No. L-63915. April 24, 1985.

LORENZO M. TAÑADA, ABRAHAM F. SARMIENTO, and MOVEMENT OF ATTORNEYS

FOR BROTHERHOOD, INTEGRITY AND NATIONALISM, INC. [MABINI],
petitioners, vs. HON. JUAN C. TUVERA, in his capacity as Executive Assistant to the
President, HON. JOAQUIN VENUS, in his capacity as Deputy Executive Assistant to the
President, MELQUIADES P. DE LA CRUZ, in his capacity as Director, Malacañang Records
Office, and FLORENDO S. PABLO, in his capacity as Director, Bureau of Printing, respondents.
_______________

*
EN BANC.

28
28 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
Mandamus; Private individuals who seek to procure the enforcement of a public duty (e.g. the
publication in the Official Gazette of Presidential Decrees, LOI, etc.) are real parties in interest in
mandamus case.—The reasons given by the Court in recognizing a private citizen’s legal personality in
the aforementioned case apply squarely to the present petition. Clearly, the right sought to be enforced by
petitioners herein is a public right recognized by no less than the fundamental law of the land. If
petitioners were not allowed to institute this proceeding, it would indeed be difficult to conceive of any
other person to initiate the same, considering that the Solicitor General, the government officer generally
empowered to represent the people, has entered his appearance for respondents in this case.
Same; Statutes; Fact that a Presidential Decree or LOI states its date of effectivity does not
preclude their publication in the Official Gazette as they constitute important legislative acts, particularly
in the present situation where the President may on his own issue laws.—The clear object of the above-
quoted provision is to give the general public adequate notice of the various laws which are to regulate
their actions and conduct as citizens. Without such notice and publication, there would be no basis for the
application of the maxim “ignorantia legis non excusat.” It would be the height of injustice to punish or
otherwise burden a citizen for the transgression of a law of which he had no notice whatsoever, not even a
constructive one.
Same; Same; Same.—Perhaps at no time since the establishment of the Philippine Republic has the
publication of laws taken so vital significance than at this time when the people have bestowed upon the
President a power heretofore enjoyed solely by the legislature. While the people are kept abreast by the
mass media of the debates and deliberations in the Batasan Pambansa—and for the diligent ones, ready
access to the legislative records—no such publicity accompanies the law-making process of the President.
Thus, without publication, the people have no means of knowing what presidential decrees have actually
been promulgated, much less a definite way of informing themselves of the specific contents and texts of
such decrees. As the Supreme Court of Spain ruled: “Bajo la denoroinación genérica de leyes, se
comprenden también los reglamentos, Reales decretos, Instrucciones, Circulares y Reales ordines
dictadas de conformidad con las mismas por el Gobierno en uso de su potestad.”
Same; Same; C.A. 638 imposes a duty for publication of Presidential decrees and issuances as it
uses the words “shall be
29

VOL. 136, APRIL 24, 1985 29

Tañada vs. Tuvera
published.”—The very first clause of Section 1 of Commonwealth Act 638 reads: “There shall be
published in the Official Gazette x x x.” The word “shall” used therein imposes upon respondent officials
an imperative duty. That duty must be enforced if the Constitutional right of the people to be informed on
matters of public concern is to be given substance and reality. The law itself makes a list of what should
be published in the Official Gazette. Such listing, to our mind, leaves respondents with no discretion
whatsoever as to what must be included or excluded from such publication.
Same; Same; But administrative and executive orders and those which affect only a particular class
of persons need not be published.—The publication of all presidential issuances “of a public nature” or
“of general applicability” is mandated by law. Obviously, presidential decrees that provide for fines,
forfeitures or penalties for their violation or otherwise impose a burden on the people, such as tax and
revenue measures, fall within this category. Other presidential issuances which apply only to particular
persons or class of persons such as administrative and executive orders need not be published on the
assumption that they have been circularized to all concerned.
Same; Same; Due Process; Publication of Presidential decrees and issuances of general
application is a matter of due process.—It is needless to add that the publication of presidential issuances
“of a public nature” or “of general applicability” is a requirement of due process. It is a rule of law that
before a person may be bound by law, he must first be officially and specifically informed of its contents.
Same; Same; Same; Presidential Decrees and issuances of general application which have not
been published shall have no force and effect.—The Court therefore declares that presidential issuances of
general application, which have not been published, shall have no force and effect. Some members of the
Court, quite apprehensive about the possible unsettling effect this decision might have on acts done in
reliance of the validity of those presidential decrees which were published only during the pendency of
this petition, have put the question as to whether the Court’s declaration of invalidity apply to P.D.s
which had been enforced or implemented prior to their publication. The answer is all too familiar. In
similar situations in the past this Court had taken the pragmatic and realistic course set forth in Chicot
County Drainage District vs. Baxter Bank.
30

30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Tañada vs. Tuvera
Same; Same; Same; Implementation of Presidential Decrees prior to their publication in the
Official Gazette may have consequences which cannot be ignored.—Similarly, the
implementation/enforcement of presidential decrees prior to their publication in the Official Gazette is
“an operative fact which may have consequences which cannot be justly ignored. The past cannot always
be erased by a new judicial declaration x x x that an all-inclusive statement of a principle of absolute
retroactive invalidity cannot be justified.”
Same; Same; Same; Only P.D. Nos. 1019 to 1030, 1278 and 1937 to 1939, inclusive, have not been
published. It is undisputed that none of them has been implemented.—From the report submitted to the
Court by the Clerk of Court, it appears that of the presidential decrees sought by petitioners to be
published in the Official Gazette, only Presidential Decrees Nos. 1019 to 1030, inclusive. 1278, and 1937
to 1939, inclusive, have not been so published. Neither the subject matters nor the texts of these PDs can
be ascertained since no copies thereof are available. But whatever their subject matter may be, it is
undisputed that none of these unpublished PDs has ever been implemented or enforced by the
government.

FERNANDO, C.J., concurring with qualification:

Statutes; Due Process; I am unable to concur insofar as the opinion written by Justice Escolin
would unqualifiedly impose the requirement of publication in the Official Gazette for unpublished
Presidential issuances to have a binding force and effect.—It is of course true that without the requisite
publication, a due process question would arise if made to apply adversely to a party who is not even
aware of the existence of any legislative or executive act having the force and effect of law. My point is
that such publication required need not be confined to the Official Gazette. From the pragmatic
standpoint, there is an advantage to be gained. It conduces to certainty. That is to be admitted. It does not
follow, however, that failure to do so would in all cases and under all circumstances result in a statute,
presidential decree or any other executive act of the same category being bereft of any binding force and
effect. To so hold would, for me, raise a constitutional question. Such a pronouncement would lend itself
to the interpretation that such a legislative or presidential act is bereft of the attribute of effectivity unless
published in the Official Gazette. There is no such requirement in the Constitution as Justice Plana so
aptly pointed out. It is true that what is decided now applies only to past “presidential issuances.”
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VOL. 136, APRIL 24, 1985 31

Tañada vs. Tuvera
Nonetheless, this clarification is, to my mind, needed to avoid any possible misconception as to
what is required for any statute or presidential act to be impressed with binding force or effectivity.
Same; Same; The Civil Code rule on publication of statutes is only a legislative enactment and does
not and cannot have the force of a constitutional command A later executive or legislative act can fix a
different rule.—Let me make clear therefore that my qualified concurrence goes no further than to affirm
that publication is essential to the effectivity of a legislative or executive act of a general application. I am
not in agreement with the view that such publication must be in the Official Gazette. The Civil Code itself
in its Article 2 expressly recognizes that the rule as to laws taking effect after fifteen days following the
completion of their publication in the Official Gazette is subject to this exception, “unless it is otherwise
provided.” Moreover, the Civil Code is itself only a legislative enactment, Republic Act No. 386. It does
not and cannot have the juridical force of a constitutional command. A later legislative or executive act
which has the force and effect of law can legally provide for a different rule.
Same; Same; I am unable to agree that decrees not published are devoid of any legal character.—
Nor can I agree with the rather sweeping conclusion in the opinion of Justice Escolin that presidential
decrees and executive acts not thus previously published in the Official Gazette would be devoid of any
legal character. That would be, in my opinion, to go too far. It may be fraught, as earlier noted, with
undesirable consequences. I find myself therefore unable to yield assent to such a pronouncement.

TEEHANKEE, J., concurring:

Statutes; Unless laws are published there will no basis for the rule that ignorance of the law
excuses no one from compliance therewith.—Without official publication in the Official Gazette as
required by Article 2 of the Civil Code and the Revised Administrative Code, there would be no basis nor
justification for the corollary rule of Article 3 of the Civil Code (based on constructive notice that the
provisions of the law are ascertainable from the public and official repository where they are duly
published) that “Ignorance of the law excuses no one from compliance therewith.”
32

32 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Tañada vs. Tuvera
Same; Respondent’s theory that a Presidential Decree that fixes its date of effectivity need not be
published misreads Art. 2 of the Civil Code.—Respondents’ contention based on a misreading of Article 2
of the Civil Code that “only laws which are silent as to their effectivity [date] need be published in the
Official Gazette for their effectivity” is manifestly untenable. The plain text and meaning of the Civil
Code is that “laws shall take effect after fifteen days following the completion of their publication in the
Official Gazette, unless it is otherwise provided,” i.e. a different effectivity date is provided by the law
itself. This proviso perforce refers to a law that has been duly published pursuant to the basic
constitutional requirements of due process. The best example of this is the Civil Code itself: the same
Article 2 provides otherwise that it “shall take effect [only] one year [not 15 days] after such publication.”
To sustain respondents’ misreading that “most laws or decrees specify the date of their effectivity and for
this reason, publication in the Official Gazette is not necessary for their effectivity” would be to nullify
and render nugatory the Civil Code’s indispensable and essential requirement of prior publication in the
Official Gazette by the simple expedient of providing for immediate effectivity or an earlier effectivity
date in the law itself before the completion of 15 days following its publication which is the period
generally fixed by the Civil Code for its proper dissemination.

MELENCIO-HERRERA, J., concurring:

Statutes; When a date of effectivity is mentioned in the Decree, but becomes effective only 15 days
after publication in the Gazette, it will not mean that the Decree can have retroactive effect to the
expressed date of effectivity.—I agree. There cannot be any question but that even if a decree provides for
a date of effectivity, it has to be published. What I would like to state in connection with that proposition
is that when a date of effectivity is mentioned in the decree but the decree becomes effective only fifteen
(15) days after its publication in the Official Gazette, it will not mean that the decree can have retroactive
effect to the date of effectivity mentioned in the decree itself. There should be no retroactivity if the
retroactivity will run counter to constitutional rights or shall destroy vested rights.

PLANA, J., separate opinion:

Constitutional Law; Statutes; Due Process; The Constitution does not require prior publication for
laws to be effective and while
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VOL. 136, APRIL 24, 1985 33

Tañada vs. Tuvera
due process require prior notice, such notice is not necessarily publication in the Official Gazette.—
The Philippine Constitution does not require the publication of laws as a prerequisite for their effectivity,
unlike some Constitutions elsewhere. It may be said though that the guarantee of due process requires
notice of laws to affected parties before they can be bound thereby; but such notice is not necessarily by
publication in the Official Gazette. The due process clause is not that precise. Neither is the publication of
laws in the Official Gazette required by any statute as a prerequisite for their effectivity, if said laws
already provide for their effectivity date.
Same; Same; Same; C.A. 638 does not require Official Gazette publication of laws for their
effectivity.—Commonwealth Act No. 638, in my opinion, does not support the proposition that for their
effectivity, laws must be published in the Official Gazette. The said law is simply “An Act to Provide for
the Uniform Publication and Distribution of the Official Gazette.” Conformably therewith, it authorizes
the publication of the Official Gazette, determines its frequency, provides for its sale and distribution, and
defines the authority of the Director of Printing in relation thereto. It also enumerates what shall be
published in the Official Gazette, among them, “important legislative acts and resolutions of a public
nature of the Congress of the Philippines” and “all executive and administrative orders and proclamations,
except such as have no general applicability.” It is noteworthy that not all legislative acts are required to
be published in the Official Gazette but only “important” ones “of a public nature.” Moreover, the said
law does not provide that publication in the Official Gazette is essential for the effectivity of laws. This is
as it should be, for all statutes are equal and stand on the same footing. A law, especially an earlier one of
general application such as Commonwealth Act No. 638, cannot nullify or restrict the operation of a
subsequent statute that has a provision of its own as to when and how it will take effect. Only a higher
law, which is the Constitution, can assume that role.

PETITION to review the decision of the Executive Assistant to the President.

The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

ESCOL1N, J.:
Invoking the people’s right to be informed on matters of public concern, a right recognized in
Section 6, Article IV of
34
34 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
the 1973 Philippine Constitution, as well as the principle that laws to be valid and enforceable
1

must be published in the Official Gazette or otherwise effectively promulgated, petitioners seek a
writ of mandamus to compel respondent public officials to publish, and/or cause the publication
in the Official Gazette of various presidential decrees, letters of instructions, general orders,
proclamations, executive orders, letter of implementation and administrative orders.
Specifically, the publication of the following presidential issuances is sought:

1. a]Presidential Decrees Nos. 12, 22, 37, 38, 59, 64, 103, 171, 179, 184, 197, 200, 234,
265, 286, 298, 303, 312, 324, 325, 326, 337, 355, 358, 359, 360, 361, 368, 404, 406,
415, 427, 429, 445, 447, 473, 486, 491, 503, 504, 521, 528, 551, 566, 573, 574, 594,
599, 644, 658, 661, 718, 731, 733, 793, 800, 802, 835, 836, 923, 935, 961, 1017-1030,
1050, 1060-1061, 1085, 1143, 1165, 1166, 1242, 1246, 1250, 1278, 1279, 1300, 1644,
1772, 1808, 1810, 1813-1817, 1819-1826, 1829-1840, 1842-1847.
2. b]Letter of Instructions Nos.: 10, 39, 49, 72, 107, 108, 116, 130, 136, 141, 150, 153, 155,
161, 173, 180, 187, 188, 192, 193, 199, 202, 204, 205, 209, 211-213, 215-224, 226-228,
231-239, 241-245, 248-251, 253-261, 263-269, 271-273, 275-283, 285-289, 291, 293,
297-299, 301-303, 309, 312-315, 325, 327, 343, 346, 349, 357, 358, 362, 367, 370, 382,
385, 386, 396-397, 405, 438-440, 444-445, 473, 486, 488, 498, 501. 399, 527, 561, 576,
587, 594, 599, 600, 602, 609, 610, 611, 612, 615, 641, 642, 665, 702, 712-713, 726,
837-839, 878-879, 881, 882, 939-940, 964, 997, 1149-1178, 1180-1278.
3. c]General Orders Nos.: 14, 52, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64 & 65.
4. d]Proclamation Nos.: 1126, 1144, 1147, 1151, 1196, 1270, 1281, 1319-1526, 1529, 1532,
1535, 1538, 1540-1547, 1550-1558, 1561-1588, 1590-1595, 1594-1600, 1606-1609,
1612-1628, 1630-1649, 1694-1695, 1697-1701, 1705-1723, 1731-1734, 1737-1742,
1744, 1746-1751, 1752, 1754, 1762, 1764-1787, 1789-1795, 1797, 1800, 1802-1804,
1806-1807, 1812-1814, 1816, 1825-1826, 1829, 1831-1832, 1835-1836, 1839-

_______________

“Section 6. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized, access to official
1

records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, shall be afforded the citizens
subject to such limitation as may be provided by law.”

35
VOL. 136, APRIL 24, 1985 35
Tañada vs. Tuvera

1. 1840, 1843-1844, 1846-1847, 1849, 1853-1858, 1860, 1866, 1868, 1870, 1876-1889,
1892, 1900, 1918, 1923, 1933, 1952, 1963, 1965-1966, 1968-1984, 1986-2028, 2030-
2044, 2046-2145, 2147-2161, 2163-2244.
2. e]Executive Orders Nos.: 411, 413, 414, 427, 429-454, 457-471, 474-492, 494-507, 509-
510, 522, 524-528, 531-532, 536, 538, 543-544, 549, 551-553, 560, 563, 567-568, 570,
 574, 593, 594, 598-604, 609, 611-647, 649-677, 679-703, 705-707, 712-786, 788-852,
854-857.
3. f]Letters of Implementation Nos.: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11-22, 25-27, 39, 50, 51, 59, 76, 80-81, 92,
94, 95, 107, 120, 122, 123.
4. g]Administrative Orders Nos.: 347, 348, 352-354, 360-378, 380-433, 436-439.

The respondents, through the Solicitor General, would have this case dismissed outright on the
ground that petitioners have no legal personality or standing to bring the instant petition. The
view is submitted that in the absence of any showing that petitioners are personally and directly
affected or prejudiced by the alleged non-publication of the presidential issuances in
question said petitioners are without the requisite legal personality to institute this mandamus
2

proceeding, they are not being “aggrieved parties” within the meaning of Section 3, Rule 65 of
the Rules of Court, which we quote:
“SEC. 3. Petition for Mandamus.—When any tribunal, corporation, board or person unlawfully neglects
the performance of an act which the law specifically enjoins as a duty resulting from an office, trust, or
station, or unlawfully excludes another from the use and enjoyment of a right or office to which such
other is entitled, and there is no other plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law,
the person aggrieved thereby may file a verified petition in the proper court alleging the facts with
certainty and praying that judgment be rendered commanding the defendant, immediately or at some
other specified time, to do the act required to be done to protect the rights of the petitioner, and to pay the
damages sustained by the petitioner by reason of the wrongful acts of the defendant.”
_______________

Anti-Chinese League vs. Felix, 77 Phil. 1012; Costas vs. Aldanese, 45 Phil. 345; Almario vs. City Mayor, 16 SCRA
2

151; Palting vs. San Jose Petroleum, 18 SCRA 924; Dumlao vs. Comelec, 95 SCRA 392.

36
36 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
Upon the other hand, petitioners maintain that since the subject of the petition concerns a public
right and its object is to compel the performance of a public duty, they need not show any
specific interest for their petition to be given due course.
The issue posed is not one of first impression. As early as the 1910 case of Severino vs.
Governor General, this Court held that while the general rule is that “a writ of mandamus would
3

be granted to a private individual only in those cases where he has some private or particular
interest to be subserved, or some particular right to be protected, independent of that which he
holds with the public at large,” and “it is for the public officers exclusively to apply for the writ
when public rights are to be subserved [Mithchell vs. Boardmen, 79 M.e., 469”, nevertheless,
“when the question is one of public right and the object of the mandamus is to procure the
enforcement of a public duty, the people are regarded as the real party in interest and the relator
at whose instigation the proceedings are instituted need not show that he has any legal or special
interest in the result, it being sufficient to show that he is a citizen and as such interested in the
execution of the laws [High, Extraordinary Legal Remedies, 3rd ed., sec. 431].”
Thus, in said case, this Court recognized the relator Lope Severino, a private individual, as a
proper party to the mandamus proceedings brought to compel the Governor General to call a
special election for the position of municipal president in the town of Silay, Negros Occidental.
Speaking for this Court, Mr. Justice Grant T. Trent said:
“We are therefore of the opinion that the weight of authority supports the proposition that the relator is a
proper party to proceedings of this character when a public right is sought to be enforced. If the general
rule in America were otherwise, we think that it would not be applicable to the case at bar for the reason
‘that it is always dangerous to apply a general rule to a particular case without keeping in mind the reason
for the rule, because, if under the particular circumstances the reason for the rule does not exist, the rule
itself is not applicable and reliance upon the rule may well lead to error.’
_______________

3
16 Phil. 366, 378.

37
VOL. 136, APRIL 24, 1985 37
Tañada vs. Tuvera
“No reason exists in the case at bar for applying the general rule insisted upon by counsel for the
respondent. The circumstances which surround this case are different from those in the United States,
inasmuch as if the relator is not a proper party to these proceedings no other person could be, as we have
seen that it is not the duty of the law officer of the Government to appear and represent the people in
cases of this character.”
The reasons given by the Court in recognizing a private citizen’s legal personality in the
aforementioned case apply squarely to the present petition. Clearly, the right sought to be
enforced by petitioners herein is a public right recognized by no less than the fundamental law of
the land. If petitioners were not allowed to institute this proceeding, it would indeed be difficult
to conceive of any other person to initiate the same, considering that the Solicitor General, the
government officer generally empowered to represent the people, has entered his appearance for
respondents in this case.
Respondents further contend that publication in the Official Gazette is not a sine qua
non requirement for the effectivity of laws where the laws themselves provide for their own
effectivity dates. It is thus submitted that since the presidential issuances in question contain
special provisions as to the date they are to take effect, publication in the Official Gazette is not
indispensable for their effectivity. The point stressed is anchored on Article 2 of the Civil Code:
“Art. 2. Laws shall take effect after fifteen days following the completion of their publication in the
Official Gazette, unless it is otherwise provided, x x x”
The interpretation given by respondent is in accord with this Court’s construction of said article.
In a long line of decisions, this Court has ruled that publication in the Official Gazette is
4

necessary in those cases where the legislation itself does not provide for its effectivity date—for
then the date of
_______________

Camacho vs. Court of Industrial Relations, 80 Phil. 848; Mejia vs. Balolong, 81 Phil. 486; Republic of the
4

Philippines vs. Encarnacion, 87 Phil. 843; Philippine Blooming Mills, Inc. vs. Social Security System, 17 SCRA
1077; Askay vs. Cosalan, 46 Phil. 179.

38
38 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
publication is material for determining its date of effectivity, which is the fifteenth day following
its publication—but not when the law itself provides for the date when it goes into effect.
 Respondents’ argument, however, is logically correct only insofar as it equates the effectivity
of laws with the fact of publication. Considered in the light of other statutes applicable to the
issue at hand, the conclusion is easily reached that said Article 2 does not preclude the
requirement of publication in the Official Gazette, even if the law itself provides for the date of
its effectivity. Thus, Section 1 of Commonwealth Act 638 provides as follows:
“Section 1. There shall be published in the Official Gazette [1] all important legislative acts and
resolutions of a public nature of tne Congress of the Philippines; [2] all executive and administrative
orders and proclamations, except such as have no general applicability: [3] decisions or abstracts of
decisions of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals as may be deemed by said courts of sufficient
importance to be so published; [4] such documents or classes of documents as may be required so to be
published by law; and [5] such documents or classes of documents as the President of the Philippines
shall determine from time to time to have general applicability and legal effect, or which he may
authorize so to be published. x x x”
The clear object of the above-quoted provision is to give the general public adequate notice of
the various laws which are to regulate their actions and conduct as citizens. Without such notice
and publication, there would be no basis for the application of the maxim “ignorantia legis non
excusat.” It would be the height of injustice to punish or otherwise burden a citizen for the
transgression of a law of which he had no notice whatsoever, not even a constructive one.
Perhaps at no time since the establishment of the Philippine Republic has the publication of
laws taken so vital significance that at this time when the people have bestowed upon the
President a power heretofore enjoyed solely by the legislature. While the people are kept abreast
by the mass media of the debates and deliberations in the Batasan Pambansa—and for
39
VOL. 136, APRIL 24, 1985 39
Tañada vs. Tuvera
the diligent ones, ready access to the legislative records—no such publicity accompanies the law-
making process of the President. Thus, without publication, the people have no means of
knowing what presidential decrees have actually been promulgated, much less a definite way of
informing themselves of the specific contents and texts of such decrees. As the Supreme Court of
Spain ruled: “Bajo la denominación genérica de leyes, se comprenden también los reglamentos,
Reales decretos, Instrucciones, Circulares y Reales ordines dietadas de conformidad con las
mismas por el Gobierno en uso de su potestad.” 5

The very first clause of Section 1 of Commonwealth Act 638 reads: “There shall be published
in the Official Gazette x x x.” The word “shall” used therein imposes upon respondent officials
an imperative duty. That duty must be enforced if the Constitutional right of the people to be
informed on matters of public concern is to be given substance and reality. The law itself makes
a list of what should be published in the Official Gazette. Such listing, to our mind, leaves
respondents with no discretion whatsoever as to what must be included or excluded from such
publication.
The publication of all presidential issuances “of a public nature” or “of general applicability”
is mandated by law. Obviously, presidential decrees that provide for fines, forfeitures or
penalties for their violation or otherwise impose a burden on the people, such as tax and revenue
measures, fall within this category. Other presidential issuances which apply only to particular
persons or class of persons such as administrative and executive orders need not be published on
the assumption that they have been circularized to all concerned. 6
 It is needless to add that the publication of presidential issuances “of a public nature” or “of
general applicability” is a requirement of due process. It is a rule of law that before a person may
be bound by law, he must first be officially and specifically informed of its contents. As Justice
Claudio
_______________

5
1 Manresa, Codigo Civil, 7th Ed., p. 146.
6
People vs. Que Po Lay, 94 Phil. 640; Balbuena et al. vs. Secretary of Education, et al., 110 Phil. 150.

40
40 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
Teehankee said in Peralta vs. COMELEC : 7

“In a time of proliferating decrees, orders and letters of instructions which all form part of the law of the
land, the requirement of due process and the Rule of Law demand that the Official Gazette as the official
government repository promulgate and publish the texts of all such decrees, orders and instructions so
that the people may know where to obtain their official and specific contents.”
The Court therefore declares that presidential issuances of general application, which have not
been published, shall have no force and effect. Some members of the Court, quite apprehensive
about the possible unsettling effect this decision might have on acts done in reliance of the
validity of those presidential decrees which were published only during the pendency of this
petition, have put the question as to whether the Court’s declaration of invalidity apply to P.D.s
which had been enforced or implemented prior to their publication. The answer is all too
familiar. In similar situations in the past this Court had taken the pragmatic and realistic course
set forth in Chicot County Drainage District vs. Baxter Bank to wit: 8

“The courts below have proceeded on the theory that the Act of Congress, having been found to be
unconstitutional, was not a law; that it was inoperative, conferring no rights and imposing no duties, and
hence affording no basis for the challenged decree. Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425,
442; Chicago, I. & L. Ry. Co. v. Hackett, 228 U.S. 559, 566. It is quite clear, however, that such broad
statements as to the effect of a determination of unconstitutionality must be taken with qualifications. The
actual existence of a statute, prior to such a determination, is an operative fact and may have
consequences which cannot justly be ignored. The past cannot always be erased by a new judicial
declaration. The effect of the subsequent ruling as to invalidity may have to be considered in various
aspects—with respect to particular conduct, private and official. Questions of rights claimed to have
become vested, of status, of prior determinations deemed to have finality and acted upon accordingly, of
public policy in the light of the nature both of the statute and of its previous application, demand
examination. These ques-
_______________

7
82 SCRA 30, dissenting opinion.
8
308 U.S. 371, 374.

41
VOL. 136, APRIL 24, 1985 41
Tañada vs. Tuvera
tions are among the most difficult of those which have engaged the attention of courts, state and federal,
and it is manifest from numerous decisions that an all-inclusive statement of a principle of absolute
retroactive invalidity cannot be justified.”
Consistently with the above principle, this Court in Rutter vs. Esteban sustained the right of a
9

party under the Moratorium Law, albeit said right had accrued in his favor before said law was
declared unconstitutional by this Court.
Similarly, the implementation/enforcement of presidential decrees prior to their publication in
the Official Gazette is “an operative fact which may have consequences which cannot be justly
ignored. The past cannot always be erased by a new judicial declaration x x x that an all-
inclusive statement of a principle of absolute retroactive invalidity cannot be justified.”
From the report submitted to the Court by the Clerk of Court, it appears that of the
presidential decrees sought by petitioners to be published in the Official Gazette, only
Presidential Decrees Nos. 1019 to 1030, inclusive, 1278, and 1937 to 1939, inclusive, have not
been so published. Neither the subject matters nor the texts of these PDs can be ascertained
10

since no copies thereof are available. But whatever their subject matter may be, it is undisputed
that none of these unpublished PDs has ever been implemented or enforced by the government.
In Pesigan vs. Angeles, the Court, through Justice Ramon Aquino, ruled that “publication is
11

necessary to apprise the public of the contents of [penal] regulations and make the said penalties
binding on the persons affected thereby.” The cogency of this holding is apparently recognized
by respondent officials considering the manifestation in their comment that “the government, as
a matter of policy, refrains
_______________

9
93 Phil. 68.
The report was prepared by the Clerk of Court after Acting Director Florendo S. Pablo Jr. of the Government
10

Printing Office, failed to respond to her letter-request regarding the respective dates of publication in the Official Gazette
of the presidential issuances listed therein. No report has been submitted by the Clerk of Court as to the publication or
non-publication of other presidential issuances.
129 SCRA 174.
11

42
42 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
from prosecuting violations of criminal laws until the same shall have been published in the
Official Gazette or in some other publication, even though some criminal laws provide that they
shall take effect immediately.”
WHEREFORE, the Court hereby orders respondents to publish in the Official Gazette all
unpublished presidential issuances which are of general application, and unless so published,
they shall have no binding force and effect.
SO ORDERED.
Relova, J., concur.
Fernando, C.J., concurs in a separate opinion expressing the view that without
publication, a due process question may arise but that such publication need not be in the Official
Gazette. To that extent he concurs with the opinion of Justice Plana.
Teehankee, J., files a brief concurrence.
Makasiar, J., concurs in the opinion of Chief Justice Fernando.
Aquino, J., no part.
Concepcion, Jr., J., on leave.
Abad Santos, J., I concur in the separate opinion of the Chief Justice.
Melencio-Herrera, J., see separate concurring opinion.
Plana, J., see separate opinion.
 Gutierrez, Jr., J., I concur insofar as publication is necessary but reserve my vote as to
the necessity of such publication being in the Official Gazette.
De la Fuente, J., Insofar as the opinion declares the unpublished decrees and issuances
of a public nature or general applicability ineffective, until due publication thereof.
Cuevas, J., I concur in the opinion of the Chief Justice and Justice Plana.
Alampay, J., I subscribe to the opinion of Chief Justice Fernando and Justice Plana.
43
VOL. 136, APRIL 24, 1985 43
Tañada vs. Tuvera

FERNANDO, C.J., concurring with qualification:

There is on the whole acceptance on my part of the views expressed in the ably written opinion
of Justice Escolin. I am unable, however, to concur insofar as it would unqualifiedly impose the
requirement of publication in the Official Gazette for unpublished “presidential issuances” to
have binding force and effect.
I shall explain why.

1. 1.It is of course true that without the requisite publication, a due process question would
arise if made to apply adversely to a party who is not even aware of the existence of any
legislative or executive act having the force and effect of law. My point is that such
publication required need not be confined to the Official Gazette. From the pragmatic
standpoint, there is an advantage to be gained. It conduces to certainty. That is too be
admitted. It does not follow, however, that failure to do so would in all cases and under
all circumstances result in a statute, presidential decree or any other executive act of the
same category being bereft of any binding force and effect. To so hold would, for me,
raise a constitutional question. Such a pronouncement would lend itself to the
interpretation that such a legislative or presidential act is bereft of the attribute of
effectivity unless published in the Official Gazette. There is no such requirement in the
Constitution as Justice Plana so aptly pointed out. It is true that what is decided now
applies only to past “presidential issuances.” Nonetheless, this clarification is, to my
mind, needed to avoid any possible misconception as to what is required for any statute
or presidential act to be impressed with binding force or effectivity.
2. 2.It is quite understandable then why I concur in the separate opinion of Justice Plana. Its
first paragraph sets forth what to me is the constitutional doctrine applicable to this case.
Thus: “The Philippine Constitution does not require the publication of laws as a
prerequisite for their effectivity, unlike some Constitutions elsewhere. It may be said
though that the guarantee of due process requires notice of laws to affected parties
before they can be bound thereby; but such

44
44 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera

1. notice is not necessarily by publication in the Official Gazette. The due process clause is
not that precise.” I am likewise in agreement with its closing paragraph: “In fine, I
1
 concur in the majority decision to the extent that it requires notice before laws become
effective, for no person should be bound by a law without notice. This is elementary
fairness. However, I beg to disagree insofar as it holds that such notice shall be by
publication in the Official Gazette.” 2

2. 3.It suffices, as was stated by Judge Learned Hand, that law as the command of the
government “must be ascertainable in some form if it is to be enforced at all.” It would 3

indeed be to reduce it to the level of mere futility, as pointed out by Justice Cardozo, “if
it is unknown and unknowable.” Publication, to repeat, is thus essential. What I am not
4

prepared to subscribe to is the doctrine that it must be in the Official Gazette. To be sure
once published therein there is the ascertainable mode of determining the exact date of
its effectivity. Still for me that does not dispose of the question of what is the jural effect
of past presidential decrees or executive acts not so published. For prior thereto, it could
be that parties aware of their existence could have conducted themselves in accordance
with their provisions. If no legal consequences could attach due to lack of publication in
the Official Gazette, then serious problems could arise. Previous transactions based on
such “Presidential Issuances” could be open to question. Matters deemed settled could
still be inquired into. I am not prepared to hold that such an effect is contemplated by
our decision. Where such presidential decree or executive act is made the basis of a
criminal prosecution, then, of course, its ex post facto character becomes evident. In 5

civil cases though, retroac-

_______________

1
Separate Opinion of Justice Plana, first paragraph. He mentioned in this connection Article 7, Sec. 21 of the
Wisconsin Constitution and State ex rel. White v. Grand Superior Ct., 71 ALR 1354, citing the Constitution of Indiana,
U.S.A.
2
Ibid, closing paragraph.
3
Learned Hand, The Spirit of Liberty 104 (1960).
4
Cardozo, The Growth of the Law, 3 (1924).
5
Cf. Nuñez v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 50581-50617, January 30, 1982, 111 SCRA 433.

45
VOL. 136, APRIL 24, 1985 45
Tañada vs. Tuvera

1. tivity as such is not conclusive on the due process aspect There must still be a showing of
arbitrariness. Moreover, where the challenged presidential decree or executive act was
issued under the police power, the non-impairment clause of the Constitution may not
always be successfully invoked. There must still be that process of balancing to
determine whether or not it could in such a case be tainted by infirmity. In traditional6

terminology, there could arise then a question of unconstitutional application. That is as

far as it goes.
2. 4.Let me make therefore that my qualified concurrence goes no further than to affirm that
publication is essential to the effectivity of a legislative or executive act of a general
application. I am not in agreement with the view that such publication must be in the
Official Gazette. The Civil Code itself in its Article 2 expressly recognizes that the rule
as to laws taking effect after fifteen days following the completion of their publication
in the Official Gazette is subject to this exception, “unless it is otherwise provided.”
Moreover, the Civil Code is itself only a legislative enactment, Republic Act No. 386. It
 does not and cannot have the juridical force of a constitutional command. A later
legislative or executive act which has the force and effect of law can legally provide for
a different rule.
3. 5.Nor can I agree with the rather sweeping conclusion in the opinion of Justice Escolin
that presidential decrees and executive acts not thus previously published in the Official
Gazette would be devoid of any legal character. That would be, in my opinion, to go too
far. It may be fraught, as earlier noted, with undesirable consequences. I find myself
therefore unable to yield assent to such a pronouncement.

I am authorized to state that Justices Makasiar, Abad Santos, Cuevas, and Alampay concur in
this separate opinion.
_______________

6
Cf. Alalayan v. National Power Corporation, L-24396, July 29, 1968, 24 SCRA 172.

46
46 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera

TEEHANKEE, J., concurring:

I concur with the main opinion of Mr. Justice Escolin and the concurring opinion of Mme.
Justice Herrera. The Rule of Law connotes a body of norms and laws published and ascertainable
and of equal application to all similarly circumstanced and not subject to arbitrary change but
only under certain set procedures. The Court has consistently stressed that “it is an elementary
rule of fair play and justice that a reasonable opportunity to be informed must be afforded to the
people who are commanded to obey before they can be punished for its violation,” citing the 1

settled principle based on due process enunciated in earlier cases that “before the public is bound
by its contents, especially its penal provisions, a law, regulation or circular must first be
published and the people officially and specially informed of said contents and its penalties.”
Without official publication in the Official Gazette as required by Article 2 of the Civil Code
and the Revised Administrative Code, there would be no basis nor justification for the corollary
rule of Article 3 of the Civil Code (based on constructive notice that the provisions of the law are
ascertainable from the public and official repository where they are duly published) that
“Ignorance of the law excuses no one from compliance therewith.”
Respondents’ contention based on a misreading of Article 2 of the Civil Code that “only laws
which are silent as to their effectivity [date] need be published in the Official Gazette for their
effectivity” is manifestly untenable. The plain text and meaning of the Civil Code is that “laws
shall take effect after fifteen days following the completion of their publication in the Official
Gazette, unless it is otherwise provided,” i.e. a different effectivity date is provided by the law
itself. This proviso perforce refers to a law that has been duly published pursuant to the basic
constitutional requirements of due process. The best example of this is the Civil Code itself: the
same Article 2 provides otherwise that it “shall take effect [only] one
_______________

1
People vs. de Dios, G.R. No. 11003, Aug. 31, 1959, per the late Chief Justice Paras.

47
VOL. 136, APRIL 24, 1985 47
 Tañada vs. Tuvera
year [not 15 days] after such publication.” To sustain respondents’ misreading that “most laws or
2

decrees specify the date of their effectivity and for this reason, publication in the Official Gazette
is not necessary for their effectivity” would be to nullify and render nugatory the Civil Code’s
3

indispensable and essential requirement of prior publication in the Official Gazette by the simple
expedient of providing for immediate effectivity or an earlier effectivity date in the law
itself before the completion of 15 days following its publication which is the period generally
fixed by the Civil Code for its proper dissemination.

MELENCIO-HERRERA, J., concurring:

I agree. There cannot be any question but that even if a decree provides for a date of effectivity,
it has to be published. What I would like to state in connection with that proposition is that when
a date of effectivity is mentioned in the decree but the decree becomes effective only fifteen (15)
days after its publication in the Official Gazette, it will not mean that the decree can have
retroactive effect to the date of effectivity mentioned in the decree itself. There should be no
retroactivity if the retroactivity will run counter to constitutional rights or shall destroy vested
rights.
SEPARATE OPINION

PLANA, J.:

The Philippine Constitution does not require the publication of laws as a prerequisite for their
effectivity, unlike some Constitutions elsewhere. It may be said though that the guarantee of due
**

process requires notice of laws to affected op

_______________

Notes in brackets supplied.

2

Respondents’ comment, pp. 14-15.

3

See e.g., Wisconsin Constitution. Art. 7, Sec. 21: “The legislature shall provide publication of all statute laws . . . and
**

no general law shall be in force until published.” See also State ex rel. White vs. Grand Superior Ct., 71 ALR 1354, citing
the Constitution of Indiana, U.S.A.

48
48 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
parties before they can be bound thereby; but such notice is not necessarily by publication in the
Official Gazette. The due process clause is not that precise. Neither is the publication of laws in
the Official Gazette required by any statute as a prerequisite for their effectivity, if said laws
already provide for their effectivity date.
Article 2 of the Civil Code provides that “laws shall take effect after fifteen days following
the completion of their publication in the Official Gazette, unless it is otherwise provided.” Two
things may be said of this provision: Firstly, it obviously does not apply to a law with a built-in
provision as to when it will take effect. Secondly, it clearly recognizes that each law may provide
not only a different period for reckoning its effectivity date but also a different mode of notice.
Thus, a law may prescribe that it shall be published elsewhere than in the Official Gazette.
Commonwealth Act No. 638, in my opinion, does not support the proposition that for their
effectivity, laws must be published in the Official Gazette. The said law is simply “An Act to
Provide for the Uniform Publication and Distribution of the Official Gazette.” Conformably
therewith, it authorizes the publication of the Official Gazette, determines its frequency, provides
for its sale and distribution, and defines the authority of the Director of Printing in relation
thereto. It also enumerates what shall be published in the Official Gazette, among them,
“important legislative acts and resolutions of a public nature of the Congress of the Philippines”
and “all executive and administrative orders and proclamations, except such as have no general
applicability.” It is noteworthy that not all legislative acts are required to be published in the
Official Gazette but only “important” ones “of a public nature.” Moreover, the said law does not
provide that publication in the Official Gazette is essential for the effectivity of laws. This is as it
should be, for all statutes are equal and stand on the same footing. A law, especially an earlier
one of general application such as Commonwealth Act No. 638, cannot nullify or restrict the
operation of a subsequent statute that has a provision of its own as to when and how it will take
effect. Only a higher law, which is the Constitution, can assume that role.
49
VOL. 136, APRIL 25, 1985 49
In Re: Milagros Santia
In fine, I concur in the majority decision to the extent that it requires notice before laws become
effective, for no person should be bound by a law without notice. This is elementary fairness.
However, I beg to disagree insofar as it holds that such notice shall be by publication in the
Official Gazette.
Respondents ordered to publish all unpublished presidential issuances in the Official Gazette.

——o0o——
146 SCRA 446 (1986)

446 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Tañada vs. Tuvera
No. L-63915. December 29, 1986. *

LORENZO M. TAÑADA, ABRAHAM F. SARMIENTO, and MOVEMENT OF ATTORNEYS

FOR BROTHERHOOD, INTEGRITY AND NATIONALISM, INC. (MABINI),
petitioners, vs. HON. JUAN C. TUVERA, in his capacity as Executive Assistant to the
President, HON. JOAQUIN VENUS, in his capacity as Deputy Executive Assistant to the
President, MELQUIADES P. DE LA CRUZ, ETC., ET AL., respondents.
Statutes; Words and Phrases; The clause "unless it is otherwise provided" in Art 2 of the NCC
refers to the effectivity of laws and not to the requirement of publication.—After a careful study of this
provision and of the arguments of the parties, both on the original petition and on the instant motion, we
have come to the conclusion, and so hold, that the clause "unless it is otherwise provided" refers to the
date of effectivity and not to the requirement of publication itself, which cannot in any event be omitted.
This clause does not mean that the legislature may make the law effective immediately upon approval, or
on any other date, without its previous publication.
Same; Same; The prior publication of laws before they become effective cannot be dispensed with.
—lt is not correct to say that under the disputed clause publication may be dispensed with altogether. The
reason is that such omission would offend due process insofar as it would deny the public knowledge of
the laws that are supposed to govern it. Surely, if the legislature could validly provide that a law shall
become effective immediately upon its approval notwithstanding the lack of publication (or after an
unreasonably short period after publication), it is not unlikely that persons not aware of

________________

*
EN BANC.
447
VOL. 146, DECEMBER 29, 1986 447
Tañada vs. Tuvera
it would be prejudiced as a result; and they would be so not because of a failure to comply with it
but simply because they did not know of its existence. Significantly, this is not true only of penal laws as
is commonly supposed. One can think of many non-penal measures, like a law on prescription, which
must also be communicated to the persons they may affect before they can begin to operate.
Same; Same; For purposes of the prior publication requirement for effectivity, the term "laws"
refer not only to those of general application, but also to laws of local application, private laws;
administrative rules enforcing a statute; city charters. Central Bank circulars to "fill-in the details of the
Central Bank Act; but not mere interpretative rules regulating and providing guidelines for purposes of
internal operations only.—The term "laws" should refer to all laws and not only to those of general
application, for strictly speaking all laws relate to the people in general albeit there are some that do not
apply to them directly. An example is a law granting citizenship to a particular individual, like a relative
of President Marcos who was decreed instant naturalization. It surely cannot be said that such a law does
not affect the public although it unquestionably does not apply directly to all the people. The subject of
such law is a matter of public interest which any member of the body politic may question in the political
forums or, if he is a proper party, even in the courts of justice. In fact, a law without any bearing on the
public would be invalid as an intrusion of privacy or as class legislation or as an ultra vires act of the
legislature. To be valid, the law must invariably affect the public interest even if it might be directly
applicable only to one individual, or some of the people only, and not to the public as a whole.
Same; Same; Same.—We hold therefore that all statutes, including those of local application and
private laws, shall be published as a condition for their effectivity, which shall begin fifteen days after
publication unless a different effectivity date is fixed by the legislature.
Same; Same; Same.—Covered by this rule are presidential decrees and executive orders
promulgated by the President in the exercise of legislative powers whenever the same are validly
delegated by the legislature or, at present, directly conferred by the Constitution. Administrative rules and
regulations must also be published if their purpose is to enforce or implement existing law pursuant also
to a valid delegation.
448
448 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
Same; Same; Same.—Interpretative regulations and those merely internal in nature, that is,
regulating only the personnel of the administrative agency and not the public, need not be published.
Neither is publication required of the so-called letters of instructions issued by administrative superiors
concerning the rules or guidelines to be followed by their subordinates in the performance of their duties.
Same; Same; Same.—Accordingly, even the charter of a city must be published notwithstanding
that it applies to only a portion of the national territory and directy affects only the inhabitants of that
place. All presidential decrees must be published, including even, say, those naming a public place after a
favored individual or exempting him from certain prohibitions or requirements. The circulars issued by
the Monetary Board must be published if they are meant not merely to interpret but to "fill in the details"
of the Central Bank Act which that body is supposed to enforce.
Same; Same; Local Governments; Internal instructions issued by an administrative agency are not
covered by the rule on prior publication. Also not covered are municipal ordinances which are governed
by the Local Government Code.—However, no publication is required of the instructions issued by, say,
the Minister of Social Welfare on the case studies to be made in petitions for adoption or the rules laid
down by the head of a government agency on the assignments or workload of his personnel or the
wearing of office uniforms. Parenthetically, municipal ordinances are not covered by this rule but by the
Local Government Code.
Same; Same; Publication of statutes must be in full or it is no publication at all.—We agree that the
publication must be in full or it is no publication at all since its purpose is to inform the public of the
contents of the laws. As correctly pointed out by the petitioners, the mere mention of the number of the
presidential decree, the title of such decree, its whereabouts (e.g., "with Secretary Tuvera"), the supposed
date of effectivity, and in a mere supplement of the Official Gazette cannot satisfy the publication
requirement. This is not even substantial compliance. This was the manner, incidentally, in which the
General Appropriations Act for FY 1975, a presidential decree undeniably of general applicability and
interest, was "published" by the Marcos administration. The evident purpose was to withhold rather than
disclose information on this vital law.
449
VOL. 146, DECEMBER 29, 1986 449
Tañada vs. Tuvera
Same; Same; Prior publication of statutes for purposes of effectivity must be made in full in the
Official Gazette and not elsewhere.—At any rate, this Court is not called upon to rule upon the wisdom of
a law or to repeal or modify it if we find it impractical. That is not our function. That function belongs to
the legislature. Our task is merely to interpret and apply the law as conceived and approved by the
political departments of the government in accordance with the prescribed procedure. Consequently, we
have no choice but to pronounce that under Article 2 of the Civil Code, the publication of laws must be
made in the Official Gazette, and not elsewhere, as a requirement for their effectivity after fifteen days
from such publication or after a different period provided by the legislature.
Same; Same; Laws must be published as soon as possible.—We also hold that the publication must
be made forthwith, or at least as soon as possible, to give effect to the law pursuant to the said Article 2.
There is that possibility, of course, although not suggested by the parties that a law could be rendered
unenforceable by a mere refusal of the executive, for whatever reason, to cause its publication as required.
This is a matter, however, that we do not need to examine at this time.

FERNAN, J., concurring:

Statutes; The requirement of prior publication seeks to prevent abuses by the lawmakers and ensure
the people's right to information.—The categorical statement by this Court on the need f or publication
bef ore any law may be made effective seeks to prevent abuses on the part of the lawmakers and, at the
same time, ensures to the people their constitutional right to due process and to information on matters of
public concern.

FELICIANO, J., concurring:

Constitutional Law; Statutes; To interpret Art 2, NCC literally so as to authorize a statute to

be effective upon its promulgation without publication is to make it collide with the due process clause.—
A statute which by its terms provides for its coming into effect immediately upon approval thereof, is
properly interpreted as coming into effect immediately upon publication thereof in the Official Gazette as
provided in Article 2 of the Civil Code. Such statute, in other words, should not be regarded as purporting
literally to come
450
450 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
into effect immediately upon its approval or enactment and without need of publication. For so to
interpret such statute would be to collide with the constitutional obstacle posed by the due process clause.
The enforcement of prescriptions which are both unknown to and unknowable by those subjected to the
statute, has been throughout history a common tool of tyrannical governments. Such application and
enforcement constitutes at bottom a negation of the fundamental principle of legality in the relations
between a government and its people.
Same; Same; Specification by law that the Official Gazette shall be the organ where statutes must
be published before they take effect may be amended to authorize publication in other newspapers.—At
the same time, it is clear that the requirement of publication of a statute in the Official Gazette, as
distinguished from any other medium such as a newspaper of general circulation, is embodied in a
statutory norm and is not a constitutional command. The statutory norm is set out in Article 2 of the Civil
Code and is supported and reinforced by Section 1 of Commonwealth Act No. 638 and Section 35 of the
Revised Administrative Code. A specification of the Official Gazette as the prescribed medium of
publication may therefore be changed. Article 2 of the Civil Code could, without creating a constitutional
problem, be amended by a subsequent statute providing, for instance, for publication either in the Official
Gazette or in a newspaper of general circulation in the country. Until such an amendatory statute is in fact
enacted. Article 2 of the Civil Code must be obeyed and publication effected in the Official Gazette and
not in any other medium.
RESOLUTION

CRUZ, J.:
Due process was invoked by the petitioners in demanding the disclosure of a number of
presidential decrees which they claimed had not been published as required by law. The
government argued that while publication was necessary as a rule, it was not so when it was
"otherwise provided," as when the decrees themselves declared that they were to become
effective immediately upon their approval. In the decision of this case on April 24, 1985, the
Court affirmed the necessity for the publication of some of these decrees, declaring in the
451
VOL. 146, DECEMBER 29, 1986 451
Tañada vs. Tuvera
dispositive portion as follows:
"WHEREFORE the Court hereby orders respondents to publish in the Official Gazette all unpublished
presidential issuances which are of general application, and unless so published, they shall ha ve no
binding f orce and eff ect.''
The petitioners are now before us again, this time to move for reconsideration/clarification of
that decision. Specifically, they ask the f ollowing questions:
1

1. 1.What is meant by '' law of public nature'' or " general applicability"?

2. 2.Must a distinction be made between laws of general applicability and laws which are not?
3. 3.What is meant by "publication"?
4. 4.Where is the publication to be made?
5. 5.When is the publication to be made?

Resolving their own doubts, the petitioners suggest that there should be no distinction between
laws of general applicability and those which are not; that publication means complete
publication; and that the publication must be made forthwith in the Official Gazette. 2

In the Comment required of the then Solicitor General, he claimed first that the motion was a
3

request for an advisory opinion and should therefore be dismissed, and, on the merits, that the
clause "unless it is otherwise provided" in Article 2 of the Civil Code meant that the publication
required therein was not always imperative; that publication, when necessary, did not have to be
made in the Official Gazette; and that in any case the subject decision was concurred in only by
three justices and consequently not binding. This elicited a Reply refuting these arguments.
4

Came next the February Revolution and the Court required the new Solicitor General to file a
Rejoinder in view of the supervening events, under Rule 3, Sec-
________________

1
Rollo, pp. 242-250.
2
Ibid, pp. 244-248.
3
Id., pp. 271-280.
4
Id., pp. 288-299.
452
452 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
tion 18, of the Rules of Court. Responding, he submitted that issuances intended only for the
internal administration of a government agency or f or particular persons did not have to be
published; that publication when necessary must be in full and in the Official Gazette; and that,
however, the decision under reconsideration was not binding because it was not supported by
eight members of this Court. 5
 The subject of contention is Article 2 of the Civil Code providing as follows:
"ART. 2. Laws shall take effect after fifteen days following the completion of their publication in
the Official Gazette, unless it is otherwise provided. This Code shall take effect one year after such
publication."
After a careful study of this provision and of the arguments of the parties, both on the original
petition and on the instant motion, we have come to the conclusion, and so hold, that the clause
"unless it is otherwise provided" refers to the date of effectivity and not to the requirement of
publication itself, which cannot in any event be omitted. This clause does not mean that the
legislature may make the law effective immediately upon approval, or on any other date, without
its previous publication.
Publication is indispensable in every case, but the legislature may in its discretion provide
that the usual fifteenday period shall be shortened or extended. An example, as pointed out by
the present Chief Justice in his separate concurrence in the original decision, is the Civil Code
6

which did not become effective after fifteen days from its publication in the Official Gazette but
"one year after such publication." The general rule did not apply because it was "otherwise
provided."
It is not correct to say that under the disputed clause publication may be dispensed with
altogether. The reason is that such omission would offend due process insofar as it would deny
the public knowledge of the laws that are supposed
________________

5
Id., pp. 320-322.
6
136 SCRA 27, 46.
453
VOL. 146, DECEMBER 29, 1986 453
Tañada vs. Tuvera
to govern it. Surely, if the legislature could validly provide that a law shall become effective
immediately upon its approval notwithstanding the lack of publication (or after an unreasonably
short period after publication), it is not unlikely that persons not aware of it would be prejudiced
as a result; and they would be so not because of a failure to comply with it but simply because
they did not know of its existence. Significantly, this is not true only of penal laws as is
commonly supposed. One can think of many non-penal measures, like a law on prescription,
which must also be communicated to the persons they may af fect bef ore they can begin to
operate.
We note at this point the conclusive presumption that every person knows the law, which of
course presupposes that the law has been published if the presumption is to have any legal
justification at all. It is no less important to remember that Section 6 of the Bill of Rights
recognizes "the right of the people to information on matters of public concern," and this
certainly applies to, among others, and indeed especially, the legislative enactments of the
government.
The term "laws" should refer to all laws and not only to those of general application, for
strictly speaking all laws relate to the people in general albeit there are some that do not apply to
them directly. An example is a law granting citizenship to a particular individual, like a relative
of President Marcos who was decreed instant naturalization. It surely cannot be said that such a
law does not affect the public although it unquestionably does not apply directly to all the
people. The subject of such law is a matter of public interest which any member of the body
politic may question in the political forums or, if he is a proper party, even in the courts of
justice. In fact, a law without any bearing on the public would be invalid as an intrusion of
privacy or as class legislation or as an ultra vires act of the legislature. To be valid, the law must
invariably affect the public interest even if it might be directly applicable only to one individual,
or some of the people only, and not to the public as a whole.
We hold therefore that all statutes, including those of local application and private laws, shall
be published as a condition for their effectivity, which shall begin fifteen days after
454
454 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
publication unless a different effectivity date is fixed by the legislature.
Covered by this rule are presidential decrees and executive orders promulgated by the
President in the exercise of legislative powers whenever the same are validly delegated by the
legislature or, at present, directly conferred by the Constitution. Administrative rules and
regulations must also be published if their purpose is to enforce or implement existing law
pursuant also to a valid delegation.
Interpretative regulations and those merely internal in nature, that is, regulating only the
personnel of the administrative agency and not the public, need not be published. Neither is
publication required of the so-called letters of instructions issued by administrative superiors
concerning the rules or guidelines to be followed by their subordinates in the performance of
their duties.
Accordingly, even the charter of a city must be published notwithstanding that it applies to
only a portion of the national territory and directly affects only the inhabitants of that place. All
presidential decrees must be published, including even, say, those naming a public place after a
favored individual or exempting him from certain prohibitions or requirements, The circulars
issued by the Monetary Board must be published if they are meant not merely to interpret but to
"fill in the details" of the Central Bank Act which that body is supposed to enf orce.
However, no publication is required of the instructions issued by, say, the Minister of Social
Welfare on the case studies to be made in petitions for adoption or the rules laid down by the
head of a government agency on the assignments or workload of his personnel or the wearing of
office uniforms. Parenthetically, municipal ordinances are not covered by this rule but by the
Local Government Code.
We agree that the publication must be in full or it is no publication at all since its purpose is
to inf orm the public of the contents of the laws, As correctly pointed out by the petitioners, the
mere mention of the number of the presidential decree, the title of such decree, its whereabouts
(e.g., "with Secretary Tuvera"), the supposed date of effectivity, and in a
455
VOL. 146, DECEMBER 29, 1986 455
Tañada vs. Tuvera
mere supplement of the Official Gazette cannot satisfy the publication requirement. This is not
even substantial compliance. This was the manner, incidentally, in which the General
Appropriations Act for FY 1975, a presidential decree undeniably of general applicability and
interest, was "published" by the Marcos administration. The evident purpose was to withhold
7

rather than disclose information on this vital law.

Coming now to the original decision, it is true that only four justices were categorically for
publication in the Official Gazette and that six others felt that publication could be made
8
elsewhere as long as the people were sufficiently informed. One reserved his vote and another
9 10

merely acknowledged the need for due publication without indicating where it should be
made. It is therefore necessary for the present membership of this Court to arrive at a clear
11

consensus on this matter and to lay down a binding decision supported by the necessary vote.
There is much to be said of the view that the publication need not be made in the Official
Gazette, considering its erratic releases and limited readership. Undoubtedly, newspapers of
general circulation could better perform the function of communicating the laws to the people as
such periodicals are more easily available, have a wider readership, and come out regularly. The
trouble, though, is that this kind of publication is not the one required or authorized by existing
law. As far as we know, no amendment has been made of Article 2 of the Civil Code. The
Solicitor General has not pointed to such a law, and we have no information that it exists. If it
does, it obviously has not yet been published.
At any rate, this Court is not called upon to rule upon the
_______________

7
Rollo, p. 24,6.
8
Justices Venicio Escolin (ponente), Claudio Teehankee, Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera, and Lorenzo Relova.
9
Chief Justice Enrique M. Fernando and Justices Felix V. Makasiar, Vicente Abad-Santos, Efren I. Plana, Serafin P.
Cuevas. and Nestor B. Alampay.
10
Justice Hugo E. Gutierrez, Jr.
11
Justice B. S. de la Fuente.
456
456 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
wisdom of a law or to repeal or modify it if we find it impractical. That is not our function. That
function belongs to the legislature. Our task is merely to interpret and apply the law as conceived
and approved by the political departments of the government in accordance with the prescribed
procedure. Consequently, we have no choice but to pronounce that under Article 2 of the Civil
Code, the publication of laws must be made in the Official Gazette, and not elsewhere, as a
requirement for their effectivity after fifteen days from such publication or after a different
period provided by the legislature.
We also hold that the publication must be made forthwith, or at least as soon as possible, to
give effect to the law pursuant to the said Article 2. There is that possibility, of course, although
not suggested by the parties that a law could be rendered unenforceable by a mere refusal of the
executive, for whatever reason, to cause its publication as required. This is a matter, however,
that we do not need to examine at this time. Finally, the claim of the former Solicitor General
that the instant motion is a request for an advisory opinion is untenable, to say the least, and
deserves no further comment.
The days of the secret laws and the unpublished decrees are over. This is once again an open
society, with all the acts of the government subject to public scrutiny and available always to
public cognizance. This has to be so if our country is to remain democratic, with sovereignty
residing in the people and all government authority emanating from them.
Although they have delegated the power of legislation, they retain the authority to review the
work of their delegates and to ratify or reject it according to their lights, through their freedom of
expression and their right of suffrage. This they cannot do if the acts of the legislature are
concealed.
 Laws must come out in the open in the clear light of the sun instead of skulking in the
shadows with their dark, deep secrets. Mysterious pronouncements and rumored rules cannot be
recognized as binding unless their existence and contents are confirmed by a valid publication
intended to make full disclosure and give proper notice to the people. The furtive law is like a
scabbarded saber that cannot feint, parry or cut unless the naked blade is drawn.
457
VOL. 146, DECEMBER 29, 1986 457
Tañada vs. Tuvera
WHEREFORE, it is hereby declared that all laws as above defined shall immediately upon their
approval, or as soon thereafter as possible, be published in full in the Official Gazette, to become
effective only after fifteen days from their publication, or on another date specified by the
legislature, in accordance with Article 2 of the Civil Code.
SO ORDERED.
Teehankee, C.J., Feria, Yap, Narvasa, Melencio-Herrera, Alampay, Gutierrez,
Jr., and Paras, JJ., concur.
Fernan, J., I concur. I add a few observations in a separate opinion.
Feliciano, J., I concur. Please see separate opinion.
CONCURRING OPINION

FERNAN, J.:

While concurring in the Court's opinion penned by my distinguished colleague, Mr. Justice
Isagani A. Cruz, I would like to add a few observations. Even as a Member of the defunct
Batasang Pambansa, I took a strong stand against the insidious manner by which the previous
dispensation had promulgated and made effective thousands of decrees, executive orders, letters
of instructions, etc. Never has the law-making power which traditionally belongs to the
legislature been used and abused to satisfy the whims and caprices of a one-man legislative mill
as it happened in the past regime. Thus, in those days, it was not surprising to witness the sad
spectacle of two presidential decrees bearing the same number, although covering two different
subject matters. In point is the case of two presidential decrees bearing number 1686 issued on
March 19, 1980, one granting Philippine citizenship to Michael M. Keon, the then President's
nephew and the other imposing a tax on every motor vehicle equipped with airconditioner. This
was further exacerbated by the issuance of PD No. 1686-A also on March 19, 1980 granting
Philippine citizenship to basketball players Jeff rey Moore and Dennis George Still.
The categorical statement by this Court on the need for
458
458 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Tañada vs. Tuvera
publication before any law may be made effective seeks to prevent abuses on the part of the
lawmakers and, at the same time, ensures to the people their constitutional right to due process
and to information on matters of public concern.
CONCURRING OPINION

FELICIANO, J.:
I agree entirely with the opinion of the court so eloquently written by Mr. Justice Isagani A.
Cruz. At the same time, I wish to add a few statements to reflect my understanding of what the
Court is saying.
A statute which by its terms provides for its coming into effect immediately upon approval
thereof, is properly interpreted as coming into effect immediately upon publication thereof in the
Official Gazette as provided in Article 2 of the Civil Code. Such statute, in other words, should
not be regarded as purporting literally to come into effect immediately upon its approval or
enactment and without need of publication. For so to interpret such statute would be to collide
with the constitutional obstacle posed by the due process clause. The enforcement of
prescriptions which are both unknown to and unknowable by those subjected to the statute, has
been throughout history a common tool of tyrannical governments. Such application and
enforcement constitutes at bottom a negation of the fundamental principle of legality in the
relations between a government and its people.
At the same time, it is clear that the requirement of publication of a statute in the Official
Gazette, as distinguished from any other medium such as a newspaper of general circulation, is
embodied in a statutory norm and is not a constitutional command. The statutory norm is set out
in Article 2 of the Civil Code and is supported and reinforced by Section 1 of Commonwealth
Act No. 638 and Section 35 of the Revised Administrative Code. A specification of the Official
Gazette as the prescribed medium of publication may therefore be changed. Article 2 of the Civil
Code could, without creating a constitutional problem, be amended by a subsequent statute
459
VOL. 146, DECEMBER 29, 1986 459
Averia, Jr. vs. Caguioa
providing, for instance, for publication either in the Official Gazette or in a newspaper of general
circulation in the country. Until such an amendatory statute is in fact enacted, Article 2 of the
Civil Code must be obeyed and publication effected in the Official Gazette and not in any other
medium.
All laws shall immediately upon their approval, be published in full in the Official Gazette, to
become effective only after fifteen days from publication.

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