and
honesty, while in others, it may be seen as confrontational or disrespectful.
Communication Styles: Enhancing intercultural sensitivity and empathy
High-Context vs. Low-Context: Some cultures rely heavily on context and implicit Introduction
information in communication (high-context), while others are more explicit and rely
on the spoken or written word (lowcontext). Intercultural sensitivity

Politeness and Respect: Respect and politeness are shown in different ways. While Is an individual that has the appropriate knowledge, awareness and acceptance of our
some cultures favor more informal communication, others utilize formal titles and cultural differences
language. Relationships are strengthened when people are aware of these subtleties.
Intercultural empathy
Listening Styles: is a person's ability to place themself in the cultural background of the target audience
• Some cultures value active and vocal participation in conversations, while to communicate better
others prefer reflective listening and silence. Why are they important?
• Adapt your listening style to the cultural context to foster better understanding
• Effective communication
Strategies for effective cross-cultural communication • Healthy relationships
• Better appreciation and understanding of the different cultures
Cultural Sensitivity: Develop cultural awareness and sensitivity through education,
training, and exposure to different cultures. Recognize that your cultural perspective The following 3 are examples of what we can do to enhance our intercultural
may differ from others' and avoid making assumptions or judgments. sensitivity and empathy
Active Listening: Practice active listening by focusing on the speaker, asking 1. Refrain from formulating expectations based solely on your own culture
clarifying questions, and acknowledging their perspective. - Be open minded because when those you interact with have diverse
Adaptability: flexible in your communication style. Adapt your tone, language, and communication styles, it is critical that you acknowledge the differences and
nonverbal cues to match the preferences of the cultural context accept their validity.
2. Recognize how faulty education and upbringing can impede on understanding
Empathy: Put yourself in the shoes of others to understand their cultural perspectives others
and emotional experiences. - Understand the importance of identifying and working to eliminate any personal
biases and prejudices that you have developed over the years.
Ask for Feedback: Encourage open dialogue by asking for feedback on your 3. Develop communication skills and abilities appropriate to life in a multicultural
communication. This shows your commitment to effective communication and a world
willingness to improve - Educate yourself, it is important to familiarise yourself with the communication
Use Plain Language; when possible, use clear and straightforward language, avoiding rules and preferences of the people in different cultures so that you can increase
jargon or idiomatic expressions that may not be easily understood by non-native the effectiveness of your communication.
speakers Examples of communication skills and abilities to learn that is appropriate for
Patience and Respect: Be patient and respectful when encountering communication multicultural people
challenges or misunderstandings. Avoid showing frustration or impatience. • Avoid slang
Practice Cultural Humility: Approach cross-cultural interactions with humility, • Shun humor
recognizing that you may not fully understand the nuances of another culture • adopt a formal communication approach
• Be friendly and polite
 Managing misunderstandings and potential cultural conflicts THE MORAL ACT
Introduction A. CULTURE AND ITS ROLE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR
➢ When we are born, we are born into a culture and we cannot choose the
Why is it important that we avoid and fix possible misunderstandings and
culture we are born into. What we can do is grow and adapt to this acquired
conflicts?
culture.
- Because it can destroy relationships and can offend people ➢ A culture is defined as a way of life, it is the totality of the social
environment in which we conduct our lives.
Possible misunderstandings and conflict that could occur and how to manage
➢ Cultures of the world differ from each other. The variations can be observed
them
not only in the symbols and language that each of us use to communicate, the
Ambiguity type and style of clothes that we wear, the gods we worshipped and the
rituals, practices and values that we hold.
Lack of explicitness that causes your words and action to have different or multiple
➢ Each culture is different in an interesting, weird, and unusual sort of way.
meanings.
Knowledge of these differences impact on individual development,
Language differences particularly, the development of morality.
➢ The culture that surrounds us, primarily our home environment, molds us
The language you use may mean different in context for the other people.
into the person we are. This is further reinforced by the learning that we
Conflicting religion acquire in school at the hands of our teachers.
➢ The strong influence of the surrounding culture should alert adults in the
Rivaling interest in what the people value can affect their views. society for them to examine the workings of the community. A cultural
Cultural ignorance totality that is characterized with the goal of nurturing children with images
of moral goodness should be woven in the community for it to be deeply
Is the ignorance and disrespect of someone's culture. ingrained into the psyche of the youth.
Cultural assumptions ➢ Our behavior in general, and morality, in particular, is affected both by
culture acquired in the home and by social experience. The characteristics of
Making assumptions on how other cultures should behave. our social environment affect how we learn to think and behave through
instruction, rewards and punishment and example. Thus, what we are is the
result of everything we had experienced at home, school, community, church
and society.
➢ Strong influences are likewise seen in our interactions with friends, relatives,
entertainment and news, and social media. Most of these behaviors manifest
themselves without us being fully aware of them.
➢ The media, especially social media indirectly promote values, beliefs and
aspirations through the way other people are portrayed which shows the
attitudes they display toward violence, sex, minorities, gender roles and
group behavior. Thus, the type of media we are exposed to strongly
influences our ideas, how we think of ourselves and how others think of us.
➢ Hence, the culture into which we are born affects our language, tastes, diet,
interest, interaction and strongly influences how we perceive morality in the
social world.
B. CULTURAL RELATIVISM and wrong are relative, they would let go of all inhibitions and self-regulation
➢ Acceptable behavioral patterns vary from culture at different time periods. and do whatever they want to do. In this scenario, moral responsibility and
Every society has established ranges of acceptable behavior for its members moral progress will be impossible.
and with special standards of behavior for subgroups like children, ➢ Although culture are different, these differences have been now accepted
adolescents, males, females, married couples, teachers, politicians, and even when compared to the past. The beliefs of a dominant race/culture are
for religious groups. presently perceived by many to be non-existent and global citizenship is one
➢ One factor that contributes to the differences among people is the differences of the goals of the new millennium.
in cultural setting. Every culture promotes its own patterns and symbols,
standards for acceptable behavior, attitudes, beliefs, and values about all WHY IS CULTURAL RELATIVISM NOT TENABLE
human activities within and outside of one’s own culture. These differences (reliable/justifiable) IN ETHICS?
among cultures extend to the level of morality. Studies made by historians and anthropologists informed us that throughout
➢ If cultures vary in almost all aspects of existence, then can we say that each the world, different people value different things in different degrees. The customs and
culture’s concept of right and wrong, good and bad also varies? Using this practices vary from group to group and may range from beliefs to rituals on marriage,
question, Holmes (1998) came up with three theses: raising a child, discipline and death, to mention a few.
• Customs, practices and moral beliefs vary from culture to culture
Standards tend to vary from community to community even within a
• Morality depends on human nature, human condition and specific
particular society. Knowledge of other societies’ practices have brought tolerance and a
social and cultural circumstances
greater understanding for the culture of others.
• Morality or rightness and wrongness may vary from person to
person and culture to culture. However knowing this may mean that we cannot argue that the moralities of
➢ This mean that what we may be right for one culture may be considered our culture alone are true for we now know that other cultures have their own
wrong in another. This is known as relativism. The idea of relativism offers definition of morality. Having this in mind, could cultural relativism then be accepted
no information about which behavior and practices are right or wrong, good as basis in determining the morality of Vaugh (2008) presented the following
or bad but it tells us that behavior or practices may both be right and wrong arguments on cultural relativism:
at the same time. The impact that our culture has on moral judgment is 1. People’s judgment of right and wrong/good and bad differ from culture to
known as cultural relativism. culture.
➢ Cultural Relativism is the view that a particular behavior may be judged as 2. If right and wrong are relative to culture, there are no universal moral
morally right if one’s culture approves of it. Morality or the perception that principles.
an action is morally right or wrong is, therefore, relative to cultures. Thus, 3. Therefore, right and wrong are relative to culture and there are no universal
Tribal Scarring of Women, for example may be morally right in one culture moral principles.
but morally wrong in another.
➢ The implication of this view is that cultures cannot be wrong that is incapable
of making mistakes (i.e., it is infallible -reliable) in its moral judgments.
Individuals who question cultural morality based on this view can never be
morally right and cultures cannot be legitimately criticized for its moral
judgments. When different individuals or groups make different judgments
about the same behavior/act, both may be correct. If it is up to each culture to
determine moral rightness, what would happen then to universal morality?
➢ The idea of a universal morality is the reason why many oppose cultural
relativism. Many people believe that acceptance of cultural relativism would
lead to the erosion of moral standards. If people are led to believe that right
Moral character or character is an evaluation of an individual's stable moral 2. Walk Your Talk
qualities. The concept of character can imply a variety of attributes including the One great question to ask yourself each day is: “If I were the only example
existence or lack of virtues such as empathy, courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty, or my child had to learn moral habits, what did she learn today from watching me?” The
of good behaviors or habits. answer can be quite revealing. By watching your choices and hearing your casual
comments, kids learn our moral standards.
Moral character primarily refers to the assemblage of qualities that distinguish one
individual from another—although on a cultural level, the set of moral behaviors to Make sure the moral behaviors your kids are picking up on are ones that you
which a social group adheres can be said to unite and define it culturally as distinct want your kids to copy. How many of these messages apply to you? Do you…
from others. Psychologist Lawrence Pervin defines moral character as "a disposition
to express behavior in consistent patterns of functions across a range of ➢ Eat a “sample” from a store’s candy bin in front of your child without paying?
situations". Similarly, the philosopher George refers to moral character as the “sum of ➢ Buy a ticket for a “child under twelve” even though your child is older?
one’s moral habits and dispositions.” ➢ Drive faster than the speed limit with your child as a passenger?
➢ Tell your child to say you’re not there when your boss calls?
Seven Ways to Build Strong Character and Integrity in Children ➢ Do the majority of your child’s work on a school project, but have him sign
his name?
1. Know What You Stand for So Your Kid Knows. ...
2. Walk Your Talk. ... 3. Share Your Moral Beliefs and Take Stands
3. Share Your Moral Beliefs and Take Stands. ... Speaking frequently to your child about values is called direct moral teaching.
4. Ask Moral Questions to Stretch Moral Development. ... Parents who raise ethical kids do it a lot. So look for moral issues and talk about them
5. Boost Empathy. ... as they come up: from TV shows and news events to situations at home, school, and
6. Reinforce Assertiveness Not Compliance. ... friends. Tell your kids how you feel about the issue and why.
7. Teach Assertive Skills. Share examples of morally courageous heroes such as Rosa Parks, Pee Wee
Reece, Harriet Tubman, Abe Lincoln. There are wonderful books and videos in your
1. Know What You Stand for So Your Kid Knows local library that you can share with your child.
Parents with clearly identified moral convictions are more likely to raise good Most important: Stand up for your own beliefs whenever you feel a major
kids. Because their kids know what their parents stand for and why they do, their kids value is jeopardized. Your kid needs to see and hear about moral courage so he has an
are more likely to adopt their parents’ beliefs. So begin by asking yourself what virtues example to copy.
and moral beliefs matter most to you. Make a list, then narrow them to your top three.
These will become your personal moral code and guide you in how you will raise your 4. Ask Moral Questions to Stretch Moral Development
child. It’s also the best way to help your child develop his own moral beliefs. Questioning is an important parenting tool for enhancing children’s
consciences and strengthening moral beliefs. The right kind of questions can help kids
Here are five quick questions to gauge how well you are parenting solid moral expand their ability to take another perspective and ask themselves: “Is this the right
beliefs in your child: thing to do?” Both are critical precursors to taking any moral stand.

• You can quickly name the 3-5 virtues you want most for your child to acquire. Here are a few questions parents can ask that stretch your kid’s moral thinking:
• Your child could name the virtues you believe in most without prompting.
• You reinforce your child whenever he shows your selected virtues in his “How would you feel if someone treated you that way?” “If you don’t follow through
behavior. on your word, what do you think would happen?” “If everybody acted that way (i.e.
• Your child can clearly see your chosen virtues in your daily behavior. cheated, shoplifted) what would happen?”
• You use those virtues as your day to day code of ethical behavior and family
living. 5. Boost Empathy
Kids who stick up for others are kids who feel for others. Empathy is what
motivates that feeling, halts cruel behavior and urges kids to take a stand.
 Here are two powerful ways to nurture empathy: MORAL DILEMMA

• Ask: How would you feel? Ask kids to ponder how another person feels DILEMMAS
using situations in books, TV, and movies as well as real life. It forces them to
- are situations in which moral reasons come into conflict, or in which the
think about other peoples’ concerns.
• Use role playing. It helps kids imagine others’ feelings so ask your child to application of moral values are problems, and one is not clear of the
think how the other person would feel if roles were reversed. “Switch sides: immediate choice or solution of the problems.
what would the other person say and do?” Young kids can use puppets or toy - Moral reasons could be rights, duties, goods or obligations. These situations
figures to act out the problem from both sides. do not mean that things had gone wrong, but they only indicate the presence
of moral complexity. This makes the decision making complex.
6. Reinforce Assertiveness Not Compliance Ex.
If you want to raise a child who can stand up for his beliefs, then reinforce
A person promised to meet a friend and dine, but he has to help his uncle who
assertiveness—not compliance.
is involved in an accident --- one has to fix the priority.
Encourage him to share his opinions and stand up for what is right. And do so There are three complex situations leading to moral dilemmas:
from early age so he can weather the storm of negative peer influence.
Parents who raise morally courageous kids expect their kids to act morally—even 1. The problem of vagueness: One is unable to distinguish between good and
demand that they do. bad and (right or wrong) principle. Good means an action that is obligatory.
Ex. Code of ethics specifies that one should obey the laws and follow
7. Teach Assertive Skills
The truth is that it takes real moral strength to go against peer pressure and to standards. Refuse bribe or accept the gift, and maintain confidentiality.
stick up for your beliefs. So teach your child assertive skills so he can take the right
kind of stand whenever he’s confronted with a moral dilemma. 2. The problem of conflicting reasons: One is unable to choose between two
good moral solutions.
Here are three ways to boost moral courage: Ex. One has to fix priority, through knowledge or value system.

❖ Teach assertive posture. Teach your kid to stand up for his beliefs by using 3. The problem of disagreement: there may be two or more solutions and none
confident, assertive posture: stand tall with feet slightly apart, head held high, of them mandatory. These solutions may be better or worse in some aspects
and look the person straight in the eye.
but not in all aspects.
❖ Say no firmly. Stress that he must say his beliefs using a friendly, but
determined voice. Then don’t give in. Ex.One has to interpret, apply different morally reasons, and analyze and rank
His job is not to try changing the other person’s mind, but to follow the decisions. Select the best suitable, under the existing and the most
his beliefs. probable conditions.

❖ Tell reasons why. Ask your child to give the person the reason for his stand.
It helps strengthen his conviction: “Stop bullying him; it’s cruel.” Or “No, it’s After obtaining hundreds of responses to moral dilemmas, one
illegal and wrong.” Repeating the belief several times boosts assertiveness groundbreaking cognitive-developmental psychologist, Lawrence Kohlberg,
and helps your child not back down from his stand. proposed that the development of moral reasoning is characterized by a
Keep in mind that your child’s moral growth is an ongoing process that will sequence of six stages grouped into three general levels of morality:
span the course of her lifetime. The moral knowledge, beliefs, and habits you preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. The table below lists
instill in her now will become the foundation she’ll use forever.
and describes Kohlberg's three levels and six stages of moral reasoning.
Level Age Range Stage Nature of Moral Reasoning extremely rare appropriate behavior. Rules are
People make decisions based on even in adults) seen as potentially useful
Seen in preschool mechanisms that can maintain
what is best for themselves,
children, most the general social order and
Stage 1: without regard for others' needs
elementary school protect individual rights, rather
Level I: Punishment- or feelings. They obey rules
students, some than as absolute dictates that
Preconventional avoidance only if established by more
junior high school must be obeyed simply because
Morality and powerful individuals; they may
students, and a they are "the law." People also
obedience disobey if they aren't likely to
few high school recognize the flexibility of
get caught. "Wrong" behaviors
students rules; rules that no longer serve
are those that will be punished.
People recognize that others society's best interests can and
also have needs. They may try should be changed.
to satisfy others' needs if their Stage 6 is a hypothetical,
Stage 2: own needs are also met ("you "ideal" stage that few people
Exchange of scratch my back, I'll scratch ever reach. People in this stage
favors yours"). They continue to define adhere to a few abstract,
right and wrong primarily in universal principles (e.g.,
Stage 6:
terms of consequences to equality of all people, respect
Universal
themselves. for human dignity, commitment
ethical
People make decisions based on to justice) that transcend
Seen in a few principle
what actions will please others, specific norms and rules. They
older elementary answer to a strong inner
especially authority figures and
school students, conscience and willingly
other individuals with high
some junior high disobey laws that violate their
status (e.g., teachers, popular
Level II: school students, Stage 3: own ethical principles.
peers). They are concerned
Conventional and many high Good
about maintaining relationships Sources: Colby & Kohlberg, 1
Morality school students boy/girl
through sharing, trust, and
(Stage 4 typically MORALS:
loyalty, and they take other
does not appear Morals are the rules that govern which actions are right and which are wrong.
people's perspectives and
until the high A morals can be for all of society or an individual's beliefs. Sometimes a moral can be
intentions into account when
school years)
making decisions. gleaned from a story or experience.
People look to society as a
whole for guidelines about right Examples:
or wrong. They know rules are Generosity: willingness to give resources, help or time to others.
necessary for keeping society Honesty: being truthful and sincere. Integrity: sticking to your moral and ethical
Stage 4: running smoothly and believe it principles and values.
Law and is their "duty" to obey them. Kindness: being considerate and treating others well.
order However, they perceive rules to
be inflexible; they don't
necessarily recognize that as Here are some examples of morals in society:
society's needs change, rules
should change as well. • Do not gossip
Level II: Rarely seen Stage 5: People recognize that rules • Tell the truth
Postconventional before college Social represent agreements among • Do not vandalize property
Morality (Stage 6 is contract many individuals about • Have courage
• Do not have sex before marriage 2)Select a model
• Keep your promises According to the book, Moral Issues in Business, ethical theories can be divided
• Do not cheat into two classifications: consequential theories (the formal term for these
• Treat others as you want to be treated is teleological theories) and non-consequential theories (formal name is deontological
• Be trustworthy theories).
• Do not judge
The following is not a complete list of ethical theories, but it certainly covers the most
• Be dependable
significant ones for business people.
• Respect others
• Be forgiving Consequential theories
• Keep your self control With consequential theories, actions are judged by outcomes. If an action results in a
• Have integrity positive result, it is morally right. If not, it is wrong.
• Be accountable and take responsibility Egoism – An act is moral if it promotes your best long-term interest.
• Have patience
• Be loyal Non-consequential theories
• Have respect for yourself According to non-consequential theories, a factor (single rule non-consequential
• Be tolerant of differences theories) or factors (multiple rule non-consequential theories) other than the outcome
• Seek justice should be considered when faced with an ethical dilemma.
• Have humility
• Serve mankind 3)Use a problem-solving process
• Be generous Now you know your values and you have a model with which to apply them.
The remaining piece is to follow an orderly process to solve the problem, because not
The Ten Commandments are the basis for many of society’s morals:
all ethical dilemmas are simple.
1. Do not have any gods before me We recommend that you SOLVE IT! That’s our acronym for the timeless problem-
2. Do not make for yourself a graven image solving process. When you follow a process such as this to solve an ethical dilemma,
3. Do not take the name of the Lord your God in vain or any problem for that matter, you feel good about your ultimate decision. You know
4. Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy you’ve considered all of the alternatives and chosen the best alternative under the
5. Honor your father and mother circumstances.
6. Do not kill
7. Do no commit adultery
8. Do not steal
9. Do not bear false witness against your neighbor
10. Do not covet your neighbor’s wife or possessions

3 steps to solving ethical dilemmas

1) Know your values
There are certain values about which society agrees. For example, we tend to
value honesty. Our discussion here isn’t designed to change your values – instead, it’s
about applying them. Before you can apply them, you have to know what they are.
If you haven’t formally contemplated your values, or even if you haven’t thought about
it for awhile, check out our article on core values.
Application: Create your list of core values.
 Cultural Shock
What is cultural shock? • Excitement or initial euphoria: everything is new and different, you are
fascinated with the food and the people.
Cultural shock is the trauma you experience when we move into a culture different • Crisis or disenchantment: your excitement has turned to disappointment as you
from your home culture. encounter more and more differences between your own culture and new culture.
• Adjustment: you begin to accept the new culture or you return home.
Cultural Shock is a Communication problem that involves frustration
• Acceptance or adaptation: you feel at home in the new culture, become involved
• Not understanding verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture in activities of the culture, cultivate friendship among the nationals, and feel
• Lack of food comfortable in social situation with people from the host culture.
• Unacceptable standard of cleanliness • Reentry: is experienced on returning to the home country and may follow the
• Different bathroom facilities stages identified earlier; initial, crisis, adjustment, and acceptance or adaptation.
• Fear of personal safety

There are five progressive stages of Asia Shock that is identified by U Curve
Engholm (1991)
1. Frustration with the culture: Feeling annoy with the food, language etc.
2. Unwilling to understand the rationale behind the local way of doing thing: don’t
try to understand the basis of the behavior.
3. Ethnocentricity: the thinking that base on only our own culture and race.
4. Racism: the belief that the qualities your own race is the best
5. Avoidance of the culture: don’t accept the host culture

Five strategies for coping with the new culture is identified by

Brislin(1881).
1. Unacceptance of the host culture: the think that they are in their home culture.
2. Substitution: the people find and another things instead of what they normal use or
do in their home culture.
3. Addition: they add some behavior and still maintain their home culture.
4. Synthesis: something that different are combined.
5. Resynthesis: the different idea from integration

Stage of Cultural Shock

Cultural Sock generally goes through five stages

1. Excitement or initial euphoria

2. Crisis or disenchantment
3. Adjustment
4. Acceptance or adaptation
5. Reentry
 Alleviating Cultural Shock
W Curve Alleviating Cultural Shock is the reducing cultural shock by selecting employee for
overseas assignment who possess certain personal and professional qualification.

• Selecting oversea personnel

• Providing predeparture training for host country
• Providing feedback and rewards
• Developing employees to their maximum potential

Selecting oversea personnel: is the process of looking for candidates who already
have such qualification as language proficiency and overseas experience.

Providing predeparture training for host country: is learning principle that affect
the success of training programing for globle manager.

Providing predeparture training for host country can be broken down into
three steps
• Observing and Emulating behaviors of person in the host culture
W Curve • Retaining what has been learn
• Experimenting with the new behavior until it become comfortable

Approaches to intercultural training may group as follows:

• The intellectual model or the classroom model: participants are given facts
about the host country using a variety of instructional methods, such as
lectures, group discussions, and videotapes.
• The area training model or the simulation model: emphasize affective
goals, culture-specific content, and experiential processes.
• The self-awareness model or the human relation model: is based on the
assumption that the trainee with self-understanding will adapt to the new
culture better and therefore be more affective in the overseas assignment.
• The cultural awareness model: emphasize cultural insight, and like the self-
awareness model, stresses affective goals and an experiential process.
• The interaction approach: is based on participants’ interacting with people
in the host country, either nationals or U.S. persons who has been in the host
country for an extended time.
• The multidimensional approach: is based on the concept that using any
single training approach is not as affective as using an approach that attempts
to combine cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of training.
 Financial Matters: is adapting to a new culture and reentering the home culture
involve financial adjustments, companies should provide financial consoling both to
Providing feedback and rewards: expatriates and repatriates.
• Global manager need feedback and rewards just as manager in home culture Public and Private Self
do.
1. Reward system for global managers include special allowance for Public self may include information about
housing/utilities/furnishing, cost-of-living, hardship, education, home-leave,
relocation, medical, car and driver, club membership, and taxes. • person’s work
• family
Developing employees to their maximum potential: • interested or opinion on political and social issues.

the company should make clear the reason for the new assignment, what new skill and Private self may include information about
knowledge will be learn, and how the employee will contribute to the company’s
development upon his or her return. • attitude
• feeling
Aspects of Cultural Shock include 4 main points:
The Johari Window model was devised by American psychologists Joseph Luft and
1. Cultural Stress Harry Ingham. This window talk about the inner self is share with other.
2. Social Alienation
3. Social Class and Poverty / Wealth Extremes
4. Financial Matters

Cultural Stress: is a stress that results from contact with a different culture and the
lack of resources to manage the situation.

• First window: public self

Known both to the person and to other
Social Alienation: is the feelings of loneliness associated with being isolated from • Second window: blind spots
friends and the home culture. Known to other but not to the person
Social class and poverty/wealth extremes: mentors in host culture can be helpful in • Third window: hidden self
advising U.S. persons regarding acceptable ways of dealing with poverty/wealth Known to person but is unknown to other
extremes. • Fourth window: unconscious self
Unknown both to the other and to the person
 DEVELOPING LEADERS FOR COMMUNITY SERVICE STYLES OF LEADERSHIP
THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
“CHARACTERISTS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAM”
COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP Values Diverse Opinion
• Community service leaders are appointed to take responsibility for the well-being • A servant leader values everyone's contributions and regularly seeks out opinions
and development of their local communities. from a wide group of diverse people.
INITIATION AND SPREAD OF INTEREST • The servant leader recognizes the value that others bring to solving a problem.
• Initiation and the spread of interest occurs when residents from across the Cultivate a Culture of Trust
community identify common needs.
• Specifically, leadership opportunities have generally been initiated when an issue • A culture of trust is built on mutual respect, communication, and a shared
has been identified; leaders have tended to emerge through the initiation and commitment to success. It takes time to develop trust within a classmates or
spread of interest around an issue. schoolplace, but it is worth the effort. A culture of trust can lead to increased
productivity, creativity, and engagement.
ORGANIZATION OF SPONSORSHIP
Develop Other Leaders
• When a satisfactory level of awareness has been established, community leaders
have been shown to move their efforts into an involvement and participation • It is about nurturing team members, empowering them to become leaders. It
phase, or establishing an organization of sponsorship. creates a culture of leadership development, fostering collaboration and
• According to the literature, one of the most critical first steps has been to empowerment within the organization.
appropriately plan and organize. In so doing, leaders have been found to Encourages
provide order, clarity and structure..
As a servant leader, you can encourage your team in the following ways:
GOAL SETTING AND STRATEGY FORMULATION
• Set a clear vision and goals. Help your team understand the bigger picture and
• Based on a successful effort to increase involvement and participation, community how their work contributes to the overall goals of the organization.
leaders have been shown to move into a decision making phase, specifically, • Empower your team members. Give them the authority to make decisions and take
setting goals and formulating a strategy. Goal setting and pressure have been ownership of their work.
associated with higher levels performance • Provide support and guidance. Be available to answer questions, offer feedback,
RECRUITMENT and help your team members overcome challenges.
• Celebrate successes. Recognize and reward your team members for their
• Effective leaders have been shown to initiate recruitment through interaction and contributions.
inspiring others. For example, leaders attend to the needs of others through • Create a positive and supportive work environment. Foster a sense of camaraderie
empathy and consideration. and trust among team members.
• Be a role model. Demonstrate the behaviors you want to see in your team
IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGY AND PLANS members.
• According to the literature, leaders have been found to gain a final consensus prior • Be a good listener. Take the time to listen to your team members' concerns and
to implementation of plans. In particular, leaders have combined informing and ideas.
communication to facilitate the implementation of strategies and plans. • Be willing to learn. Be open to feedback from your team members and be willing
to change your approach if necessary
• By being a servant leader, we can create a team that is motivated, engaged, and
productive.
Think long term ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
• Servant leaders have a long-term perspective and consider the future well-being of ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
the team and its members, not just short-term gains.
Through the process of environmental education, people can learn about environmental
STYLES OF LEADERSHIP problems, solve them, and take steps to protect the environment.
“CHARACTERISTS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAM AS COMMUNITY Goals and Objectives of Environmental Education
BUILDERS”
• To have an environmentally literate and responsible citizenry who will ensure the
Creative and Analytical protection and the improvement of the environment.
• Develop a sympathetic attitude towards the diversity and sustainability of
• Creativity helps analytical people move away from the small points and think big
resources for the survival and stability of life.
picture.
• Encouraging learners' awareness, knowledge, attitudes, capacities, and
• Analytical skills help you assess information and facts, problem-solve, and participation in addressing environmental problems, challenges, and concerns.
implement the best solutions. • Evaluate the whole of the environment, including its natural and built
characteristics, as well as its technological and societal dimensions.
Strategic and Empathetic
Environmental education must be…
A. Strategic leaders balance a company's operations with growth opportunities,
requiring vision, competitive awareness, and adaptability. • Experiential
-It uses a variety of approaches in environments or communities.
B. Empathetic leaders are genuine in their team members' lives, challenges, and
• Future Oriented
feelings, offering support and understanding.
-Refers to an emphasis on preparing individuals, particularly students, for the
Listeners and Communicators environmental challenges and opportunities they will face in the future.
• Action Oriented
• Leaders must also be good listeners. When leaders don't listen they stop gaining -An action or a solution to a real environmental situation such as problems and
wisdom, team members stop communicating, etc. and while the communicators issues that are happening in the present time.
involves all of the ways the leaders of an organization deliver messages internally • Globally Oriented
and externally that build and reinforce its culture/core values, vision, mission, and -Involves recognizing the interconnectedness of people, ideas, cultures,
strategic priorities. economies, and issues across national and regional boundaries.
• It includes both what they communicate and how they communicate it. • Holistic
-An approach or perspective that considers the whole system, entity, or individual,
rather than breaking it down into isolated parts.
• Interdisciplinary
-Educational approach that draws on multiple academic disciplines and
perspectives to address environmental issues.
• Issue Oriented
-Designed to engage students and individuals in addressing specific environmental
issues, such as climate change, pollution, habitat loss, or resource depletion.
Factors that affect the Environment
Technology Mining

A medium for the destruction of our environment through human exploitation. Mining is when we dig deep underground to get minerals or fossil fuels but it is not
good for the environment.
Ex.
Types of Mining
o Pollution
o Consuming resources o Open Pit Mining
o Waste -Disrupting ecology o Dredging
o Health hazards o Strip Mining
o Carbon emissions
Transportation
o Toxic technotrash
Transportation has significant impacts on the environment, including...
Humans
Ex.
The most significant agent of environmental change on earth. our intellectual capacity
has made it possible to explore our environment to make changes on our environment. o Greenhouse Gas Emission
o Air pollution
POSITIVE EFFECTS
o Habitat Distraction
o Technology innovation o Noise Pollution
o Sustainable agriculture o Resource Consumption
o Eco-friendly practices o Oil Spill
o Environmental Awareness o Land Use
o Renewable energy adoption o Water Pollution
o Invasive Species Spread
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Global Warming
o Loss of coastal reefs
o Soil erosion Defined as the warming of the earth's lower atmosphere because of increases in the
o Climate change concentrations of one or more greenhouse gasses primarily as a result of one or more
o Deforestation changes in any aspects of the earth including temperature, precipitation, and storm
activity.
Population and consumption
Identified ways in managing global climate change
Population and resources have a strong relationship with one another. The growth and
decline of population affects the availability of natural resources. o Mitigation
o Adaptation
Agriculture

Traditional agricultural practice, slash and burn, and shifting agriculture has led to
deforestation and a decline in land quality.

Ex.

o Water Depletion
o Pesticide Pollution
 CLASSIFICATION AND SOURCES OF POLLUTION Examples of Non bio-degradable pollutants

What is Pollutants? plastics, polythene bags, insecticides, pesticides, mercury, lead,arsenic, metal articles
like aluminum cans, synthetic fibers, glass objects, iron products and silver foils are
Pollution is defined as the existence of impurities or pollutant substances in sufficient non-biodegradable pollutants.
concentration levels, causing harmful effects on human beings, animals, plant life or
material resources when exposed for a sufficient duration of time, thus reducing the List of Industries causing different types of pollution:
quality of life in the environment.

A. Quantitative Pollutants-

The substances that are not present in the environment naturally but are created by
humans and cause pollution in the environment come under this category. For example,
pesticides, insecticides.

B. Qualitative Pollutants-

are those substances which are naturally present in the environment but are termed as
pollutants when their concentration (quantity) increases in the environment due to
anthropogenic activities.

On the basis of the form in which they persist

A. Primary Pollutants
AIR POLLUTION
Primary pollutants are any type of pollutant directly into the environment. Their effects
can be harmful to humans, animals and plants. Examples are smoke, fumes, ash, dust, Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical,
nitric oxide and sulphur dioxide. physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.

B. Secondary Pollutants Sources of air pollution

The substances which are formed by chemical reaction between the primary pollutants Natural pollution - volcanic eruptions, forest fires, biological
and constituents of the environment (i.e. those which are already present in the Man - made activities, Thermal power plants, agricultural activities
environment).
WATER POLLUTION
On the Basis of Disposal
It may be defined as “the alteration in physical, chemical and biological characteristics
a) Bio-Degradable Pollutants- of water which may cause harmful effects on human and aquatic life.
These pollutants are natural organic substances which can be decomposed or consumed Types, effects and sources of water pollution
by natural microbial or biological processes and converted into CO2, water, or simple
organic molecules. 1. Infectious agents: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms.
Sources: Human and animal wastes.
b) Non-Bio-degradable Pollutants- Effects: Variety of diseases.
The pollutants which don’t decompose naturally or decompose slowly eg. DDT, 2. Oxygen demanding wastes: Animal manure and plant debris that can be
Aluminum cans. decomposed by aerobic bacteria.
Sources: Sewage, paper mills, and food processing facilities.
 Effects: Wastes can degrade quality by depleting water of dissolved oxygen. Thermal pollution
3. In organic Chemicals: Water soluble inorganic chemicals. Compounds of
toxic metals such as lead, arsenic and selenium. Salts such as Nacl in ocean It may be defined as the “addition of excess of undesirable heat to water that makes it
water. harmful to man, animal or aquatic life or otherwise causes significant departures from
Effects: Genetic mutations, birth defects and certain cancers. the normal activities of aquatic communities in water”

SOIL POLLUTION 1.Sources of thermal pollution

It may be defined as “the contamination of soul by human and natural activities which o Nuclear power plants
may cause harmful effects on living beings”. o Coal fired power plants
o Industrial effluents
5 TYPES OF SOURCE IN SOIL POLLUTION o Domestic sewage
o Hydroelectric power
1. Industrial Wastes
4. Urban Wastes 2 .Effects of thermal pollution
5. Agricultural Practices
6. Radioactive Pollutants o Reduction in dissolved oxygen
7. Biological Agents o Increase in Toxicity Interference with biological activities
o Interference with reproduction
Marine pollution and Sources of marine pollution o Direct mortality
o Food storage for fish.
It may be defined as “the discharge of waste substances into the sea resulting in harm
to living resources hazards to human health, hindrance to fishery and impairment of 3 Control measures of thermal pollution
quality for use of sea water”.
o Cooling towers - This is used as a coolant wet cooling tower, dry cooling
The coastal zones contain rich heritage, coral reefs, wetlands, and sea grass beds. tower.
o Cooling ponds and spray ponds.
Noise pollution and Sources of Noise pollution o Artificial lakes – The heated effluents can be discharged into the lake at one
end and the water for cooling purposes from the other end
It may be defined as “the unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound that causes
discomfort for all living beings” Nuclear hazards and Sources of Nuclear hazards
Types of noise are the potential risks or dangers posed by activities related to nuclear energy. Sources
o Industrial noise of nuclear hazards include nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons, nuclear waste, and
o Transport noise nuclear accidents. Nuclear hazards can include radiation exposure, contamination of
o Neighborhood noise air, water, and soil, and the release of hazardous materials.

Effects of Noise pollution

o This affects human health, comfort and efficiency.

o It causes muscles to contract leading to nervous breakdown, tension.
o It affects health efficiency and behavior.
o In addition to serious loss of hearing due to excessive noise, impulsive noise
also causes psychological and pathological disorders.
o Brain is also adversely affected by loud and sudden noise as that of jet and
aero plane noise.
 Garbology & The Four R's of Waste Management REDUCE

Garbology This emphasizes the prevention of waste generation in the first place. It involves using
fewer resources, buying products with less packaging, and being mindful of
Garbology is the study of modern refuse and trash as well as the use of trash cans, consumption to reduce the overall amount of waste produced.
compactors and various types of trash can liners.
how can we recude waste?
Garbage Management and Disposal Activities CWTS students can help in the
proper management and disposal of wastes by doing the following: Waste prevention or source reduction means consuming and throwing away less
itindudes.
• Reuse items whenever possible
• Encourage source reduction • Purchasing durable long lasting goods
• Compost the natural degradable organic wastes • Seeking products and packaging that are as free of toxics as possible
• Reuse and recycle plastics • Redesigning products is useless raw material in production have a longer life;or be
• Reuse returnable and refillable glass bottles used again.
• Wash and reuse plastic and silverware plates. Use paper plates instead of REUSE
Styrofoam containers.
• Save paper whenever possible — reuse paper bags, use scrap paper for notes Reusing items rather than discarding them can significantly reduce waste. This
• Reuse paper or plastic bags includes repairing, refurbishing, or finding new uses for items to extend their lifespan.
• Share newspapers, magazines and other reading materials with others
how can we reuse waste?
• Conduct garage sale or charity pick-ups
• Carry your own clean cups, forks, knives, spoons, plastic straw Reusing items by preparing them, donating them to charities and community groups, or
• Do not use the incinerator selling them also reduces waste by reusing products. When possible, it is even better
than recycling because it does not need to be reprocessed before it can be used again.
Nature of Biodegradable and Non - biodegradable Wastes
RECYCLE
Biodegradable wastes or organic wastes such as food wastes, lawn clippings, plant
and animal wastes, and the like are usually compostable, and can be reused as feeds, Recycling involves collecting and processing materials (such as paper, glass, plastic,
fermentable fuel and fertilizers. and metals) to make new products. It helps conserve resources and reduce the
environmental impact of extracting and processing raw materials.
Non-biodegradable wastes (such as metals, plastics, glass and so on) are factory
returnable and can serve as potential sources of livelihood projects ranging from what can be recycled?
basketry to woodcraft
The main products that can be recycled are paper, cardboard, glass, aluminum, tin and
FOUR R'S OF WASTE MANAGEMENT plastic containers.

• REDUCE Composting and worm farms are methods of recycling organic waste.
• RECYCLE
RECOVER
• REUSE
• REPAIR Recovery encompasses various waste-to-energy and resource recovery methods. This
includes converting waste into energy, like incineration, and extracting valuable
materials from waste streams, such as composting organic materials.
What can be recover? Alcoholism: Definition of Alcohol & Alcoholic
As an illustration, waste oils that cannot be purified for use in automobiles can be Important Words
burned to recover energy. Our reliance on coal and foreign oil is reduced by using
waste oil to generate energy. 1. Alcohol
The liquid courage, a distilled or fermented drink that can make you drunk.
Simple and effective ways of practicing the Four R'S Personal Waste 2. Alcoholism
Management The alcohol dependence, a chronic disease, the body's physical inability to stop
Education and Awareness: drinking and the presence of alcohol cravings.
3. Alcoholic
• Stay informed about local waste management practices and regulations. Containing or relating to alcoholic liquor, A person who is affected with or is
• Educate yourself and your family on the importance of responsible waste suffering from alcoholism.
management. 4. Alcohol Abuse
• Encourage others to adopt the Four R's. The alcohol misuse, a pattern of drinking too much alcohol too often.

Conscious Consumption: Alcohol

• Think before you buy, considering the lifecycle of products and their “That's the problem with drinking, I thought, as I poured myself a drink. If something
environmental impact. bad happens you drink in an attempt to forget; if something good happens you drink in
• Support companies that prioritize sustainable and eco-friendly products. order to celebrate; and if nothing happens you drink to make something happen.”

Reduce Single-Use Items: — Charles Bukowski, Women

• Use reusable items like water bottles, shopping bags, and coffee cups. How does it affect a person?
• Say no to disposable plastics like straws and cutlery
It is a central nervous system depressant that is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and
Waste Audit: small intestine into the bloodstream. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by enzymes;
however, the liver can only metabolize a small amount of alcohol at a time, leaving
• Periodically assess your waste to identify areas for improvement. the excess alcohol to circulate throughout the body. The intensity of the effect of
• Set waste reduction goals and track your progress. alcohol on the body is directly related to the amount consumed.
Community Involvement: “I think the warning labels on alcoholic beverages are too bland. They should be more
vivid. Here is one I would suggest: "Alcohol will turn you into the same asshole your
• Participate in or support local waste reduction and recycling initiatives. father was.”
• Advocate for responsible waste management practices in your community.
― George Carlin, When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops?

Beer, wine and vodka are all kinds of alcohol.

Scientifically, ALCOHOL is a liquid made up of distilled hydrocarbons that's

also known as ethyl alcohol or ethanol — the same stuff found in solvents and car fuel.
Three Important Distinctions Types of Drinkers
Use 1. The Moderate
Moderately consuming alcohol and does not cause much problems.
Refers to a simple use of substance. An individual who drinks any alcoholic beverage 2. The Problem
or is using alcohol. Drinking will impair
Moderate Use health, affect peace of mind, family disruption, loss of reputation, and drinking
becomes a routine.
Defined as no more than two alcoholic beverages per day for men and no more than
one alcoholic beverage for women. More than 6% of Adults

Abuse in the U.S. have an alcohol use disorder, about 1 in 12 men and 1 in 25 women.

Often used to any illegal use of any substance, and is sometimes used to refer to the Common Question
use that may cause in long-term health problems.
What is it like to get drunk?
Alcoholism The effects of alcohol and getting drunk can vary significantly from person to person
“That's the problem with drinking, I thought, as I poured myself a drink. If something and depends on several factors, including the individual's tolerance, body weight, the
bad happens you drink in an attempt to forget; if something good happens you drink in type and quantity of alcohol consumed, and their overall health.
order to celebrate; and if nothing happens you drink to make something happen.” • Impaired Brain Function
— Charles Bukowski, Women • Dilation of Blood Vesels
• Increased Risk for certain Cancers,
The Signs and Symptoms of Alcohol Dependence • Stroke, and Liver Diseases
• Dangerous to Pregnant Women
1. Strong Craving
• Increased Risk of Motor-vehicle Crashes, violence and other injuries
It can lead to a cycle of increased consumption, even when the individual is aware
of the negative consequences. Why do people react differently to alcohol then others?
2. Continued Use
Despite repeated physical, psychological, or intrapersonal problems. It indicates a Individual reactions to alcohol may vary and are influenced by many factors:
loss of control over consumption.
• Age and Gender
3. Inability to Limit
Recognizing the inability to limit drinking is a crucial step in understanding the • Race or Ethnicity
seriousness of the issue and the need for intervention. • Physical Condition (weight, fitness level, etc.)
• Amount of Food Consumed before drinking
Alcoholic • Speed of Alcohol Consumption
• Use of Drugs or Prescription Medicines
“In the months before I got sober, I knew something was wrong with me, that I was
• Family History of Alcohol Problems
spiraling into an abyss, but I was too far gone to seek help. By the time I had a moment
of clarity, it was a full-blown revelation: I had become an obstacle to my own Alcohol Abuse
happiness.”
“When you have your health, you have everything. When you do not have your health,
— Book "The Night of the Gun" by David Carr nothing else matters at all.”

— Book "Dry" by Augusten Burroughs

Downsides & Side Effects have serious consequences for an individual's health, well-being, and quality of
life. Seeking help and support is important for those struggling with these issues.
1st Factor
Alcoholic
Genetic
Physical Dependence, Craving and Loss of Control, Tolerance, Neglecting
It runs in families, children of alcoholics consume 4x more than children of non- Responsibilities, and Failed Attempts to Quit
alcoholics.
Alcohol Abuse
2nd Factor
Pattern of Behavior, Consequences, and Control, "The first step to getting somewhere
Psychological is to decide that you are not going to stay where you are."
This includes poor stress management skills, loneliness, desire to escape Disorganized Personality
reality, emotionally immature, low frustration tolerance, trauma, inferiority, and
disorders like depression and anxiety. Elliot and Merrill's 5 Stages

3rd Factor 1. Morning Drinking

people who feels necessary to push them throughout the day
Personality Disorders 2. Escape Drinking
Childhood history of anti-social personality disorder and common cyclothymic when a person is not able to face reality of problems without the help of the
personalities. alcohol
3. Increased Consumption
Downsides & Side Effects gets decreased social value and feels that he cannot survive without alcohol
4. Drinking & Social Functions
Social Factors when drinking becomes an absolute necessity in a social gathering
• overcrowding, influence of a bad company, cinemas, literature, peer pressure 5. Extreme Behavior
drinks excessively and behaves indiscriminately (ex. Fighting, abusing, throwing
• urbanization, religious reasons, unemployment, and poor social support
things, beating people, absurd and dangerous behaviors)
Occupational Factors
Drug Substance Prevention
• heavy vehicle drivers, manual workers, physical exhaustion
This involves understanding the risks, resisting peer pressure, staying informed,
• poverty and unemployment (poets, waiters, painters, commercial, musicians,
developing healthy coping mechanisms, and seeking help when needed.
reporters are at greater risk)
Understanding Drugs
Other Factors
Substances that can alter the way our bodies work and affect our mind and behavior.
• marital disharmony, easy availability
They can be legal (prescription or over-the-counter) or illegal (like street drugs).
• Free time, boredom, and loneliness
Why Prevent Drug Use
Difference
Can have serious health, legal, and social consequences. Prevention is essential to
The difference of ALCOHOLISM and ALCOHOL ABUSE maintain a healthy and productive life.
It's important to note that alcohol abuse can be a precursor to the development of
alcoholism. Not everyone who abuses alcohol will progress to alcoholism, but chronic
abuse can increase the risk of developing AUD. Both alcohol abuse and alcoholism can
Risk Factors Strength and Conditioning
Understand the factors that increase the risk of drug use, such as peer pressure, family Introduction
history, or mental health issues.
Strength and conditioning is a fitness approach that combines resistance training and
Seek Help aerobic exercise to improve an individual's physical performance, strength, endurance,
If you or someone you know is struggling with drug use, don't hesitate to seek and overall health.
professional help or support groups. Remember that using illegal drugs can lead to 6 Principles of strength and conditioning
criminal charges and a record that can affect future opportunities.
S&C means engaging in activity to improve performance and/or fitness; this is best
14.5 Mil accomplished by understanding general seven sports training principles: overload,
In the United States, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) reversibility, progression, individualization, periodization, and specificity.
reported that in 2020 that ages 18 and older had alcohol use disorder.
1. Individuality

People will have unique responses to the same training stimulus, due to individual
characteristics such as biological age, training age, gender, body size and shape, past
injuries etc. Thus, training should be adjusted to the individual’s characteristics and
needs.

2. Specificity

often referred to as the SAID ( specific adaptation to imposed demands ) principle,

which states that the body will specifically adapt to the type of demand placed on it.
The SAID principle says every sport poses its own unique demands and that in order to
improve skills unique to a particular sport, it’s best to practice the moves used in that
sport.

3. Overload

Training loads must be increased gradually to allow the body to adapt. Varying the
frequency, type, volume, and intensity of the training load allows the body an
opportunity to recover, and to over-compensate. Loading must continue to increase
incrementally as adaptation occurs, otherwise, the training effect will plateau and
further improvement will not occur.

4. Progression/Periodization

Overloading should occur at an optimal level and time frame to maximize

performance. Overloading too quickly may lead to poor technique or injury, while very
slow overloading may result in little or no improvements.

5. Diminishing Returns/Adaptation

An individual’s level of training determines how much improvements in performance

they achieve due to training. A novice will see huge and relatively quick gains in
performance when they begin training, however, the gains get smaller and come more CORE EXERCISES
slowly as they get more experienced.
Core exercises are a vital component of any fitness routine, as they target the muscles
6. Reversibility in your abdomen, lower back, and pelvis. These muscles play a crucial role in
stabilizing your body, maintaining good posture, and supporting various movements
The principle of reversibility suggests that any improvement in physical fitness due to
and activities.
physical activity is entirely reversible When the training stimulus is removed or
reduced. This principle suggests that regularity and consistency of physical activity are WHAT IS PLANKING?
important determinants of both fitness maintenance and continued improvement.
PLANKING
Benefits
The plank is a simple yet highly effective core exercise that helps strengthen the
Strength and conditioning programs provide improved physical performance, injury muscles in your abdominals, lower back, and even your shoulders and chest. Here's
prevention, and overall health benefits. They enhance strength, endurance, and power, how to perform a plank:
reduce injury risks, and support metabolic and cardiovascular health.
INSTRUCTION
Specifically:
• Begin by getting into a push-up position with your elbows directly beneath your
• Increase Muscle Strength shoulders and your body in a straight line from head to heels.
• Increase Muscle Endurance • Engage your core muscles and hold this position, keeping your back flat and your
• Increase Muscle Fiber Size body as straight as possible.
• Strengthened Mental Health • Aim to maintain the plank position for as long as you can, ideally starting with 20-
• Increase Natural Recruitment 30 seconds and gradually increasing the time as you build strength.
• Improves Connective Tissue Function • The plank exercise helps improve core strength, stability, and endurance. It's an
• Improves Bone Health isometric exercise, meaning you hold a static position without moving, and it
• Improves Motor Skill and Confidence to Engage Further in Physical Activity challenges your core muscles to maintain the position against gravity
• Improves Mobility and Flexibility
WHAT IS SIDE PLANKING?
What is included within a strength and conditioning program?
SIDE PLANKING
Aims to enhance technique, overall performance, and strength and endurance while
lowering the frequency and severity of sports-related injuries. The side plank, also known as the lateral plank, focuses on the muscles on the sides of
your core, particularly the obliques.
A strength and conditioning program typically includes various components, such as:
INSTRUCTION
• Strength training
• Cardiovascular conditioning • Start by lying on your side with your legs straight and one elbow directly beneath
• Flexibility training your shoulder.
• Core training • Lift your hips off the ground, creating a straight line from your head to your heels.
• Polymetrics You can choose to support your body weight on your forearm or your hand.
• Keep your core engaged and hold this position for as long as you can on each side,
General population ideally starting with 20-30 seconds and gradually increasing the time as you
become more proficient.
General population also gets same benefits if they train under some professional, and
• The side plank is excellent for strengthening the muscles that help you maintain an
may get best out of their current fitness levels too while minimizing chances of
upright posture and perform lateral movements. It also helps in improving balance
metabolic/cardio vascular disorders.
and stability.
BENEFITS OF PLANKING AND SIDE PLANKING Benefits
THERE ARE SEVERALS BENEFITS OF PLANKING AND SIDE PLANKING Regular quad-strengthening exercises improve knee extension and hip flexibility,
THESE ARE: kneecap stability, knee joint protection, jump height, athletic ability, and reduce knee
osteoarthritis risk. They also enhance balance and stability, making everyday
• Enhanced Hip Strength movements easier, such as walking, bending, and sitting. This helps reduce the risk of
• Pure Strength knee osteoarthritis.
• Balanced Muscle Development
Quad Exercises Examples
Bulgarian split squat
Strengthing quad (quadricep)
- Bulgarian split squats provide more emphasis on the knee and hip stabilizing muscles
- Introduction - than regular squats. You can make it easier on yourself by merely going halfway down.

Most quad workouts do not require any extra equipment and simple enough for • Quads, hamstrings, hips, and core were all worked out.
beginners. Whether you're new to exercise or an experienced athlete, your quadriceps
are an important muscle area to focus on. Everything from getting out of a chair to Walking lunge
walking or running involves the use of these muscles. - The walking lunge is a simple workout that helps strengthen your legs and core. You
Keeping your quads strong can assist lessen stress on your knees and enhance kneecap can make it easier on yourself by merely lunging halfway down. You can make it more
stability. It can also help your athletic performance in a variety of ways. Creating an difficult by using dumbbells.
exercise plan for your quads is not difficult. In fact, many exercises that target this • Quads, hamstrings, glutes, and core muscles were worked.
muscle group can be performed using only your body weight.
Bodyweight squat
Quadricep Muscles
- Bodyweight squats are one of the best all-around exercises for core and lower body
Vastus lateralis Muscle strength. If you find the exercise too difficult at first, you can make it easier by
- This is the largest of the four quad muscles, and it travels down the outside of your reducing the depth of the squat.
thigh. It joins your thighbone and kneecap. • Quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes, core, and spinal erectors were all worked out.
Rectus femoris Muscle Benefits of Bodyweight squat
- This muscle goes from your hip bone to your kneecap and is the primary muscle
• Build muscles
responsible for hip flexion.
• Increased strength
Vastus medialis Muscle • Improved hip mobility
• Fat burning / general health
- This muscle, located on the front of your thigh, is utilized to extend your knee and
stabilize your kneecap. Lateral lunge (side lunge)

Vastus intermedius Muscle - The lateral lunge strengthens your inner thigh in addition to your quads.

- This muscle, which is located on the front of your thigh between the other two vastus • Quads, inner thighs, hamstrings, and glutes were all worked out.
muscles, is also utilized to extend your knee.
Step-ups STRENGTHENING EXERCISE
- Step-ups are a good way to improve knee stability. The exercise is made easier by WHAT IS STRENGTHENING EXERCISE?
using a lower box.
Strengthening exercises are exercises which are designed to increase the strength of
• Quads, hips, hamstrings, calves, and core were all worked out. specific or groups of muscles.
Box jump Strengthening Exercise example:
- Box jumps are another great exercise for increasing lower-body strength. It's advised • Body Weight Squat
to limit yourself to 5 reps for this exercise because your risk of injury increases as you • Overhead Squat
get weary. • Back Squat
• Quads, calves, glutes, and core muscles were worked. BODY WEIGHT SQUAT
Squat jump is a lower body strengthening exercise that can be performed virtually anywhere with
- Squat jumps are an excellent workout for increasing lower-body strength. You can no equipment and limited space. It's a highly functional movement working all the
begin with 5 reps each set instead of 10 for this exercise. major muscles of the legs.

• Gluteus maximus, quadriceps, calves, and the core were all worked out. HOW TO PERFORM THE BODYWEIGHT SQUAT

Reverse lunge 1. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, toes slightly turned out. Pull in your lower abs,
and keep your eyes forward.
- Reverse lunges are an alternative on standard lunges that improve your balance by 2. Slowly bend at the knees and drop your hips to lower your body. Keep your heels
providing greater stability in your lead leg. You can make it easier on yourself by flat on the floor.
lunging only halfway down. 3. At the bottom of the exercise pause for a moment and strongly push back up to the
starting position, mirroring the descent.
• Quads, glutes, and core muscles were worked. 4. Repeat for desired number of reps.
Single-leg raise Notes:
- The single-leg raise works your rectus femoris. • To counter balance your weight hold your arms out in front of you at shoulder
Single-leg squat (pistol squat) height.

- The pistol squat is a difficult squat variation that necessitates strength, mobility, and • Keep your back as straight as possible throughout the lift to avoid strain or injury
balance.
BENEFITS OF BODY WEIGHT SQUATS

1) Body Weight Squats Are a Great Exercise to Build Lower Body Strength
2) You Can Do Bodyweight Squats Anywhere & Everywhere
3) Squats Help You Move Better Throughout the Day
4) Including Squats in Your Regular Routine Will Increase Your Balance & Stability
5) Attaining Proper Squat Form Will Help You Complete Other Exercises
OVERHEAD SQUAT 5. Go all the way until your hips descend lower than your knees.
6. Generally, try to keep your knees in line with your toes. Your heels should stay in
is one of those exercises that really does target the entire body. When done correctly, it contact with the ground throughout the exercise.
can increase strength, flexibility, and mobility that you can transfer to other exercises 7. Stand back up. A rep is completed when you fully extend the hips and the knees
and everyday life.
BENEFITS OF BACK SQUAT
HOW TO DO OVERHEAD SQUATS:
1. Targets many big muscle groups at once
1. Place a barbell across your shoulders, hands wider than shoulders, elbows pointed 2. Builds lower body and midline strength
down. 3. Improves sprint performance
2. Engage core and lower hips while keeping chest high. 4. May reduce risk of injury
3. Push the barbell overhead using legs and shoulders, wrists slightly extended. 5. Benefits coordination and joint flexibility
4. Maintain a stable upper back with extended arms, chin tucked.
5. Grip the floor with your feet evenly and distribute weight.
6. Bend at hips, knees, and ankles, lowering until thighs are parallel or slightly
below.
7. Pause, ensuring the barbell remains over your feet and knees in line.
8. Initiate standing by pushing feet into the ground, keeping chest high and squeezing
glutes.
9. Fully extend hips and knees, maintaining a neutral pelvis.
10. Repeat for desired reps, maintaining proper form throughout.

BENEFITS OF OVERHEAD SQUAT

1. Overhead squats can increase your overall strength

2. Overhead squats can enhance your mobility
3. Overhead squats engage your core
4. Overhead squats can improve your squat form.
5. Overhead squats are versatile

BACK SQUAT
is most often prescribed with an individual starting in a standing position with the feet
flat on the floor, the knees and hips in a neutral, extended anatomical position, and the
spine in an upright position with preservation of its natural curves.

HOW TO DO BACK SQUATS:

1. Place a bar on your shoulders, generally from a rack, and step back so your feet
are around shoulder width distance.
2. Your hands should grip the bar just outside your shoulders in a comfortable
position. You should have a full grip around the bar.
3. Point your elbows down and back, brace your core, and bend from the hips,
bringing your body down.
4. Keep your core engaged as you go down and make sure you don’t round your
back. Your upper body should stay tall as your hips descend back and down.
 Leading The Nature of Leadership
Leading is a management function, which involves influencing others to engage in the Leadership may be referred to as the process of influencing and supporting others to
work behaviors necessary to reach organizational goals. The definition indicates that a work enthusiastically toward achieving objectives. Leadership is expected of any
person or group of persons tasked with managing a group must assume the role manager in charge of any unit or division.
performed by Leaders.
One cannot expect a unit or division to achieve objectives in the absence of effective
HOW LEADERS INFLUENCE OTHERS leadership. Even if a nonimal leader is present, but is not functioning properly, a unit or
division cannot achieve its objectives.
Managers are expected to maintain effective work forces. To be able to do so, they are
required to perform leadership roles. Leaders are said to be able to influence others Traits of Effective Leaders
because of the power they possess. Power refers to the ability of a leader to exert force
There are certain leadership traits identified by researchers, which may be useful in
on another.
developing effective leaders. These traits are as follows:
Bases of Power
1. Personal Drive. Persons with drive are those identified as willing to accept
The power possessed by leaders may be classified according to various bases. They are responsibility, possess vigor, Initiative, persistence, and health Drive is a very
as follows: important leadership trait because of the possibility of failure in every attempt to
achieve certain goals. If the chosen way to reach a goal is not successful, a leader
1. Legitimate Power. A person who occupies a higher position has legitimate power finds another way to reach it, even if it is preceded by a succession of failed
over persons in lower positions within the organization. A supervisor, for instance, attempts. This will require a high level of personal drive from the leader.
can issue orders to the workers in his unit. Compliance can be expected. 2. The Desire to Lead. There are persons who appear to have all the qualifications
2. Reward Power. When a person has the ability to give rewards to anybody who for leadership, yet they cannot become leaders because they lack one special
follows orders or requests, he is said to have reward power. Reward may be requirement the desire to lead. Indeed, how may one lead others when he does not
classified into two forms: material and psychic. have that desire? Persons who do not have the desire to lead but are forced to act
• Material rewards refer to money or other tangible benefits like cars, house as leaders will not be effective because their efforts will be half-hearted. Leaders
and lots, etc. with the desire to lead will always have a reservoir of extra efforts, which can be
• Psychic rewards consist of recognition, praises, and so on. useful especially during critical moments.
3. Coercive Power. When a person compels another to comply with orders through 3. Personal Integrity. Integrity includes honesty, honor, incorruptibility, rectitude,
threats or punishment, he is said to possess coercive power. Punishment may take righteousness, uprightness, and other similar virtues. Integrity is an important
the form of demotion, dismissal, withholding of promotion, and etc. leadership trait because a person who possesses it is well-regarded by others. Or
4. Referent Power. When a person can get compliance from another because the the other hand, one who does not have personal integrity will have a hard time
latter would want to be identified with the former, that person is said to have convincing his subordinates about the necessity of completing various tasks. When
referent power. this happens, a leader may resort to using his authority to get things done,
5. Expert Power. Experts provide specialized information regarding their specific invoking coercive power vested in him by virtue of his rank and position in the
lines of expertise. People possess this influence, called expert power, with great hierarchy.
skills in technology. To cite an example, the expert power exercised by 4. Self-Confidence. The activities of leaders require moves that will produce the
environmental scientists was enough to convince governments throughout the needed outputs. For the moves to be continuous and precise, self-confidence is
world to pass legislations favorable to environmental protection necessary in leadership functions such as conceptualizing, organizing, and
implementing activities. Subordinates and even peers are known to follow
someone who displays an air of self-confidence. The benefits derived from this
leadership trait become even more evident during crisis situations.
5. Analytical ability. Leaders are oftentimes faced with difficulties that prevent the
completion of assigned tasks. A subordinate, for instance, may have a record of
continuously failing to produce the needed outputs. A leader with sufficient skill to
 determine the root cause of the problem may be able to help the subordinate to Behavioral Approaches to Leadership Styles
improve his production. The ability to analyze is one desirable trait that a leader
can use to tide him over many challenging aspects of leadership.
6. Knowledge of the Company, Industry, and Technology. A leader who is well-
informed about his company, the industry where the company belongs, and the
technology utilized by the industry, will be in a better position to provide
directions to his unit.
7. Charisma. When a person has sufficient personal magnetism that motivates
people to follow his directives, this person is said to have charisma. Great
personalities in history like Napoleon Bonaparte, Julius Caesar, Adolf Hitler,
George Washington, Elvis Presley, and others are believed to have possessed
charisma. This trait was said to be greatly responsible for whatever
accomplishments they achieved.
When used properly, charisma will help the leader in achieving his goals. With
some adjustments, subordinates may be expected to do their tasks willingly.
8. Creativity. This term refers to the ability of the manager to find new and better
ways of accomplishing his work. This trait allows him to see relationships among
existing data, which can lead him to devise new solutions to problems. As
problems are becoming more complex and challenging, the leader will need all the
creative abilities he has.
9. Flexibility. People differ in the way they do their work. One will adapt a method
different from another person's method. A leader, who allows this situation as long
as the required outputs are produced, is said to be flexible. There is wisdom in
being flexible. It allows the use of other means of achieving goals when the
prescribed manner is not appropriate.
Behavioral Approaches to Leadership Styles
1. Ways Leaders Approach People. In motivating people, leaders use a positive or
Leadership Skills negative approach. When the leader's approach emphasizes rewards, the style used
is positive leadership. The reward may be economic, like an increase in monthly
• Leaders need to have certain skills to be effective. These are technical skills,
human skills and conceptual skills. salary, or it may be noneconomic like membership in an advisory committee.
When the leader emphasizes punishment, the style is said to be negative
1. Technical skills - these are skills a leader must possess to enable him to
leadership. The punishment may take the form of reprimand, suspension, or
understand and make decision about work processes, activities, and
technology. dismissal. Sometimes, leaders alternately use positive and negative leadership
depending on the characteristic of the individual subordinates.
2. Human skills - the skills refers to the ability of the leader to interact with
people inside and outside of the organization. Good leaders must know how to 2. Ways Leaders Use Power. Leadership styles also vary according to how power is
used. They consist of autocratic, participative, and free-rein.
get along with people, motivate them, and inspire them.
a. Autocratic Leaders. Leaders who make decisions without consulting
3. Conceptual skills - these skills refer to the ability of a person to think in
abstract term and to see how parts fit together to form the whole. When subordinates are called autocratic leaders. Motivation takes the front of
threats, punishment, and intimidation of all kinds.
implementing plans, a very basic requirement is a clear and well-expressed
presentation of what must be done. A leader without sufficient conceptual The autocratic style is effective in emergencies and when absolute
followership is needed. An appropriate situation is when a fire marshal is
skills will fail in this aspect.
 leading his subordinates in putting out fire on a certain row of residential Fiedler's Contingency Model
buildings.
b. Participative Leaders. When a leader openly invites his subordinates to Two Important Factor
participate or share in decision making, policy-making, and operation 1. Leadership Style
methods, he is said to be a participative leader.
• Your natural leadership style can be determined using a scale called Least
c. Free-Rein Leaders. Leaders who set objective and allow employees or
Preferred Coworker (LPC).
subordinates' relative freedom to do whatever it takes to accomplish those
• To score yourself on this scale you have to describe the coworker with whom
objectives are called free-rein leaders. They are also referred to as laissez-
you least prefer to work.
faire leaders. This leadership style is most applicable to certain organizations
• Results:
manned by professionals like doctors and engineers. An example of such
organization is the engineering department of a university that is headed by High LPC - Relationship-oriented Leader
the dean.
3. Leader's Orientation Toward Tasks and People. Leadership may be classified Low LPC - Task-oriented Leader
according to how leaders view tasks and people. A leader may either be:
2. Situational Favorableness
a. Employee Oriented - is when a leader considers employees as human being
• Determined by how much control over the situation you have.
intrinsic importance and with individuals and personal needs to satisfy.
b. Task Oriented - is when a leader places stress on production and the The situational characteristic is determined by three principal factors:
technical aspects of the job and the employees are viewed as the means of
getting the work done a. the relation between leader and follower:
b. the structure of the task; and
CONTINGENCY APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP STYLE c. the power inherent in the leader's position
The contingency approach refers to that effort to determine through research which Using the Method
managerial practices and techniques are appropriate in specific situations. The
following are the contingency approaches: Step 1: Identify Your leadership style

1. Fiedler's Contingency Model. Fred Fiedler believes that leadership is Results:

effective when the leader's style is appropriate to the situation >-73 - Relationship-oriented leader
Introduction <=54 = Task-oriented leader
• Fiedler's Contingency Theory states that you effectiveness as a leader is 55 to 72 - You are a mixture of both
determine by how well your leadership style matches your situation.
• It isn't the only contingency theory Step 2: Understand your situation
• Important in Fiedler's Contingency Theory your leadership style is fixed.
• Do this by asking these questions:
You cannot change your style to suit the situation.
❖ Is trust with your team high or low
• Instead, you must put leaders into situations that match their style.
(member relations)?
❖ Are task vague or clear-cut and well
understood (task structure)?
❖ Is your authority low or high (position
power)?
Step 3: Find the Right Leadership Style The situational characteristics vary from organization. To be effective, according to
Fiedler, the situation must fit the leader. If this is not so, any of the following may be
Red Line - Task-oriented tried:
Yellow Line - Relationship-oriented Leader 1. Change the leader's traits or behavior.
2. Select leaders who have traits or behavior fitting the situation:
3. Move leaders around in the organization until they are in positions that fit them;
and
4. Change the situation.

2. Hersey and Blanchard Situational Leadership Model. The situational

leadership model developed by Hersey and Blanchard suggest that the most
important factor affecting the selection of a leader's style is the development (or
maturity) level of the subordinate. The leader should match his or her style to this
maturity level Maturity has two components: job skill and knowledge, and
psychological maturity.

Background:

• Developed by Dr. Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard

• Predicated on the belief that there is no one "best" style of leadership
• The "best" style will depend on the situation: the task to be performed and the
team performing it.
• The best leaders weigh these different variables affecting their situation then select
Example 1: New Pizza Restaurant Manager their leadership style.
Scenario: You have been newly appointed as manager of pizza restaurant.
Situational Factors: Situational Leadership Model
• Trust will be low
• Task structure is high • X-axis - the degree of directive
• Position power is high behavior the leader exerts.
The best type of leader for this job would be: a relationship-oriented leader. • Y-axis - the degree of supportive
behavior the leaders uses.
Example 2: Software Development Manager • D1 to D4 represent the level of
Scenario: You have been promoted to be manager of a software development team development of people within
you've been working in for two years. your team
Situational Factors:
• Trust will be high
• Task structure is high
• Position power is low
The best type of leader for this job would bola task-oriented leader.
Blanchard and others elaborated on the leadership styles appropriate for the Various 3. Path-Goal Model of Leadership. The path-goal model of leadership espoused by
maturity levels of subordinates. They are the following: Robert J. House and Terence R. Mitchell stipulates that leadership can be made
effective because leaders can influence subordinate's perception of their work
a. Directing - is for the people who lack competence but are enthusiastic and goals, personal goals, and paths to goal attainment.
committed. They need direction and supervision to get them started.
b. Coaching - is for people who have some competence but lack commitment. They By using the path-goal model, it is assumed that effective leaders can enhance
need direction and supervision because they are still relatively inexperienced. subordinate motivation by:
They also need support and praise to build their self-esteem, and involvement in
decision making to restore their commitment. 1. clarifying the subordinate's perception of work goals,
c. Supporting - is for people who have competence but lack confidence or 2. linking meaningful rewards with goal attainment, and
motivation. They do not need much direction because of their skills, but support is 3. explaining how goals and desired rewards can be achieved.
necessary to bolster their confidence and motivation. The Path Goal Process
d. Delegating - is for people who have both competence and commitment. They are
able and willing to work on a project by themselves with little supervision or
support.

Level of Employee Development

➢ D1: The enthusiastic beginner
low competence but high commitment
➢ D2: The disillusioned learner
Some competence but low commitment
➢ D3: The capable but cautious performer
High competence but variable commitment
➢ D4: The self-reliant achiever
High competence and high commitment

Mapping Development Level to Leadership Style

Development Level Leadership Style

Low Development (D1) Directing (S1)

Medium Development (D2) Coaching (S2)
Medium Development (D3) Supporting (S3)
High Development (D4) Delegating (S4)
Example

• You are appointed to manage a new team working on a new project. The leadership styles, which may be used by path-goal proponents. are as follows:
• You categories the team's development level as D1
a. Directive Leadership - is when the leader focuses on clear task assignments,
• This means you use a directing leadership style initially. standards of successful performance, and work schedules.
b. Supportive Leadership - is when subordinates are treated as equals in a friendly
• Later, you realize the team is skilled, but unfamiliar with this type of project. manner while striving to improve their well-being.
• You assess the team as being D3 c. Participative Leadership - is when the leader consults with subordinates to
• You adopt a supporting style of leadership seek their suggestions and then seriously consider those suggestions when
making decisions.
 d. Achievement-Oriented Leadership - is when the leader sets challenging goals Controlling
emphasizes excellence, and seeks continuous improvement while maintaining a
high degree of confidence that subordinates will meet challenges in a responsible Introduction
manner.
The long-term existence of many companies is placed in jeopardy because of
4. Vroom's Decision Making Model. Vroom's model of Leadership is one that difficulties caused by problems, which could have been avoided in the first place.
prescribes the proper leadership style for various situations, focusing on the Example of such problems are as follows:
appropriate degrees of delegation of decision making authority.
1. The transmission of confidential information to competitors - for instance,
Five distinct decision making styles are identified under the Vroom model. Two of if the introduction of a new product by the company is known in advance by
them are autocratic, two others are consultative, and one is group-directed. The the competitor, much of the advantage of such introduction is negated.
Vroom model, illustrated in figure 55, may be useful as a guide for the leader. It 2. The hiring of personnel way above the required number - unnecessary
may also be useful as a guide in training. additions to the existing workforce mean waste of manpower and scarce
resources.
Alternative Decision Making Styles in the Vroom Model 3. Unethical conduct of an employee - for instance, the loan officer of a bank,
for consideration, connives with a borrower for loan approval in spite of
defective collaterals. The bank suffers in the end when it forecloses on the
mortgage.

Controlling

Controlling refers to the process of ascertaining whether organizational objectives

have been achieved; if not, to determine why not; and determining what activities
should be taken to achieve objectives better in the future. Controlling completes the
cycle of management functions. Objectives and goals at any given point in the
organizing and implementing stage are verified as to achievement or completion.
When expectations are not met at scheduled dates, corrective measures are usually
undertaken.

IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLING

• When controlling is properly employment, it will help the organization achieve its
goal in the most efficient and effective manner possible.
• In any organization, deviations, mistakes, and shortcomings happen once in a
while. When they occur, they contribute to unnecessary expenditures, which add
up to the cost of producing goods and services. The introduction of effective
control measures minimizes the ill effects of such negative occurrences. An
effective inventory control system, for instance, minimizes, if not totally
eliminates losses in inventory.
• The importance of controlling may be illustrated as it is applied in a typical
factory. If the required standard daily output for individual workers is 100 pieces,
all workers who do not produce the requirement are given sufficient time to
improve; if no improvements are forthcoming, they are asked to resign. This
 action will help the company keep its overhead and other costs at expected levels. 2. Measuring Actual Performance. There is a need to measure actual
If no such control measure is applied, the company will be saddled with escalating performance so that when shortcomings occur, adjustments could be made.
production costs, which will place the viability of the firm in jeopardy. The adjustments will depend on the actual findings
3. Comparing Actual Performance to Objectives and Standards. Once actual
Steps in the Control Process performance has been determined, this will be compared with what the
organization seeks to achieve Actual production output, for instance, will be
compared with the target output. This may be illustrated as follows:

A construction firm entered into a contact with the government to construct a 100-
kilometer road within ten months It would be, then, reasonable for management to
expect at least 10 kilometers to be constructed every month. As such, this must be
verified every month, or if possible, every week

4. Taking Necessary Action. The purpose of comparing actual performance

with the desired result is to provide management with the opportunity to take
corrective action when necessary. If in the illustration cited above, the
management of the construction firm found out that only 15 kilometers were
constructed after two months, then, any of the following actions may be
undertaken
a. Hire additional personnel,
b. Use more equipment, or
c. Require overtime work

TYPES OF CONTROL
1. Feedforward Control. When management anticipates problems and prevents
their occurrence, the type of control measure undertaken is called feedforward
control This type of control provides the assurance that the required human and
nonhuman resources are in place before operations begin
2. Concurrent Control. When operations are already ongoing and measures to
detect variances are made, concurrent control is said to be undertaken. It is always
STEPS IN THE CONTROL PROCESS possible that deviations from standards will happen in the production process
When such deviations occur, adjustments are made to ensure compliance with
1. Establishing Performance Objectives and Standards. For effective requirements. Information on the adjustments is also necessary inputs in the pre-
controlling, what has to be achieved must first be determined. Typical operation phase
examples of objectives and standards are as follows: 3. Feedback Control. When information is gathered about a completed activity for
a. Sales Targets - are expressed in quantity or monetary terms, purpose of evaluating and deriving required steps for improving the activity,
b. Production Targets - are expressed in quantity and quality; feedback control is undertaken. Corrective actions aimed at improving future
c. Worker Attendance - is expressed in terms of rate of absences, activities are features of feedback control.
d. Safety Records - are expressed in number of accidents for given periods, and
e. Supplies Used - are expressed in quantity or monetary terms for given periods
 Example of Operating Budget

COMPONENTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

To effectively control activities, organizations adapt control systems consisting of the
following components:

1. Strategic Plan. The Strategic plan (discussed in the chapter 6) provides the
basic control mechanism for the organization. When there are indications, that
activities undertaken do not facilitate the accomplishments of strategic goals,
these activities are set aside, modified, or expanded. These corrective are
made possible with the adoption of strategic plans.
2. Long-Range Financial Plans. The planning horizon differs from company to
company. Most firms will be satisfied with a one-year plan. Engineering
firms, however, will require longer-term financial plans. This is because of the
long lead times needed for capital projects. An engineering firm assigned to
construct a modern airport within three years is a good example. In such case,
the three-year financial plan will be every useful.
3. The Operating Budget. This indicates the expenditures, revenues, or profits
planned for some future period regarding operations. The figures appearing in
the budget are used as standard requirements for performance.
4. Performance Appraisal. This measures employee performance. As such, it
provides employee with a guide on how they could do their jobs better in the
future. Performance appraisals also function as effective checks on new
policies and programs. For example, if new equipment has been acquired for
5. Statistical Reports. These are those that contain data on various
the use of an employee, it would be useful to find out if it had a positive effect
developments within the firm. Among the information which may be found in
on performance.
a statistical reports are the following:
a. labor efficiency rates;
b. quality control rejects;
c. accounts receivable;
d. accounts payable;
e. sales reports;
 f. accident reports; and d) For approved requests, the purchasing officer negotiates with the lowest
g. power consumption reports. complying bidder.

A Sample Statistical Report

Strategic Control Systems
To be able to assure the accomplishment of the strategic objectives of the company
strategic control systems become necessary. These systems consist of:

1. Financial Analysis - the success of most organizations depends heavily on its

financial performance. It is necessary that certain measurements of financial
performance be made so that whenever deviations from standards are found
out, corrective actions may be introduced.
2. Financial Ratio Analysis - this is more elaborate approach used in
controlling business activities. Under this method, one account appearing in
the financial statement is paired with another to constitute a ratio.

A Sample Balance Sheet Statement

6. Policies and Procedures - policies refer to the framework, within which the
objectives of the organization must be pursued. An example of policy is
whenever two or more activities compete for the company's attention, the
client takes priority.

Procedure - is a plan that describe the exact series of actions or steps to be taken in a
given situation. Following is an example of a procedure in the purchase of equipment:

a) The concerned manager forwards a request for purchase to the purchasing

officer.
b) The purchasing officer forwards the request to top management for approval
c) The approved, the purchasing officer makes a canvass of the requested item's
price; if disapproved, the purchasing office returns the request form to the
requesting manager.
A Sample Income Statement b. Efficiency ratios - these ratios show how certain assets or liabilities are used
efficiently in the production of goods and services. Among the more common
efficiency ratios are:
i. Inventory Turnover Ratio - measures the number of times an inventory is
turned over (or sold) each year. This is computed with use of the following
formula

Inventory turnover ratio = costs of goods sold/inventory

ii. Fixed Assets Turnover - is used to measure utilization of the company's

investment on its fixed assets such as plant and equipment. The formula used
is follows

Fixed assets turnover = net sales/net fixed assets

Example of Current Ratio and Acid-Test Ratio

Financial ratios may be categorized into the following types:

a. Liquidity Ratio. These ratios are used to assess the ability of a company to meet
its current obligations. The following ratios are important indicators of liquidity:
i. Current ration - shows the extent at which current assets of the company can
cover its current liabilities. The formula for computing current ratio is as
follow

Current ratio = current assets/current liabilities

ii. Acid-test ratio - is a measure of the firm's ability to pay off short-term
obligations with the use of current assets and without relying on the sales of
inventories The formula used is as follows:

Acid-test ration = current assets - inventories/current liabilities

Example of Inventory Turnover Ratio
Example of Fixed Assets Turnover
c. Financial Leverage Ratios - this is a grouping of ratios designed to assess the
balance of financing obtained through debt and equity sources. Some of the more
important leverage ratios are the following:
i. Debt to total assets ratio - shows how much of the firm's assets are financed
by debt. It may be computed by using the following formula:

Debt to total assets ratio = total debt/total assets

ii. Time interest earned ratio - measures the number of times that earnings
before interest and taxes cover or exceed the company's interest expenses. It
may be computed by using the following formula:

Time interest earned ratio = profit before tax + interest expenses / Interest
expenses

Example of Debt to total asset ratio

Example of Time interest earned ratio
d. Profitability Ratios - these ratios measure how much operating income or net
income a company is able to generate in relation to its assets, owner's equity and
sales. Among the more notable profitability ratios are the following:

1. Profit margin ratio - compares the net profits with the level of sales. The
formula used is as follows:

profit margin ratio = net profit/net sales

2. Return on assets ratio - shows how much income the company produces for
every peso invested in assets. The formula used is as follows:

return on assets ratio = net income/assets

3. Return on equity ratio - measures the return on the owner's investments. It

may be determined by using the following formula:

return on equity ratio = net income/equity

Profit Margin Ratio Return on Asset Ratio

Return on Equity
Identifying Control Problem Working capital
1. Executive Reality Check - employees manning the frontlines often complain Working Capital means
about management's imposition of certain requirements that are not realistic. This
happens because, most often, the manager is inaccessible to his subordinates and • The difference between a company’s current assets and current liabilities.
he has no way of knowing what is really happening inside the workplaces. • A financial measure, which calculates whether a company has enough liquid assets
2. Comprehensive Internal Audit - an internal audit is undertaken to determine the to pay its bills that will be due within a year.
efficiency and effectiveness of the activities of an organization. Among the many • When a company has excess current assets, that amount can then be used to spend
aspects of operations within the organization, a small activity that is not done right on its day-to-day operations.
may be done continuously and without anybody noticing it until it snowballs into a • Current assets, such as cash and equivalents, inventory, accounts receivable, and
full-blown problem. marketable securities, are resources a company owns that can be used up or
converted into cash within a year.
• Current liabilities are the amount of money a company owes, such as accounts
Some of the more common symptoms of inadequate control are the following: payable, short-term loans, and accrued expenses, that are due for payment within a
year.
a. An unexplained decline in income and profits;
b. Customers complaining about poor service they get from the company; The working capital formula;
c. Employee dissatisfaction characterized by complaints, grievances and Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
resignations;
d. Cash shortage caused by overstocking of inventories or delinquent accounts • tells us the short-term liquid assets available after short-term liabilities have been
receivables; paid off.
e. Idle facilities or personnel; • measure of a company’s short-term liquidity and is important for performing
f. Disorganized operations characterized by work flow bottlenecks, excessive financial analysis, financial modeling, and managing cash flow.
paperwork, etc;
g. Excessive costs;
h. Evidence of waste and inefficiency such as scrap rework.
 Example calculation with the working capital formula Working capital management
• A company can increase its working capital by selling more of its products. • requires monitoring a company's assets and liabilities to maintain sufficient cash
• If the price per unit of the product is P1000 and the cost per unit in inventory is flow to meet its short-term operating costs and short-term debt obligations.
P600, then the company’s working capital will increase by P400 for every unit • primarily revolves around managing accounts receivable, accounts payable,
sold, because either cash or accounts receivable will increase. inventory, and cash.
• Comparing the working capital of a company against its competitors in the same • involves tracking various ratios, including the working capital ratio, the collection
industry can indicate its competitive position. ratio, and the inventory ratio.
• If Company A has working capital of P40,000, while Companies B and C have • can improve a company's cash flow management and earnings quality by using its
P15,000 and P10,000, respectively, then Company A can spend more money to resources efficiently.
grow its business faster than its two competitors. • strategies may not materialize due to market fluctuations or may sacrifice long-
term successes for short-term benefits.
Positive vs negative working capital
Ratios to evaluate company’s liquidity or short-term solvency;
Positive working capital
Formula information provided
• can be a good sign of the short-term financial health of a company because it has
Current ratio Current assets divided by Measure ability to pay
enough liquid assets remaining to pay off short-term bills and to internally finance current liabilities current liabilities with
the growth of its business.
current assets
• With a working capital deficit, a company may have to borrow additional funds
from a bank or turn to investment bankers to raise more money. Accounts Receivable Net credit Sales divided Measures ability to
Turnover by Average Accounts collect cash from credit
Negative working capital
Receivable customers
• means assets aren’t being used effectively and a company may face a liquidity
crisis. Inventory Turnover Cost of Goods Sold Indicates salability of
divided by Average inventory; the times a
• Even if a company has a lot invested in fixed assets, it will face financial and
Inventory company sells its average
operating challenges if liabilities are due.
inventory level during a
• may lead to more borrowing, late payments to creditors and suppliers, and, as a
result, a lower corporate credit rating for the company. year

Functions of working capital Acid-test Ratio Cash plus short-term Shows ability to pay all
Investments plus Net current liabilities when
• Used to fund operations and meet short-term obligations. current Liabilities they mature
• If a company has enough working capital, it can continue to pay its employees
and suppliers and meet other obligations, such as interest payments and taxes,
Main Components of Working Capital Management
even if it runs into cash flow challenges.
• certain balance sheet accounts are more important when considering working
capital management.
• though working capital often entails comparing all current assets to current
liabilities, there are a few accounts more critical to track.
• Current assets include anything that can be easily converted into cash within 12
months. These are the company's highly liquid assets. Some current assets include
cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and short-term investments.
• Current liabilities are any obligations due within the following 12 months. These Cash management
include accruals for operating expenses and current portions of long-term debt
payments. • monitoring and maintaining of cash flow to ensure that a business has enough
funds to function.
Cash • investments, bill payments, and unexpected liabilities can affect a business’
inflows and outflows, and in turn their cash management.
• core of working capital management is tracking cash and cash needs.
• companies need to establish a system that maximizes liquid assets while
• involves managing the company's cash flow by forecasting needs, monitoring cash
minimizing outgoing operational and logistical costs.
balances, and optimizing cash inflows and outflows to ensure that the company
• helps companies ensure that their cash flow covers their financial obligations.
has enough cash to meet its obligations.
• because cash is always considered a current asset, all accounts should be Why is cash management necessary
considered.
• companies should be mindful of restricted or time-bound deposits. • A business with a working cash management structure collaborates with all of its
internal stakeholders—usually financial officers, treasurers, or business managers.
Receivables • They strategize around the cash flow statement, which is a detailed record of all
inbound and outbound transactions, as well as its cash used for investments.
• companies must be mindful of their receivables
• The main objective of the cash flow statement is to display the cash that is
• especially important in the short-term as they wait for credit sales to be completed.
presently available for the business to use.
• involves managing the company's credit policies, monitoring customer payments,
• Every company, regardless of size, needs to have some level of a cash
and improving collection practices.
management capability, as it’s a critical component of financial security.
• at the end of the day, having completed a sale does not matter if the company is
• Money is often moving in and out of a business account, but it’s crucial that more
unable to collect payment on the sale.
comes in so the balance isn’t depleted.
Payables
Cash management
• one aspect of working capital management that companies can take advantage of
• encompasses how a company manages its operations or business activities,
that they often have greater control over.
financial investments, and financing activities.
• companies often have a say in how they pay suppliers, what the credit terms are,
• company has to generate adequate cash flow from its business in order to survive,
and when cash outlays are made.
meaning it is able to cover its expenses, repay investors, and expand the business.
Inventory • a business also needs to manage its cash situation so that it holds the right amount
of cash to meet its immediate and long-term needs.
• companies primary consider inventory during working capital management as it
may be most risky aspect of managing capital. Cash
• when inventory is sold, a company must go to the market and rely on consumer
• is the lifeblood of a business, and a business needs to generate enough cash from
preferences to convert inventory to cash.
its activities so that it can meet its expenses and have enough left over to repay
• If this cannot be completed in a timely manner, the company may be forced to investors and grow the business
have short-term resource stuck in an illiquid position.
• the company may be able to quickly sell the inventory but only with a steep price Cash Is King
discount.
• by generating enough cash, a business can meet its everyday business needs and
avoid taking on debt.
• the business has more control over its activities.
• in a situation in which a business has to take on debt to meet its expenses, it is
likely that its debtors will have a say in how the business is run.
• if they have contrary opinions to the management’s, that could be an impediment 2. Lease Equipment
to the way management executes its vision for the business. • in need of any equipment, you would rather lease it from a company instead of
buying a new one especially if you need it temporarily.
Without generating adequate cash to meet its needs,
• This is a measure meant to conserve cash since obviously leasing is far cheaper
• a business will find it difficult to conduct routine activities such as paying compared to going for new equipment.
suppliers, buying raw materials, and paying its employees, let alone making • Sometimes a business needs the owner to go for the most effective and cost-
investments. effective way when it comes to acquiring equipment.
• it should have sufficient cash to pay dividends and keep its investors happy. Some • it is advisable to lease most of the equipment that your business is in need of as
companies also use their cash to engage in share buybacks to reward investors opposed to spending lots of cash by buying new equipment.
• a very good strategy to conserve your company's cash.
Areas that offer possibilities for better cash management; 3. Exchange Goods and Services
• Instead of paying for everything that is supplied to the business using cash, it
• include accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventories.
would be a wise idea for every entrepreneur to try and exchange products for
• If a company were to grant credit indiscriminately, without ascertaining the
products.
creditworthiness of its customers, and not follow up on tardy payments, that would
• Look out for vendors who are also in need of certain products and supply the
lead to a slower and smaller inflow of cash, as well as unpaid bills.
products to them in exchange of products that you lack to run your business
• That is why it is important to have a credit policy and follow up on tardy
smoothly.
payments.
• a good way for any type of business to conserve cash and retain cash inflow. By
• On the other hand, when it comes to accounts payable, it is a better approach
exchanging products for other products (barter trade), it means that you will be
to cash management to pay suppliers later rather than earlier.
able to conserve cash in the business.
• As well, it is important not to have too much cash tied up in inventories but to
4. Buy Used Equipment
have on hand just enough inventories for the immediate needs of the business.
• Before purchasing any new equipment, it is good to do some research on whether
Profits don't tell the whole picture since a company can find ways to make its earnings you can get the same machine which has been used but it is still in good condition.
look better. But with cash flow, the firm's true wellbeing is on the table. • There are so many companies that have assets ready for disposal.
• Keep a close lookout for advertisements selling machinery that have been used
Conserving cash flow from local auctioneers.
• Buying used machinery is much cheaper compared to purchasing new ones, which
• where a business works to retain its cash position and maximize every available
is a better way to save cash.
dollar without misusing any single cent.
• The aim of any business is to maximize profits and one of the ways to improve the
Business increase cash flow and maximize profits at the same time, with bottom line is by reducing its expenses.
these key steps; • If you cut on expenses, the cash outflow will be minimized and if the cash inflow
is maintained or increased, then the business will definitely maximize its profit
1. Make Delayed Payments potential.
• Many businesses deal with vendors who supply the business with goods and 5. Always Repair Capital Equipment
services. • Instead of buying new equipment every now and then, it is good to invest in the
• it's essential to ensure that cash flow in the business is maintained at a specific current ones that you have.
level for running the business. • need to have a regular maintenance program for all machinery that the business
• If you have vendors that you have established a good working relationship with, currently has.
try to negotiate a lengthy repayment period with them so that the cash can be put • this will go a very long way in minimizing unnecessary costs that would otherwise
back into the business. have been incurred by the business by buying new equipment every time.
• Doing so acts as a double-edged sword in that you make profits while at the same • get a professional equipment mechanic or technician with the necessary
time keeping your business debt free. qualifications and experience to work on your equipment.
• ensure that all your machines are in good operating condition always.
• very vital because it will prevent you from having mechanical breakdowns often. • Liquidity Management Importance;
• the money that would otherwise be used to buy new machines will, therefore, be • cash when they need it, regardless of the level of financial maturity.
conserved and maximize the profits for the business in the long term. • This cash (liquid assets) may be used to cover debt obligations, to pay for
6. Cut Down on Employees merchandise or services, or for short-term investing.
• one of the major factors that could really drown your cash flow is by having too • Finance teams use liquidity management to strategically move funds where they
many employees in your business. are needed.
• instead of employing new individuals whenever the business expands, it is • extends beyond a cash management strategy.
advisable to utilize the potential that the current employees have to their maximum • Finance teams can also tap into hidden yield within supply chains.
potential. • More financially mature organizations typically use this strategy if they can access
• before you hire a new employee into the business, it would be great to weigh both the right supply chain management insights.
the pros and cons of taking such an action. • more complex view of liquidity management allows companies to measure
• if the benefits of hiring a new employee outweigh the salary burden, then you may anticipated (and sometimes unanticipated) cash requirements that could impact
go ahead and hire one but if the reverse is true, then hold off for now to avoid liquidity.
financial constraints and reducing cash flow into the business. • includes missed sales targets, lump sum payments, slow inventory turnover, and
7. Keep the Business Lean variations in supply and demand.
• as a business owner, it is good to resist the temptation to buy new equipment or
hire additional employees so as to conserve cash flow for the business. Liquidity Management Impact the Bottom Line;
• before adding any extra expenses, it is good to weigh both the pros and cons. Liquidity management;
• if the pros lead the race, then go for it but if not, stop that decision and work with • can help finance executives get total visibility into financial data and create more
what you have. accurate scenario analysis and cash forecasting.
• will help you retain cash flow in the business.
• can help businesses make tough decisions when faced with unforeseen
• Liquidity management circumstances or other uncertainties.
• provides visibility into cash positions over past, present, and future dates and
• provides critical cash visibility that helps businesses quickly understand how
provides an overview of the financial health of a business.
to fund daily operations.
• Liquidity management helps the business make good operational decisions and
navigate unforeseen business risks while avoiding insolvency. • dynamic liquidity management has moved to the forefront as finance teams
• It also enables companies to take advantage of business opportunities as they arise, rely less on historical data and more on real-time and future cash flows.
providing a competitive advantage.
• works hand in hand with spend management, which takes a unified, cumulative
view of financial resources across an organization.
• Spend management looks at accounts payable via a source-to-settle process that
covers procurement, treasury, and finance departments.
• Accurate liquidity management requires insights into liabilities, cash, spend, and
other transactions.
• This requires accurate, real-time financial information that can easily be accessed
on demand
 The Self-amidst the New Normal global disruptions, including the 1990s surge of the internet/technology bubble, the
2008 financial and stock market crises, and in American politics and China's economic
The Pandemic and the New Normal slump in 2012. The term has re- emerged with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Beginning in China, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread across 180 countries,
With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world was once again subjected to a
affecting over 179 million individuals and claiming the lives of almost 4 million
global crisis that affected all individuals across different demographics. This is not the
people. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been helping countries to prepare
first time the world has experienced a pandemic; history tells us that we have faced a
and respond to the fast-rising COVID cases by providing relevant information as
least a dozen, dating back to the classical ages, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and
regards the virus to avoid misinterpretation, ensuring delivery of crucial supplies to
up to the 19th century cholera pandemic across Europe, taking the lives of millions of
fight the virus, training and mobilizing health care workers, and facilitating vaccine
people across the globe. Some who managed to survive these pandemics are assumed
development and distribution. Apart from these measures, the "New Normal" has
to have developed natural immunities to fight the virus. On the other hand, in facing
become the mantra of governments and citizens to symbolize that there is no going
these global crises, governments, academic scholars, and political leaders have taken
back to how life was before... that changes will be here to stay.
the reins in battling these pandemics, to a significant extent, they have been successful
in hurdling these health crises and allowing a gradual transition to a "normal" way of In our country, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to changes in the lives of Filipinos
life for their citizens. Among the responses developed to fight these pandemics include and daily practices rooted in our social institutions. The most observed changes are
awareness propaganda, prevention of travel and trade, isolation and quarantine found in education and employment. The pandemic's effects are also visible in new
protocols, and in more recent times, vaccination. It is apparent that in fighting and health policies, emerging economic losses, and government initiatives and responses.
eventually overcoming these battles, individuals and social institutions made the
necessary adjustments to ensure survival at the community and national levels. Further, When the government announced a nationwide lockdown, schools immediately
it is apparent that in combatting these plagues, changes have to be planned, suspended face-to-face classes and immediately transitioned to an online learning set-
implemented, and sustained so that future generations will not be affected. Thus, up, for which the majority of educational institutions were unprepared. Students had
normal conventions and mores of one's way of life were inevitably altered. Such is the the most difficulty adjusting, instead of face-to-face instruction, they saw their teachers
context of the "New Normal." via laptops, pen and paper exams became online assessments, and securing the critical
internet connection remains a national concern. Aside from these changes, problems of
However, the term "New Normal" was initially used only in 1918, right after World learning, engagement, and achievement on the part of students are encountered. These
War I. American inventor Henry Alexander Wood was quoted as follows: disruptions have also compromised physical and mental health of students, especially
with the real threat of the virus and what happens when a person becomes afflicted
" To consider the problems before us we must divide our epoch into three periods, that
with this malady.
of war, that of transition, that of the new normal, which undoubtedly will supersede the
old. The questions before us, therefore, are, broadly, two: How shall we pass from war The pandemic has also resulted in the loss of jobs for thousands of Filipinos due to
to the new normal with the least jar, in the shortest time? In that respect should the economic losses incurred by companies. It had been estimated that 6 out of 10
new normal be shaped to differ from the old?" Filipinos lost their jobs while companies a majority shifted to working from home
arrangements across various sectors. Some employees were subjected to fewer
We can surmise from the above statement that solutions to problems brought about by
working hours, resulting in lower salaries and take-home pay. A substantial number of
World War I need to be digested in different phases, with the "New Normal" as the
companies shut down while online businesses flourished, including food delivery
most significant epoch. The New Normal will embody the necessary policy changes to
services and other sectors that relied on internet services to sustain their businesses.
establish political, economic, and social longevity. After WWI, millions died, political
The tourism and hospitality sectors were hard hit, with the closures of hotels and
and social institutions were ruined, and governments slowly re-built their countries.
resorts, airlines, and travel agencies. Some educators were relieved due to decreases in
In a nutshell, the New Normal is defined as "a new way of living and going about our student enrollment during the pandemic. The negative impact of the pandemic on
lives, work, and interactions with other people." It is also defined as "the state in which employment affected millions of families as some children had to quit schooling while
an economy, society, or other entity settles after a crisis, when this differs from the valued family activities such as going to church, strolling inside malls, and dining out
situation that existed prior to the beginning of the crisis. "Thus, the term "New were forbidden to adhere to the safety protocols initiated by the Philippine
Normal" indicates a renewed era after global transitions that occurred. It is in this government. Such measures were difficult for the naturally outgoing Filipinos, but they
context that the term has been used to address concerns and challenges emerging from had to be done for safety and survival.
The New Normal has also seen new health policies put in place by the government, as Our social selves have also been affected by the changes brough about by the New
mandated by local and international agencies, to fight against the COVID-19 Normal. For one, our social behavior is hampered not acquire the virus. Physical
pandemic. The Department of Health has issued mandatory health protocols for strict contact is forbidden, social distancing by the current protocols being implemented to
compliance by the Filipino people. These include wearing face masks and shields, ensure is enforced, and for a certain period, people were not allowed go out of the
maintaining social distance, constantly sanitizing hands, disinfection, and minimizing house, unless it was an "essential task" like doing the groceries or going to work. Our
social interactions. At the LGU level, curfews have been established, prohibiting social interaction has become very limited, and we have resorted to online meetings,
minors and senior citizens from going out since they are the most vulnerable to the chats, and phone calls instead of our usual face-to-face interactions. There were limited
virus. LGU units have also distributed food rations to communities affected by the opportunities to come to school, eat out, meet friends, go to malls, attend parties and
pandemic. Families were given financial assistance to manage expenses during these social events, and other similar social activities. On the other hand, the New Normal
critical times. has also changed the social landscape by introducing work-from-home engagements,
online learning environments, and online business and consumer transactions, which
Amidst all this chaos and disruption brought about by COVID-19, individuals can be advantageous to workers, students, and consumers alike.
endeavor to cope and survive these challenging times. The New Normal ushers in a
new age of human socialization and technology. In facing these changes, how does it The New Normal has also transformed the mental and emotional domains of our lives.
impact the person? How does it impact one's self and identity? And most importantly, With the current limitations imposed by the New Normal, we have been creative in
how do we manage to survive? In the next section, let's talk about how the self is how we approach our goals and change our mindsets. Previously, we were limited by
impacted by all the disruptions taking place and how it is transformed in the New space and geography, now, the virtual environment allows us to broaden our
Normal. perspective on the world. In academe, learning is no longer confined to the four walls
of the classroom, and the power of information is more enforced by the presence of
The Self in the New Normal online and virtual platforms. The New Normal has trail-blazed a path toward personal
The New Normal has wrought changes in the world that have certainly re-shaped our development, online training, and virtual mentorship. In these uncertain times, we have
"self.". With the global impact of the pandemic that has led to the New Normal, it is become more attuned to our emotions and feelings, it is okay to acknowledge that this
only natural that we have experienced changes in our worldviews, emotions, feelings, is not okay, but we are driven to survive and conquer this problematic situation. We
and behaviors. While we often say that change is constant, the tremendous impact of must acknowledge how we feel so that we are empowered in our current
the pandemic is unprecedented; thus, it warrants a deeper and more insightful circumstances. Self-awareness and reflection are very important to buffer the negative
reflection of how it has changed our identity and self. impacts of the New Normal.

The impact of the New Normal can be observed in how people live. From a biological The Young Adults in the New Normal
perspective, people are now more mindful and careful of their health. More individuals Amidst the impact of the New Normal, young adults are among the most vulnerable
are taking charge of their health by resorting to healthy eating habits, indulging in populations as they have experienced the negative effects of the pandemic. In a recent
physical exercise, quitting unhealthy vices such as excessive alcohol consumption and study conducted by UNICEF to assess the impact of sudden changes on this
smoking, and increasing their intake of vitamins to sustain their strength. People population, the following findings were revealed:
recognize that a strong immune system and a healthy body can fight against the
COVID-19 virus. People with pre-existing medical conditions should also follow • 27% experienced anxiety and 15% experienced depression (for the last seven
implemented protocols as the COVID-19 virus is detrimental to people with days at the time the assessment was conducted). It is also noteworthy that
comorbidities. Aside from strengthening your physical health, it is also important to among the major reasons for the mental health status of the respondents was
consider your mental health. People have experienced high levels of stress and anxiety, associated with their economic conditions (30%).
not only for themselves but for their families and loved ones, too. For individuals with • 43% (female) and 31% (male) of the respondents reported pessimistic
mental health issues, the New Normal has exacerbated their conditions; patients with perceptions about the future.
previous diagnoses are more likely to experience high levels of depressive symptoms, • 73% have felt the need to seek assistance for their physical and mental
paranoia, and trauma. It is vital that individuals establish a wellness routine for their conditions. However, it was also reported that 40% did not actually seek help.
personal benefit amidst these trying times.
The assessment was participated in by more than 8,000 adolescents and young adults The Mental Self
residing in Latin America and Caribbean regions, ranging from 13-29 years old. The
result highlighted the negative impact of the New Normal, as the way of life of young Cognition, Memory, and Intelligence
adults and adolescents has been severely affected by the onset of the pandemic,
particularly on their mental health.
Cognition
People are born with innate capabilities that empower them to manage themselves in
A recent study conducted in Indonesia revealed that the number of adolescents who
various settings and situations. As an individual is born, his or her reactions and
perceived worse to significantly worse wellbeing prior to COVID-19 increased during
reflexes that are developmental milestones are dependent on his or her senses. As one
the pandemic. Among the problems they face include peer relationship problems,
grows older, he or she begins to observe the environment, analyze information, make
prosocial behavior problems, conduct behavior, and emotional problems. The factors
choices, and behave appropriately according to what the situation warrants. From a
that are associated with these problems include mental health information, parental
sensory-based acquisition of knowledge, one is led to a more logical and abstract
support, and friends' support. Respondents this study included 113 adolescents who
manner of thinking as an individual grows older, as evidenced by the more complex
were currently in the online school set-up. This goes to show that the school
tasks and challenges that one is faced with as he or she matures. Even school tasks
environment plays crucial role in the self-transformation of students; the disruptive shit
correspond to the mental level that students are expected to be at. From the simple
to the online mode has negatively impacted the social and emotional domains of these
counting of numbers and basic mathematical operations, students in senior high school
students.
and college are expected to successfully hurdle through complicated math problems in
The challenges of the New Normal in young people's lives are more evident in the algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and the like because of the intellectual competency
difficulties that many of them are experiencing while continuing education in the level these students are expected to have compared to when they were in grade school.
middle of the pandemic. A local study conducted at one local university, called the High school and college students are expected to write compositions, research studies,
compassion Survey, involved more than 200 students who volunteered participate in a and other literature that require the use of more advanced mental mechanisms than
qualitative interview. The interview was conducted through an online form, composed what was expected of them when they were just learning to write and read. From these
of 12 questions, and focuses on understanding the current mental health condition of examples, it observed that one's mental capacity is evolving in a progressive,
student who are in the online learning set-up. Some of the sample question include sequential manner, which is anchored on an individual's biological development
"have you experienced any mental or emotional issues (e.g., stress, anxiety, fatigue)
Cognition is a crucial part of an individual's development process that influences
during ECO?"; "have you been able to address your mental and emotional issues (e.g.,
behavior just as behavior also impacts it assuming a bi-directional connection. The way
stress, anxiety, fatigue) lately? and "do you think your current mental and emotional
information is taken in and how it is analyzed and processed is a function of human
state affected your performance in online classes?" Students from various year levels
cognition. Cognition is defined as the complex array of mental processes involved in
(1st-3rd year) participated in the qualitative survey, with an average age ranging from
remembering, perceiving, and thinking, and how these processes are employed
18-24 years old.
(Ashcraft & Radvansky, 2010). It is an umbrella term to cover all "higher-order"
The study yielded the following results: thinking processes. Even something as simple as slicing a piece of cake, drinking a
glass of water, reading a book, and taking down notes involves a number of thinking
• 81% of students who responded to the survey reported having mental health mechanisms. When one is presented with options, he or she analyzes which among
issues (such as stress, anxiety, and fatigue) during lockdown. them is the best choice, pursues it, and anticipates the consequences that come along
• 63% of the participants have not been able to address their mental and with it. The study of how individuals think and arrive at choices and decisions is
emotional issues during this pandemic. relevant across several points of human development. When one is able to understand
• 72% said their current mental and emotional state has impacted their how he or she and other people think, he or she achieves greater understanding of
academic performance. himself or herself and of others.
The above results show that the New Normal has significantly affected the young In the past, people were thought to behave according to how they were trained. For
population in a negative way, especially in their academic life and performance. Thus, instance, a child states he or she intends to become a doctor because he or she was
it is important that students take care of themselves as they hurdle the challenges of the conditioned by his or her parents to pursue this profession. Adolescent smokers smoke
New Normal. In the next section, let us discuss how to take care of our physical and because of peer pressure. From a behaviorist perspective, behavior manifested is
mental health.
predisposed by the environment. However, people are not robots, they are not at work to process information to avoid getting run over. Short-term memory often
machines that can be manipulated by different environmental factors. People are absorbs cues that enable the brain to process readily available information.
capable of reasoning to manage their behavior. An individual is his or her own agent of
behavior and change. People may be placed in certain environments, exposed to the When there is a deliberate effort to store information and it is done consistently and
same people constantly, and drilled consistently with facts and habits. But people have with practice, then this information is transferred to long-term memory. Information
a choice in dealing with all these factors. One is able to make mental representations of stored in long-term memory is often permanent and allows for repeated retrievals
what is present around him or her, select the most viable options available, and then act across situations. Learning basic mathematical operations (e.g., addition, subtraction,
on them. People are overtly and covertly active individuals, constantly moving and multiplication, and division) requires rehearsal and practice because these are
constantly processing information coming from the environment. procedures commonly applied in daily life and are useful for a long time. When useful
and interesting information is gained, it can lead one to read related literature that
Memory enhances the presence of that information in one's mind. Long-term memory, unlike
sensory and short-term memory, is where formation can be held indefinitely. The
If cognition covers all higher- order thinking processes within an individual, a major transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory can be pushed by having
focus of its study is the function of memory. It is the faculty of the mind through which the motivation to recall and retrieve information for a particular situation. If
information is acquired and retained for later use. Memory is often likened to a information in one's short-term memory is enhanced by previously stored information,
computer system, where the processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving information then it will be transferred to one's long-term memory, Long-term memory covers both
happen continuously. These processes are employed in daily life. When one learns explicit and implicit memory, declarative and procedural memory, and episodic and
something new and sees as something that will be useful, this information is stored in semantic memory. Thus, the amount of information that can be stored at this level is
one’s memory that can be accessed when the information is needed again. Just like a limitless and immeasurable.
computer, human memory is limited within specific conditions; people select
information to be retained and discard items that are deemed irrelevant and useless.
Memory can also be corrupted by various factors, both internal and external to an
individual Intelligence

Memory functions at three levels: sensory, short-term or working, and long-term Intelligence is explained in a number of ways. The term is referred to as an individual's
memory. Sensory memory is the level that allows information from the external capacity for understanding, learning, planning, and problem-solving with logic,
environment to be perceived by an individual through the senses, usually in the form of creativity, and self-awareness. It is characterized as the application of knowledge to be
chemical and physical stimuli, often with focus and intent. In sensory memory, able to adjust to the environment. It is the process of applying knowledge in the proper
information can be grasped even in a split second. However, not all stimuli are context whenever the need arises. Intelligence is often thought of as hereditary rather
perceived by sensory memory, the mind can only accommodate sensory information than environmental. Two things should be noted about intelligence individuals are born
that will be useful, which is then transferred to one's short-term memory. When with an innate intellectual ability harnessed in various contexts, and intelligence is not
information is deemed to be useful for the immediate future it is then transferred to the confined to the academic context. Intelligence is a critical construct that showcases the
short-term or working level of memory Attention is a critical factor in the transfer of presence of individual differences based on intellect.
information from sensory to short-term memory. A number of theories have already been presented regarding intelligence. Howard
Short-term or working memory is where information is temporarily stored, where Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences proposes eight (8) areas of human
information is simultaneously remembered and is in a readily available state, typically intelligence:
from 10 to 15 seconds up to one minute. Short-term memory can store to 5-9 items,
Intelligence Description
after which information is discarded if there is no conscious and deliberate effort to
Verbal-linguistic Ability to analyze information and produce output that
retain it. For example, in reading one tends to hold on to the first statement while involves oral and written language
reading the next set of statements. When the reader proceeds to the next paragraph, Logical-mathematical Ability to understand and answer mathematical equations
information from the first statement often decays, unless transferred to one's long-term Visual-spatial Ability to analyze graphical information
memory. Crossing the streets, instance, requires one to take note of his or her Musical Ability to produce and make meaning of different types
surroundings and determine when it is safe to cross. This illustrates short-term memory of sounds
 Naturalistic Ability to identify and distinguish aspects of the natural observational learning: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. When
world an individual focuses on information that he or she perceives to be interesting and
Bodily-kinesthetic Ability to use one’s body to create products or solve useful (attention), stores and gives a mental representation of the information
problems (retention), recalls and rehearses the information given (motor reproduction), and
Interpersonal Ability to be sensitive of other people’s thoughts and repeats the entire process constantly and consistently (motivation), then learning
emotions happens. An example is solving a difficult mathematical problem. The student listens
Intrapersonal Ability for self-introspection to the math teacher, reads books and memorizes the formulas and principles to be used,
practices solving different equations, and does this repetitively to learn how to solve
Aside from Gardner's Multiple Intelligences theory, another theory, proposed by the mathematical problem accurately and with ease.
Robert Sternberg, is called the Triarchic the of intelligence. According to Sternberg Learning happens even beyond the classroom. It happens in everyday situations.
(1985, p. 45), intelligence is defined as "a mental activity directed toward purposive Learning happens when there is an observable change in one's perceptions and
adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant one's life." behavior. Thus, learning is not limited to desirable outcomes; one can also learn from
Intelligence Alternative Name Description undesirable situations. According to the social cognitive theory, there is an interaction
Componential Analytical Includes abstract thinking and logical of personal (cognition, personality, motivational orientation), environmental (family,
reasoning: verbal and mathematical school, and other settings, peers and social relationships), and behavioral factors
skills (feedback and consequence) that accounts for behavioral change. For example, when
Experiential Creative Divergent thinking and ability to deal students are conscientious and driven in their studies (personal), schools, parents, and
with navel situations. peers all support the same goals, and students feel personally rewarded whenever they
Contextual Practical Being "street smart" ability to apply receive good grades for their academic efforts, such behavior is likely to be sustained.
knowledge to the real world and shape Following the same idea, an individual is likely to perceive vices as positive acts if his
or choose an environment or her relatives and peers are involved in these vices. The individual who will probably
acquire the behaviors pervading his or her social environment will then receive
positive feedback from the people who share the same behaviors. There is no one
According to this theory, intelligence is a function of how these three aspects are
factor that dominates predisposition to a particular behavior. According to the social
interchangeably used by the individual and to what extent they are used. Both the
cognitive theory, all three factors interact with one another in one's particular behavior.
theory of multiple intelligences and the triarchic theory of intelligence explain the
nature of intelligence and the personal and environmental factors that shape it. The notion of learning is underlined by notions of self-efficacy and human agency.
Self-efficacy is defined as the extent to which people believe that they can confidently
Human Learning learn and master a particular skill. When an individual has high self-efficacy, he or she
If cognition, memory, and intelligence are underlying mechanisms that allow people to is likely to engage in challenging tasks and deal with frustrations and disappointments
perceive, process, and apply information for daily adaptation, then learning is a natural efficiently. In contrast, people with low self-efficacy are likely to avoid difficult tasks
consequence of these mechanisms. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent because they lack confidence, which further contributes to their low self-esteem. Thus,
change in a person's knowledge or behavior as a result of experience. This definition self-efficacy is a Crucial factor in one's learning process.
connotes three things: first, the change is long-term; second, the source of change According to albert bandura, self-efficacy can be developed through the following:
comes from within the external structures of memory or knowledge of the individual;
and third, the change is attributed to the personal experiences of the learner in his or Mastery experience Accomplishing simple tasks that lead to
her environment. When knowledge or information is transferred to long-term memory, more complex tasks
which is further elaborated, rehearsed, and practiced, then learning happens. Social modeling Observing an identifiable model who
accomplishes the task
People learn in many ways, and several theories and models have been advanced to Improving physical and emotional Being relaxed and calm before pursuing
understand and explain how learning occurs One such theory is the social cognitive states a challenging task
theory, which emphasizes the value of the social environment in one's learning process
that is built on observational learning. Based on this theory, there are four stages in
 Verbal persuasion Providing encouragement and feedback understanding of ideas and concepts and long-term retention of information is
during the accomplishment of a achieved. On the other hand, deep learning is the deeper understanding of information
challenging task by creating significant and meaningful links across different concepts and how it can
be applied in practical ways. Students who engage in deep learning strategies are self-
regulated learners; they practically teach themselves and engage in learning
An example that illustrates self-efficacy would be a learner who is doing a particularly
opportunities characterized by collaboration and high metacognition. Quality learning
challenging writing assignment. If the learner already has experience with a similar
outcomes definitely emerge from deep learning strategies.
task, looks up to a mentor allots sufficient time to the task, and is constantly
encouraged, he or she will probably have high self-efficacy. In the same situation, a Surface learning leads to mere absorption of facts and rote memorization. It does not
learner who has no prior writing experience, no model to look up to, is constantly allow for autonomous learning to happen, and it pays attention to teacher performance
stressed and pressured by the deadline, and receives no positive feedback in rather than student learning. Although surface learning is useful in some instances, it
completing the task is likely to have low self- efficacy in writing. should be understood that it is a type of learning that does not necessarily lead to deep
understanding. On the other hand, deep learning strategies involve making meaningful
Apart from self-efficacy, human agency is another valuable principle in the learning
connections, using higher cognitive skills, enhancing intrinsic motivation, and
process. People are not products of inner forces or environments; they are self-
developing better metacognitive skills.
regulating and proactive. People influence their own environments through their
characteristics and behavior; people influence other people, and social groups To adopt deep learning strategies, students can engage in the following habits:
influence the attainment of benefits that can be enjoyed by many.
• Taking down notes. By taking down notes, students reinforce the retention
Intentionality Making an active decision to engage in and comprehension of ideas and can relate them to past information they have
particular activities already stored.
Forethought Anticipating outcomes and • Asking questions during class sessions. Asking questions during class
consequences of particular actions fosters individual and group discovery through an active discussion between
Self-reactiveness Constructing and regulating behavior
the teacher and the students. It also allows the opportunity for immediate
appropriately
feedback on the learning process.
Self-reflectiveness Reflecting and evaluating one’s thoughts
and behavior • Creating cognitive maps. The essence of deep learning is the process of
teachers and students making meaningful connections among different forms
of information learned by the student. Creating cognitive maps links concepts
Thus, in the learning process, students are equally accountable for their performance as together to arrive at valuable meanings and also enables the transfer of
much as their teachers. While teachers are considered the agents of motivation in the valuable concepts to long-term memory.
learning process, students have the responsibility to be equally involved as well. When • Engaging in collaborative learning activities with mentors and peers.
teachers give tasks, students must be responsible for accomplishing the tasks assigned There is a saying that "two heads are better than one." By joining study
to them. Students are accountable for the level of their performance in the classroom groups, students can converse, exchange ideas, and debate so as to sharpen
setting. In the entirety of the general learning process, students become in touch with their collaborative learning skills.
their own learning process. It is from this perspective that students are considered • Going beyond the mandatory course requirements. Reading additional
agents of their own learning, and they are expected to invest in their own learning reference materials, watching films that showcase concepts discussed in class,
process. going on trips f an alternative learning experience, and engaging in other
learning opportunities can greatly enhance the learning process.
This leads to the question of how much of an investment students should make in the
learning process. Although educators are largely responsible for shaping the learning
process, students themselves can also take hold of their own learning process through
self-regulation. Students can utilize two strategies in learning: deep learning and
surface learning. In surface learning, students simply accept information presented to
them and memorize it in an isolated and unlinked manner. As a result, no deeper
 Lesson 3 – Generally Modified Organism: Some GMO Food Products

Science, Health, and Politics 1. The Flavr Savr tomato was released in 1994, it is the first commercialized
genetically modified food.
Genetically modified organisms (GMO), is the result of a laboratory process 2. The Golden rice with almost 20 times beta-carotene of previous varieties. Golden
(engineered) where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and favored and rice was created by modifying the rice genome to include a gene from the daffodil
artificially forced into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal. It will result in the Narcissus pseudonarcissus and a gene from the bacterium Erwinia uredovora. The
expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological introduction of these genes enabled beta-carotene to be converted to vitamin A.
products. The foreign genes come from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals, or even 3. The Iron-rich was generated to help combat iron deficiency. This GM crop was
humans. engineered by introducing into the rice genome a ferritin gene from the common
bean. Phaseolus vulgaris, that produces a protein capable of binding iron, as well
Genetic engineering made it possible to make genetically modified organisms and
as a gene from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus to increase iron bioavailability in
plants. The new genes from another source have been inserted into the organism,
the gut.
resulting in new organisms show changes in it according to the gene's function in the
4. The Bt corn expresses a protein from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that
body. These inserted genes are called transgenes.
has insecticidal effect.
In genetic modification, recombinant genetic technologies were employed to produce 5. The GloFish, a Zebra fish with a fluorescent gene added that allows it to glow in
organisms whose genomes have precisely altered at the molecular level. It is done by the dark under ultraviolet light. It was released to the US market in 2003.
the inclusion of genes from unrelated species of organisms that code for traits that 6. The AquAdvantage Salmon became the first genetically modified animal to be
would not be obtained easily through conventional selective breeding. approved for food use. The salmon were transformed with a growth hormone-
regulating gene from a Pacific Chinook salmon and a promoter from an ocean
Some scientists consider using Genetically engineered organisms (GEO) as a more pout enabling it to grow year round instead of only during spring and summer.
precise term compared to Genetically modified organisms (GMO) when describing
organisms' genomes that have been directly manipulated with biotechnology. Implication of GMO to Science, Health, and Politics

GMOs are produced through using scientific method: Genetically modified organisms become a part of everyday life, entering into society
through agriculture, medicine, research, and environmental management. However,
1. Recombinant DNA technology - This method involves the insertion of one while Genetically modified organisms have benefited human society in many ways,
or more individual genes from an organism of one species into the DNA some disadvantages exist, therefore, the Genetically modified organisms produce
(deoxyribonucleic acid) of another. remains a highly controversial topic in many parts of the world.
2. Cloning. This method refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or
copies of cells or fragments of DNA. The first animal produced employing There are positive and negative effects when new genetic material is introduced into
this cloning technique with a nucleus from an adult donor cell was a sheep the gene pool of a population. Genetic rescue occurs when a new genetic material is
named Dolly, born in 1996. Since then several other animals, including pigs, intentionally introduced to increase the fitness of a population. Genetic pollution
horses, and dogs have been generated by reproductive cloning technology. occurs when a new genetic material is unintentionally introduced to a population and
can negatively affect the fitness of a population (out-breeding depression). The
Bacteria are the easiest organisms to engineer due to the relative ease of modifying introduction of other unwanted phenotypes can lead to extinction.
their chromosomes and have been used for research, food production, industrial protein
purification including drugs, and agriculture. Escherichia coli is usually the most used Genetic pollution is the uncontrolled transfer of the gene into wild populations. It is
bacterial sample. The first medicinal use of genetically modified bacteria is to produce defined as "the dispersal of contaminated altered genes from genetically engineered
the protein insulin to treat diabetes. organisms (GMO) to natural organisms, usually by cross-pollination". Genetic
pollution happens when the genetic information is transferred into the organisms where
If using animals, it is necessary to ensure that the inserted DNA is present in the it is not needed or never existed before that may lead to alteration of the original'
embryonic stem cells. genetic material of the natural organisms. This flow of genetic information is usually
undesired and cannot be controlled. The flow of genetic information usually takes
place between genetically modified organisms into non genetically modified
organisms. When GMOs are allowed to breed with the organisms which are not The impact of changing the genetic constituents of single species may extend well
genetically modified, then these organisms will pollute the genetic of non-GMO. beyond to the environment and will put biodiversity at risk and may lead to damage
and destruction of ecosystem.
The term genetic pollution was popularized by environmentalist Jeremy Rifkin in
1998 in his book: The Biotech Century. He wrote while intentional crossbreeding There is also the Philosophical and Religious Concerns of People.
between two genetically distinct varieties is described as hybridization with the
subsequent introgression of genes. Rifkin used genetic pollution to describe the risks Physical containment has also been used to prevent the escape of transgenes. Barriers
that might occur due to the unintentional process of genetically modified organisms such as filters in labs, screen in greenhouse, and isolation distances in the field are
(GMOs) dispersing their genes into the natural environment by breeding with wild examples of physical containment.
plants or animals. Mitigation is another suggested method for protection of traits (e.g. pathogen
Due to these reasons the whole ecological system will get affected. The effect could resistance). Mitigation involves linking the positive trait (beneficial to fitness) to a
be: negative trait (harmful to fitness) to wild but not domesticated organisms.

1. GMO might lend the non GM organism to extinction Access to information is an important cornerstone of public participation and one of
2. Their genetics will change and they will not be able to show their the tools that could help to realize the benefits and avoid the risks caused by modern
characteristic biotechnology. This concept is well-recognized in Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration,
3. There are chances that these organisms might develop resistance against and the recently adopted Aarhus Convention on access to information, public
pesticides or herbicides participation in decision making, and access to justice in environmental matters.

There are unknown consequences of altering the natural state of an organism through Public awareness and access to information are encouraged through product labeling,
foreign gene expression, such alterations can change the organism's metabolism, food safety standards, and general consumer protection laws. This are designed to
growth rate, and response to external environmental factors. These consequences foster awareness and communicate public preferences to the commercial proponents of
influence not only the GMO itself but also the natural environment in which that GMOs products.
organism is allowed to reproduce. Bt Eggplant
Most concerning effects of using GMOs are around the health and environmental Eggplant is a staple food in the Philippines. Bt Eggplant Expresses Bt gene, Bt stands
impact. Possible health risks to humans include the possibility of exposure to new for Bacillus thuringiensis, a common soil bacterium that- contains a gene which
allergens present in genetically modified foods, as well as the transfer of antibiotic- produces a protein harmful to insects. Scientist have incorporated this gene to eggplant
resistant genes. Horizontal gene transfer of pesticide, herbicide or antibiotic resistance enabling it to be resistant to this insect thus to help farmers minimize loss due to the
to other organisms would not only put humans at risk, but it would also cause Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (moth). This vegetable can help prevent cancer,
ecological imbalances. It will allow previously harmless plants to grow uncontrolled, diabetes, and gastrointestinal diseases.
thus promoting the spread of disease among both plants and animals.
AquAdvantage Salmon
Another concern is when the new enhanced mating of the genetically modified fish is
introduced into a wild fish population, it will propagate and may eventually, threaten This salmon is the first genetically modified fish to be approved for human
both the wild-type and the genetically modified organisms' viability to produce their consumption. This genetically modified salmon grows to market size in half the time
offspring. as conventional Atlantic salmon because it contains a growth hormone gene from the
fast growing Pacific Chinook salmon and a promoter sequence from the ocean pout.
The implication in the economy is that private companies will claim ownership of the
Combined, the gene and promoter sequence acts like an "on" switch, enabling the
organisms they created and not share them or might share them at a reasonable cost
salmon to grow year-round instead of seasonally like wild or farmed salmon.
with the public. The monoculture practices by large scale farm production centers will
hurt the economy and the environment.