O-Level Mathematics (4024)

Algebra

Rule 1: You can only add/subtract like terms

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Rule 2: When multiplying, remember:

• You can multiply different terms and like terms together
• Always multiply the numbers together first
• Put the letters in alphabetical order
• Leave out the multiplication sign

Rule 3: When dividing, the rules are the same as multiplication but instead of a ÷ we write it as
a fractions
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—4(t + 2) Okay, so remember, the -4 is multiplying with both t and 2.

so we get...
-4 x t = -4t
-4 x 2 = -8

-4(t +2) = —4t —8

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Subject of the formula:

To make something the subject of the formula means to write that variable separately. For example,
in the equations y = 3x – 4, y is the subject of the formula.

When asked to make something subject, isolate that variable.

For example:

2 – 3y = 4x

(Lets make y the subject here)

2 – 4x = 3y
2 − 4𝑥
=𝑦
3

Algebraic Identities:
M
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎M + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 M
(𝑎 − 𝑏)M = 𝑎M − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 M
𝑎M − 𝑏 M = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)

Algebraic Factorization:

i) For two terms

Check for common factors. If the terms have common factors, then factor out the greatest

common factor (GCF), for example 2x + 4 has 2 as the greatest common factor. So, 2(x+2)

If you multiply you would get the same answer = 2x+4, which means you have factorized it

correctly.

When you have variables, you will take the smallest power of a particular variable as common:

2𝑥 M − 6𝑥 = 2𝑥(𝑥 − 3)

ii) Quadratic Trinomials

𝑎𝑥 M + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

A quadratic trinomial can be factorized using middle term breaking. If it is an

equation it solved using the quadratic formula as well.

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Quadratic Formula:

−𝑏 ± 𝑏 M − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎

For example:

2𝑥 M − 3𝑥 − 5 = 0

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝑴𝒊𝒅 𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝑩𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈:

2𝑥 M ∓ 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 5 = 0

2𝑥(𝑥 + 1) – 5(𝑥 + 1) = 0

(2𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

2𝑥 − 5 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 1 = 0

5
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1
2

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂:

−𝑏 ± 𝑏 M − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎

2𝑥 M − 3𝑥 − 5 = 0

a = 2, b =-3, c =-5

− − 3 ± (−3)M − 4(2)(−5)
2(2)

3 ± 9 + 40
4

3 ± 49
4

3±7
4
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Either

qrs qus
or
t t
v
x= 𝑜𝑟 − 1
M

Indices:

𝟐𝒙

2 is the base, x is the power.

Rules:
1) When same bases multiply, write the base once and add their powers

𝑥 M ×𝑥 q = 𝑥 v

2) If the bases have coefficients, multiply them.

2𝑥 M ×−3𝑥 t = −6𝑥 y

3) Same bases when divided, write the base once and subtract their
powers:

𝑥t
M
= 𝑥M
𝑥

4) Anything with power 0 is always 1.

(𝑥)z = 1

5) For negative power, take reciprocal.

uM
2 𝑥 M 𝑥M
= =
𝑥 2 4
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Scientific notation is a form of presenting very large numbers or very small numbers in a

simpler form. As we know, the whole numbers can be extended till infinity, but we cannot write

such huge numbers on a piece of paper. Also, the numbers which are present at the millions place

after the decimal needed to be represented in a simpler form. Thus, it is difficult to represent a

few numbers in their expanded form. Hence, we use scientific notations.

Why is 700 written as 7 × 102 in Scientific Notation ?

700 = 7 × 100
and 100 = 102 so 700 = 7 × 102

Both 700 and 7 × 102 have the same value, just shown in different ways.

Example: 4,900,000,000

1,000,000,000 = 109,
so 4,900,000,000 = 4.9 × 109 in Scientific Notation

The number is written in two parts:

• Just the digits, with the decimal point placed after the first digit, followed by
• × 10 to a power that puts the decimal point where it should be
(i.e. it shows how many places to move the decimal point).

In this example, 5326.6 is written as 5.3266 × 103,

because 5326.6 = 5.3266 × 1000 = 5.3266 × 103

To figure out the power of 10, think "how many places do I move the decimal
point?"
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When the number is 10 or greater, the decimal point has to move to the left,
and the power of 10 is positive.

When the number is smaller than 1, the decimal point has to move to the right,
so the power of 10 is negative.
Example: 0.0055 is written 5.5 × 10-3

Because 0.0055 = 5.5 × 0.001 = 5.5 × 10-3

After putting the number in Scientific Notation, just check that:

• The "digits" part is between 1 and 10 (it can be 1, but never 10)
• The "power" part shows exactly how many places to move the decimal point

Unit: Percentages
Converting into percentage

• Decimal to %
0.4 x 100 = 40%
0.56 x 100 = 56 %
• Fraction to %
7
×100 = 70 %
10
For both, decimal and fraction, multiply by 100 to convert to percentage.

Finding the percentage of something:

vz
50% of 80 = ×80 = 40
„zz

Calculating percentage.

If you score 30 out of 50 in an exam, convert it into percentage by dividing 30 with 50 and then
multiplying it with 100.
30
×100 = 60%
50

If a percentage has increased = 100% + percentage increase:

10% increase on a bag which used to cost $50.

„„z
So, calculate 110% of 50 = ×50 = $55
„zz
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If a percentage has decreased = 100% + percentage decrease:

10% increase on a bag which used to cost $50.

ˆz
So, calculate 90% of 50 = ×50 = $45
„zz

‰Š‹Œ•Ž
Percentage change (refers to both increase and decrease) = ×100
••‘•‘Œ‹’

Unit: Trigonometry
Trigonometry helps us find angles and distances, and is used a lot in science, engineering,
video games, and more!

Trigonometry is divided into two parts:

1) Simple Trigonometry – deals with right angled triangles only

2) Further Trigonometry – deals with non-right angled triangles

Further Trigonometry:

3) Another angle is often labeled θ, and the three sides are then called:
4) Adjacent: adjacent (next to) the angle θ
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5) Opposite: opposite the angle θ

6) and the longest side is the Hypotenuse
7) The main functions in trigonometry are Sine, Cosine and Tangent
8) They are simply one side of a right-angled triangle divided by another.

For any angle "θ":

(Sine, Cosine and Tangent are often abbreviated to sin, cos and tan.)

Angle of elevation and depression are always measured from the line of sight (horizontal line)

Further Trigonometry:

1. The sine rule Study the triangle ABC shown below. Let B stands for the angle at B. Let C stand
for the angle at C and so on. Also, let b = AC, a = BC and c = AB.
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œ‘Œ• œ‘Œž œ‘Œ

The sine rule: = =
‹ Ÿ ‰

Example In triangle ABC, B = 21◦ , C = 46◦ and AB = 9cm. Solve this triangle.

The cosine rule Refer to the triangle shown below.

The cosine rule: 𝑎 M = 𝑏 M + 𝑐 M − 2𝑏𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 , 𝑏 M = 𝑎 M + 𝑐 M − 2𝑎𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐵 ,

𝑐 M = 𝑎 M + 𝑐 M − (2𝑎𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐶)

Example In triangle ABC, AB = 42cm, BC = 37cm and AC = 26cm. Solve this triangle
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• These two versions of the Area of a Triangle Formula are also valid for the triangle
above:

Note that it’s always the angle between the two sides on the right-hand side.

Bearings

Bearings (sometimes referred to as three-figure bearings) are a way of describing and using
angles. The way they are defined means it gives us a
precise location and/or direction which means they have good uses in navigation

In simple words, a bearing is an angle, measured clockwise from the north direction. Below,
the bearing of B from A is 025 degrees (note 3 figures are always given). The bearing of A
from B is 205 degrees.

Bearings rules

1. They are measured from the North direction

North is usually straight up in terms of a scale drawing or map drawn on a piece of
paper and should be shown somewhere on the diagram
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2. They are measured clockwise (from North)

If you get confused, look at a clock on the wall. The 12 is the north.
3. The angle should always be written (said) with 3 figures
So angles under 100° should have zeros to start, eg 059, 008

Unit: Coordinate Geometry

When we want to plot a point on a graph we need to know where to put it. The horizontal
axis is labelled x and the vertical axis is labelled y, then the x and y coordinates are how far
we go along the x and y axes to plot the point

If we have two points with coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) then we should be able to find

• the gradient of the line through them

• the midpoint of the two points
• the distance between the two points

(𝑥„ , 𝑦„ )(𝑥„ , 𝑦„ ) are just names given, they are interchangeable.

‰Š‹Œ•Ž ‘Œ ª (ª¬- ª® ) •‘¯Ž

Gradient: = =
‰Š‹Œ•Ž ‘Œ « («¬- «) •°Œ

«¬ r«® ª¬ rª
Mid-point: 𝑥²‘³u´•‘Œµ = 𝑦²‘³u´•‘Œµ =
M M

Distance Formula: (𝑦Mu 𝑦„ )M + (𝑥Mu 𝑥„ )M

If three points A, B and C lie on the same STRAIGHT LINE then AB and AC (or BC) have the
same gradient, as do parallel lines.

Parallel Lines have the same gradient.

Before you start trying to work with perpendicular gradients and lines, make sure you
understand how to find the equation of a straight line – that will help you do the sorts of
questions you will meet

„
Perpendicular lines have the following relationship between their gradients: 𝑚„ =−
²¬
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𝑚„ is the gradient for one line, 𝑚M is the gradient for the other.

Gradients 𝑚„ and 𝑚M are PERPENDICULAR if m1 × 𝑚M = -1

Unit: Graphs of functions

To plot any graph using a table, determine the value of whatever in on the y axis by plugging
in different values of whatever is on the x axis. From the values, plot the graph.

x axis should have the same scale throughout, on both negative and positive side.

y axis should have the same scale throughout, on both negative and positive side.

The x and y are independent of each other.

A quadratic equation has the general form 𝑎𝑥 M + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where a, b and c are constant
numbers (they can take any numerical value).

The shape of a quadratic graph would always be a parabola

If a>0 happy face

If a<0 sad face

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How do we use graphs to solve equations?

• Solutions are always read off the x-axis

• Solutions of f(x) = 0 are where the graph of y = f(x) cuts the x-axis
• If given g(x)=0 instead (Q: “by drawing a suitable straight line”) then:
o Rearrange into f(x) = mx + c and draw the line y = mx + c
o Solutions are the x-coordinates of where the line crosses the curve
Note that solutions may also be called roots

Four Operations
The four operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Addition (+)
o This operation is used when you want to find the total, or sum, of two or
more amounts.
• Subtraction (−)
o This operation is used when you want to find the difference between two
amounts or how much of something you have left after a quantity is
used – for example, if you want to find the change owed after spending an
amount of money.
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• Multiplication (×)
o This operation is also used for totals and sums but when there is more than
one of the same number – for example if you are buying five packs of
apples that cost £1.20 each, you would do 5 × £1.20.
• Division (÷)
o Division is used when sharing or grouping items. For example, if you want
to know how many doughnuts you can buy with £6 if one doughnut costs
£1.50, you would do £6 ÷ £1.50.

Standard Form

Standard form is a way of writing down very large or very small numbers easily. 103 =
1000, so 4 × 10q = 4000. So 4000 can be written as 4 × 10³ . This idea can be used to
write even larger numbers down easily in standard form.
Small numbers can also be written in standard form. However, instead of the index being
positive (in the above example, the index was 3), it will be negative. The rules when
writing a number in standard form is that first you write down a number between 1 and
10, then you write × 10(to the power of a number).
Example
Write 81 900 000 000 000 in standard form: 81 900 000 000 000 = 8.19 × 1013
It’s 1013 because the decimal point has been moved 13 places to the left to get the
number to be 8.19
Example
Write 0.000 001 2 in standard form:
0.000 001 2 = 1.2 × 10-6
It’s 10-6 because the decimal point has been moved 6 places to the right to get the
number to be 1.2
On a calculator, you usually enter a number in standard form as follows: Type in the first
number (the one between 1 and 10). Press EXP . Type in the power to which the 10 is
risen.
Manipulation in Standard Form
This is best explained with an example:
Example
The number p written in standard form is 8 × 105
The number q written in standard form is 5 × 10-2
Calculate p × q. Give your answer in standard form.
Multiply the two first bits of the numbers together and the two second bits together:
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8 × 5 × 105 × 10-2
= 40 × 103 (Remember 105 × 10-2 = 103)
The question asks for the answer in standard form, but this is not standard form because
the first part (the 40) should be a number between 1 and 10.
= 4 × 104
Example
Calculate p ÷ q.
Give your answer in standard form.
This time, divide the two first bits of the standard forms. Divide the two second bits. (8 ÷
5) × (105 ÷ 10-2) = 1.6 × 107

Estimation
Sometimes it is a good idea to estimate a calculation rather than work it out exactly, if you
don’t need to know the exact value. In this situation, round the numbers in the question
before performing the calculation. Usually, numbers are rounded to one significant figure.
The 'approximately equal to' sign, ≈, is used to show that values have been rounded.

Why use estimation?

• We estimate to find approximations for difficult sums

• Or to check our answers are about the right size (right order of magnitude)

How to estimate

• We round numbers to something sensible before calculating

• GENERAL RULE:
Round numbers to 1 significant figure
o 7.8 ➝8
o 18 ➝20
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o 3.65 × 10-4 ➝4 × 10-4

o 1080 ➝1000
• EXCEPTIONS:
It can be more sensible (or easier) to round to something convenient
o 16.2 ➝15
o 9.1 ➝10
o 1180 ➝1200

It wouldn’t usually make sense to round a number to zero

• FRACTIONS get bigger when the top is bigger and/or the bottom is smaller and vice
versa
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Ratio, Rate and Proportion

Ratio and Proportion are explained majorly based on fractions. When a fraction is represented
in the form of a:b, then it is a ratio whereas a proportion states that two ratios are equal. Here, a
and b are any two integers. The ratio and proportion are the two important concepts, and it is the
foundation to understand the various concepts in mathematics as well as in science.
In our daily life, we use the concept of ratio and proportion such as in business while dealing with
money or while cooking any dish, etc. Sometimes, students get confused with the concept of
ratio and proportion. In this article, the students get a clear vision of these two concepts with
more solved examples and problems.
For example, ⅘ is a ratio and the proportion statement is 20/25 = ⅘. If we solve this proportional
statement, we get:
20/25 = ⅘
20 x 5 = 25 x 4
100 = 100

Suppose a parking garage contains six blue cars and two green cars. The ratio of blue cars to green
cars can be expressed as a fraction. If the two green cars leave the garage, then there are zero green
cars and the ratio becomes. Division by zero, however, is not defined, so this form of the ratio is
meaningless. Expressing a ratio as a fraction, , is valid as long as b is not equal to zero. However, the
ratio of blue to green cars can still be written as 6 to 0 or 6:0.

Example:
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Understanding Proportions

When two ratios are equal, the mathematical statement of that equality is called a proportion. The
statement that is a proportion. If is equal to , then is called a proportion. To find out if two ratios
form a proportion, one can evaluate the cross product. If and are ratios, then the two ratios form a
proportion if ad = bc.

Proportions are used when three quantities are given, and the fourth quantity is an unknown.
Suppose a person drives 126 miles in 3 hours. At the same speed, how many miles would the driver
travel in 4 hours? Because the rate of travel remains the same, a proportion can be written.

The unknown quantity, the distance traveled by the car in 4 hours, can be indicated by x. Therefore,
the two ratios and form a proportion.

Multiplying both sides by 4, or using cross multiplication, yields x = 168 miles.

see also Numbers, Rational.

Sequences
For number sequences formulas:

A. Common difference:

nth term = a + (n - 1)d

d is difference between the numbers
a is first term
n is the nth term - leave it there.

Eg formula for this number pattern: 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20...

a=5
d=3
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therefore, formula is:

5 + (n - 1)(3)

simplify ---> 5 + 3n - 3 = 2 + 3n (ans)

B. Changing difference:

nth term = a + (n - 1)d + ½(n - 1)(n - 2)c

a is first term
d is first difference
c is difference of the difference
n is the nth term - leave it there

Eg Formula for this number pattern: 6, 8, 12, 18, 26...

difference between each subsequent number is 2, 4, 6, 8...

a=6
d=2
c=2

therefore, formula is: 6 + (2)(n-1) + 2/2(n - 1)(n - 2)

Simplify ---> 6 + 2n - 2 + 1(n2 - 2n - n + 2)

= 6 + 2n - 2 + n2 - 2n - n + 2
= 6 - n + n2 (ans)

In a Geometric Sequence each term is found by multiplying the previous

term by a constant.

Example:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ...

This sequence has a factor of 2 between each number.

Each term (except the first term) is found by multiplying the previous term
by 2.
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In General we write a Geometric Sequence like this:

{a, ar, ar2, ar3, ... }

where:

• a is the first term, and

• r is the factor between the terms (called the "common ratio")

Example: {1,2,4,8,...}

The sequence starts at 1 and doubles each time, so

• a=1 (the first term)

• r=2 (the "common ratio" between terms is a doubling)

And we get:

{a, ar, ar2, ar3, ... }

= {1, 1×2, 1×22, 1×23, ... }

= {1, 2, 4, 8, ... }

Variations
Proportion
If a is proportional to b,
aµb
and a = kb, where k is a constant
The value of k will be the same for all values of a and b.
Example:
If a µ b, and b = 10 when a = 5, find an equation connecting a and b.
a = kb (1)
Substitute the values of 5 and 10 into the equation to find k:
5 = 10k
so k = 1/2
substitute this into (1)
a = ½b
Similarly, if m is proportional to n², m = kn²

Inverse Proportion
If a and b are inversely proportionally to one another,
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a µ1/b
\ a = k/b
In these examples, k is known as the constant of variation.

Example:
If b is inversely proportional to the square of a, and when a = 3, b = 1, find the
constant of variation.
b = k/a²
when a = 3, b = 1
1 = k/3²
k=9

Symmetry:
What is symmetry?

• Symmetry in mathematics can refer to one of two types:

o Line symmetry which deals with reflections and mirror images of shapes
or parts of shapes
o Rotational symmetry which deals with how often a shape looks identical
(congruent) when it has been rotated

What is line symmetry?

• Line symmetry refers to shapes that can have mirror lines added to them
o Each side of the line of symmetry is a reflection of the other side
• Lines of symmetry can be thought of as a folding line too
o Folding a shape along a line of symmetry results in the two parts
sitting exactly on top of each other
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The number of lines of symmetry in a regular polygon is equal to the number of sides.

The order of rotational symmetry of a shape is the number of times it can be

rotated around a full circle and still look the same.
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If the triangle is rotated a full 360°, it never looks the same except when it arrives back at its
original starting position. It only has one order of rotational symmetry, the starting position.

The minimum order of rotational symmetry a shape can have is 1.

Rotational symmetry in regular polygons

The order of rotational symmetry of a regular polygon is equal to the number of sides.

Symmetry of quadrilaterals

There are six special quadrilaterals with different symmetrical properties.

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Loci and Construction

What are loci and constructions?

A locus (loci is plural) is a line/shape/path that is determined by following a rule – eg

always being 2m away from a wall. You may be asked to construct a locus, although the
language used in exam questions don’t always mention these words as questions are often
based on real world situations.

It is an excuse to get the maths toys out – rulers and compasses in particular!

You will often be working with scale drawings with this topic. N.B. if a point P is
‘equidistant’ from two points A and B, then the distance between P and A is the same as
the distance between P and B, as illustrated here:

The points on the line are equidistant from A and B

Don’t let the term 'locus' put you off. Questions on loci (which is the plural of locus) often
don’t use the term.
Example
The diagram shows two points P and Q. On the diagram shade the region which
contains all the points which satisfy both the following: the distance from P is less than
3cm, the distance from P is greater than the distance from Q.

All of the points on the circumference of the circle are 3cm from P. Therefore all of the
points satisfying the condition that the distance from P is less than 3cm are in the circle.
If we draw a line in the middle of P and Q, all of the points on this line will be the same
distance from P as they are from Q. They will be therefore closer to Q, and further away
from P, if they are on the right of such a line.
Therefore all of the points satisfying both of these conditions are shaded in red.
Three important loci
The word locus describes the position of points which obey a certain rule.
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Three important loci are:

• The circle - the locus of points which are equidistant from a fixed point, the
centre.
• The perpendicular bisector - the locus of points which are equidistant from two
fixed points A and B.
• The angle bisector - the locus of points which are equidistant from two fixed lines.

Example:
The diagram shows the walls of a rectangular shed, ABCD, measuring 8m by 5m. A goat
is tied to the corner of C by a rope 6m long.
The shaded area shows the part the goat can reach.
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Matrices
In Mathematics, matrices are arrays of numbers arranged in rows and columns.

Types of Matrices:

Row Matrix:

Column Matrix:

Null Matrix (0):

Null Matrix is that matrix, that only contains number 0 in it.

Diagonal Matrix:
Also known as square matrix, in which all element zero except the diagonal upper left to
lower left.

Identity (or unit) Matrix (I):

The elements in the diagonal are one’s only.

Writing the order of Matrices:

Order = Number of Rows * Number of Columns

Example:
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Order = 3*2

Order = 2 * 3

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices:

Matrices of the same order are added (or subtracted) by adding (or subtracting) the
corresponding elements in each matrix.

Adding A + B: Subtracting A – B:

Rules:
A+B = B+A : A and B can change position when adding.
(A+B) + C = A + (B+C): order of operation bracket first.
A – B ≠ B –A: A and B should not change positions when subtracting.
Example:
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Scaler Multiplication of a Matrix by a real number:

Example:

Equal Matrix:
If two matrices A and B are of the same order and their corresponding elements are equal,
then A = B.

Example:

Multiplication of Two or More Matrices:

Matrices can only be multiplied only if they are compatible. They are compatible when the
number of rows of the second matrix is the same as the number of coloumns of the first
matrix.

Rules:
AB ≠ BA : A and B should not change positions
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(AB)C = A(BC): If 3 or more matrices you can choose whichever 2 to multiply first.
Example:

Inverse Of Matrix:

Determinant A = ad – bc

A-1 =
Remember:
• If Determinant = 0 then the matrix has no inverse.
• Multipying by the inverse of the inverse of a matrix gives the same result as dividing by the matrix.
E.g.

If AB = C

A-1AB = A-1C
B= A–1C
Example of Inverse of Matrix:
• If Determinant = 0 then matrix has no inverse.
• Multipying by the inverse of the inverse of a matrix gives the same result as dividing by the matrix.
E.g.
O-Level Mathematics (4024)