Shackelford, James F.& Alexander, W.

“Selecting Structural Properties”

Materials Science and Engineering Handbook
Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001
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CHAPTER 10 Selecting
Structural Properties

List of Tables Atomic and IonicRadii

Selecting Atomic Radii of the Elements
Selecting Ionic Radii of the Elements
Bond Lengths and Angles
Selecting Bond Lengths Between Elements
Selecting Bond Angles Between Elements
Density
Selecting Density of the Elements

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 338. SELECTING ATOMIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS*

(SHEET 1 OF 3)
Atomic Atomic Radius
Number Symbol (nm)

1 H 0.046
8 O 0.060
7 N 0.071
6 C 0.077

5 B 0.097
16 S 0.106
17 Cl 0.107
15 P 0.109

25 Mn 0.112
4 Be 0.114
34 Se 0.116
14 Si 0.117

35 Br 0.119
32 Ge 0.122
26 Fe 0.124
24 Cr 0.125

27 Co 0.125
28 Ni 0.125
33 As 0.125
29 Cu 0.128

23 V 0.132
30 Zn 0.133
44 Ru 0.134
45 Rh 0.134

31 Ga 0.135
76 Os 0.135
77 Ir 0.135
42 Mo 0.136

Source: After a tabulation by R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their
Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975.

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 338. SELECTING ATOMIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS*

(SHEET 2 OF 3)
Atomic Atomic Radius
Number Symbol (nm)

53 I 0.136
46 Pd 0.137
74 W 0.137
75 Re 0.138

78 Pt 0.138
92 U 0.138
84 Po 0.140
13 Al 0.143

41 Nb 0.143
52 Te 0.143
47 Ag 0.144
79 Au 0.144

22 Ti 0.147
73 Ta 0.147
48 Cd 0.150
80 Hg 0.150

3 Li 0.152
49 In 0.157
40 Zr 0.158
50 Sn 0.158

72 Hf 0.159
10 Ne 0.160
12 Mg 0.160
21 Sc 0.160

51 Sb 0.161
81 Tl 0.171
71 Lu 0.173
69 Tm 0.174

Source: After a tabulation by R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their
Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975.

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 338. SELECTING ATOMIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS*

(SHEET 3 OF 3)
Atomic Atomic Radius
Number Symbol (nm)

68 Er 0.175
82 Pb 0.175
67 Ho 0.176
65 Tb 0.177

66 Dy 0.177
64 Gd 0.180
90 Th 0.180
39 Y 0.181

62 Sm 0.181
58 Ce 0.182
60 Nd 0.182
83 Bi 0.182

59 Pr 0.183
11 Na 0.186
57 La 0.187
18 Ar 0.192

70 Yb 0.193
20 Ca 0.197
36 Kr 0.197
63 Eu 0.204

38 Sr 0.215
56 Ba 0.217
54 Xe 0.218
19 K 0.231

37 Rb 0.251
55 Cs 0.265

Source: After a tabulation by R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their
Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975.

*
The ionic radii are based on the calculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based
on known interatomic distances in various ionic crystals.

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 339. SELECTING IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS*

(SHEET 1 OF 5)
Ionic Radius
Ion (nm)

N5+ 0.01–0.2
C4+ <0.02
B3+ 0.02
P5+ 0.03–0.04

Cr6+ 0.03–0.04
6+ 0.03–0.04
Se
6+ 0.034
S
4+ 0.039
Si

V5+ 0.04
5+ ~0.04
As
4+ 0.044
Ge
2+ 0.050
Pd

Mn4+ 0.052
2+ 0.052
Pt
2+ 0.054
Be
4+ 0.055
Pt

Al3+ 0.057
4+ 0.061
V
3+ 0.062
Ga
7+ 0.062
At

Ti4+ 0.064
3+ 0.064
Cr
3+ 0.065
V
3+ 0.065
Co

Source: After a tabulation by R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their
Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975.

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 339. SELECTING IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS*

(SHEET 2 OF 5)
Ionic Radius
Ion (nm)

Mo6+ 0.065
4+ 0.065
Ru
4+ 0.065
Rh
6+ 0.065
W

Ir4+ 0.066
2+ 0.067
Fe
4+ 0.067
Os
6+ 0.067
Po

Mo4+ 0.068
3+ 0.068
Rh
5+ 0.068
Ta
4+ 0.068
W

Ti3+ 0.069
3+ 0.069
As
5+ 0.069
Nb
3+ 0.070
Mn

Re4+ 0.072
4+ 0.074
Nb
4+ 0.074
Sn
2+ 0.076
Ti

Li+ 0.078
2+ 0.078
Mg
2+ 0.078
Ni
2+ 0.082
Co

Source: After a tabulation by R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their
Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975.

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 339. SELECTING IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS*

(SHEET 3 OF 5)
Ionic Radius
Ion (nm)

Sc2+ 0.083
2+ 0.083
Zn
4+ 0.084
Hf
4+ 0.084
Pb

Fe2+ 0.087
4+ 0.087
Zr
4+ 0.089
Te
Tb4+ 0.089

Sb3+ 0.090
2+ 0.091
Mn
3+ 0.091
In
5+ 0.094
I

Cu+ 0.096
+ 0.098
Na
3+ 0.099
Lu
4+ 0.100
Pr

Yb3+ 0.100
4+ 0.102
Ce
2+ 0.103
Cd
3+ 0.104
Er

Tm3+ 0.104
3+ 0.105
Ho
4+ 0.105
U
2+ 0.106
Ca

Source: After a tabulation by R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their
Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975.

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 339. SELECTING IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS*

(SHEET 4 OF 5)
Ionic Radius
Ion (nm)

Y3+ 0.106
3+ 0.106
Pm
3+ 0.106
Tl
3+ 0.107
Dy

Tb3+ 0.109
4+ 0.110
Th
3+ 0.111
Gd
Hg2+ 0.112

Ag+ 0.113
3+ 0.113
Sm
3+ 0.113
Eu
3+ 0.115
Nd

Pr3+ 0.116
3+ 0.118
Ce
3+ 0.118
Ac
3+ 0.120
Bi

La3+ 0.122
2+ 0.127
Sr
2+ 0.13
Ba
2– 0.132
O

Pb2+ 0.132
– 0.133
F
+ 0.133
K
+ 0.137
Au

Source: After a tabulation by R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their
Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 339. SELECTING IONIC RADII OF THE ELEMENTS*

(SHEET 5 OF 5)
Ionic Radius
Ion (nm)

Rb+ 0.149
+ 0.149
Tl
+ 0.152
Ra
– 0.154
H

Cs+ 0.165
2– 0.174
S
+ 0.180
Fr
– 0.181
Cl

Se2– 0.191
– 0.196
Br
4– 0.198
Si
2– 0.211
Te

Sn4– 0.215
4– 0.215
Pb
– 0.220
I

Source: After a tabulation by R. A. Flinn and P. K. Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their
Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975.

*
The ionic radii are based on the calculations of V. M. Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based
on known interatomic distances in various ionic crystals.

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 340. SELECTING BOND LENGTHS BETWEEN ELEMENTS

(SHEET 1 OF 2)
Elements Compound Bond length (Å)

O-H H2O2 0.960 ± 0.005

O-H OD 0.9699
N-H HNCS 1.013 ± 0.005
N-N N 3H 1.02 ± 0.01

O-H [OH]+ 1.0289

N-H [NH4 ]+ 1.034 ± 0.003
N-H NH 1.038
N-H ND 1.041

N=O [NO]+ 1.0619

N-N [N2]+ 1.116
N-N N2O 1.126 ± 0.002
N=O N2O 1.186 ± 0.002

N-O NO2 1.188 ± 0.005

B-O BO 1.2049
B-H Hydrides 1.21 ± .02
O-O [O2 ]+ 1.227

N-O NO2Cl 1.24 ± 0.01

O-O [O2 ]- 1.26 ± 0.2
B-F BF 1.262
B-F BF3 1.29 ± 0.01

S-D SD2 1.345

S-D SD 1.3473
N-F NF3 1.36 ± 0.02
B-O B(OH)3 1.362 ± 0.005 (av)

To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1

Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C.,
Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 340. SELECTING BOND LENGTHS BETWEEN ELEMENTS

(SHEET 2 OF 2)
Elements Compound Bond length (Å)

B-H bridge Hydrides 1.39 ± .02

B-N (BClNH)3 1.42 ± .01
P-H [PH4]+ 1.42 ± 0.02
P-D PD 1.429

S-O SO2 1.4321

S-O SOCl2 1.45 ± 0.02
O-O H2O2 1.48 ± 0.01
Si-H SiH4 1.480 ± 0.005

O-O [O2]- - 1.49 ± 0.02

P-N PN 1.4910
Si-O [SiO]+ 1.504
Si-F SiF4 1.561 ± 0.003 (av)

N-Si SiN 1.572

S-F SOF2 1.585 ± 0.005
B-Cl BCl 1.715
B-Cl BCl3 1.72 ± 0.01

B-B B2H6 1.770 ± 0.013

N-Cl NO2Cl 1.79 ± 0.02
P-S PSBr3 (Cl3,F3) 1.86 ± 0.02
B-Br BBr3 1.87 ± 0.02

B-Br BBF 1.88

Si-Cl SiCl4 2.03 ± 1.01 (av)
S-S S2Cl2 2.04 ± 0.01
Si-Br SiBr4 2.17 ± 1.01

S-Br SOBr2 2.27 ± 0.02

Si-Si [Si2Cl2] 2.30 ± 0.02

To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10-1

Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C.,
Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 341. SELECTING BOND ANGLES BETWEEN ELEMENTS

Bond Compound Bond angle (•)

F-S-F SOF2 92.8 ± 1

Br-S-Br SOBr2 96 ± 2
O-O-H H2O2 100 ± 2
F-N-F NF3 102.5 ± 1.5

H-N-N’ N3H 112.65 ± 0.5

O-S-O SO2 119.54
O-B-O B(OH)3 119.7
Br-B-Br BBr3 120 ± 6

Cl- B-Cl BCl3 120 ± 3

F-B-F BF3 120
B-N-B (BClNH)3 121
H-B-H B2H6 121.5 ± 7.5

O-N-O NO2Cl 126 ± 2

H-N-C HNCS 130.25 ± 0.25
O-N-O NO2 134.1 ± 0.25

Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R. C.,
Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167.

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 342. SELECTING DENSITY OF THE ELEMENTS

(SHEET 1 OF 3)
Solid
At. Density
Element No. Sym. (Mg/m3)

Lithium 3 Li 0.533
Potassium 19 K 0.862
Sodium 11 Na 0.966
Calcium 20 Ca 1.53

Rubidium 37 Rb 1.53
Magnesium 12 Mg 1.74
Phosphorus
(White) 15 P 1.82

Beryllium 4 Be 1.85
Cesium 55 Ce 1.91
Sulfur 16 S 2.09
Carbon 6 C 2.27

Silicon 14 Si 2.33
Boron 5 B 2.47
Strontium 38 Sr 2.58
Aluminum 13 Al 2.7

Scandium 21 Sc 2.99
Barium 56 Ba 3.59
Yttrium 39 Y 4.48
Titanium 22 Ti 4.51

Selenium 34 Se 4.81
Iodine 53 I 4.95
Europium 63 Eu 5.25
Germanium 32 Ge 5.32

Arsenic 33 As 5.78
Gallium 31 Ga 5.91
Vanadium 23 V 6.09
Lanthanum 57 La 6.17

Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers,
Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 342. SELECTING DENSITY OF THE ELEMENTS

(SHEET 2 OF 3)
Solid
At. Density
Element No. Sym. (Mg/m3)

Tellurium 52 Te 6.25
Zirconium 40 Zr 6.51
Antimony 51 Sb 6.69
Cerium 58 Ce 6.77

Praseodymium 59 Pr 6.78
Ytterbium 70 Yb 6.97
Neodymium 60 Nd 7.00
Zinc 30 Zn 7.13

Chromium 24 Cr 7.19
Indium 49 In 7.29
Tin 50 Sn 7.29
Manganese 25 Mn 7.47

Samarium 62 Sm 7.54
Iron 26 Fe 7.87
Gadolinium 64 Gd 7.87
Terbium 65 Tb 8.27

Dysprosium 66 Dy 8.53
Niobium 41 Nb 8.58
Cadmium 48 Cd 8.65
Cobalt 27 Co 8.8

Holmium 67 Ho 8.80
Nickel 28 Ni 8.91
Copper 29 Cu 8.93
Erbium 68 Er 9.04

Polonium 84 Po 9.2
Thulium 69 Tm 9.33
Bismuth 83 Bi 9.80
Lutetium 71 Lu 9.84

Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers,
Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).

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Selecting Structural Properties

Table 342. SELECTING DENSITY OF THE ELEMENTS

(SHEET 3 OF 3)
Solid
At. Density
Element No. Sym. (Mg/m3)

Molybdenum 42 Mo 10.22
Silver 47 Ag 10.50
Lead 82 Pb 11.34
Technetium 43 Tc 11.5

Thorium 90 Th 11.72
Thallium 81 Tl 11.87
Palladium 46 Pd 12.00
Ruthenium 44 Ru 12.36

Rhodium 45 Rh 12.42
Hafnium 72 Hf 13.28
Tantalum 73 Ta 16.67
Uranium 92 U 19.05

Tungsten 74 W 19.25
Gold 79 Au 19.28
Plutonium 94 Pu 19.81
Rhenium 75 Re 21.02

Platinum 78 Pt 21.44
Iridium 77 Ir 22.55
Osmium 76 Os 22.58

Source: data from James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers,
Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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