Turk J Math

32 (2008) , 1 – 12.
c TÜBİTAK

Equi-Statistical Extension of the Korovkin Type

Approximation Theorem

Sevda Karakuş, Kamil Demirci

Abstract

In this paper using equi-statistical convergence, which is stronger than the usual
uniform convergence and statistical uniform convergence, we obtain a general Ko-
rovkin type theorem. Then, we construct examples such that our new approximation
result works but its classical and statistical cases do not work.

Key Words: Equi-statistical convergence, positive linear operator, Korovkin type

theorem.

1. Introduction

Throughout this paper I := [0, ∞). C (I) is the space of all real-valued continuous
functions on I and CB (I) := {f ∈ C (I) : f is bounded on I}. The sup norm on CB (I)
is given by
fCB (I) := sup |f (x)| , (f ∈ CB (I)) .
x∈I

Also, let Hw be the space of all real valued functions f defined on I and satisfying

  
 x y 

|f (x) − f (y)| ≤ w f;  − , (1.1)
1 + x 1 + y

2000 AMS Mathematics Subject Classification: 41A25, 41A36.

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 KARAKUŞ, DEMİRCİ

where w is the modulus of continuity given by, for any δ > 0,

w (f; δ) := sup |f (x) − f (y)| .

x,y∈I
|x−y|<δ

The idea of statistical convergence of a sequence of real numbers has been introduced in
[14]. Recently, various kinds of statistical convergence for sequences of functions have been
introduced in [1] (see also [7]). In [1] a kind of convergence (equi-statistical convergence
for sequences of functions) lying between uniform and pointwise statistical convergence
was presented. Using this concept, Korovkin type approximation theory was studied in
[12]. First we recall the concept of equi-statistical convergence.
Let f and fk belong to Hw . Then we use the following notations:

Ψn (x, ε) : = |{k ≤ n : |fk (x) − f (x)| ≥ ε}| , x∈I

 
 
Φn (ε) : =  k ≤ n : fk − fCB (I) ≥ ε 

where ε > 0, n ∈ N and the symbol |A| denotes the cardinality of the subset A.

Definition 1 [12](fn ) is said to be statistically pointwise convergent to f on I if st −

limn→∞ fn (x) = f(x) for each x ∈ I, i.e., for every ε > 0 and for each x ∈ I,
Ψn (x,ε)
limn→∞ n
= 0. Then, it is denoted by fn → f (stat) on I.

Definition 2 [12](fn ) is said to be equi-statistically convergent to f on I if for ev-

Ψn (x,ε)
ery ε > 0, limn→∞ n = 0 uniformly with respect to x ∈ I, which means that
Ψn (.,ε)C (I)
limn→∞ n
B
= 0 for every ε > 0. In this case, we denote this limit by fn → f
(equi − stat) on I.

Definition 3 [12](fn ) is said to be statistically uniform convergent to f on I if st-

Φn (ε)
limn→∞ fn − fCB (I) = 0, or lim n→∞ n = 0. This limit is denoted by fn ⇒ f
(stat) on I.

Using the above definitions, we get the following result.

Lemma 1 [12]fn ⇒ f on I (in the ordinary sense) implies fn ⇒ f (stat) on I, which

also implies fn → f (equi − stat) on I. Furthermore, fn → f (equi − stat) on I implies

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 KARAKUŞ, DEMİRCİ

fn → f (stat) on I; and fn → f on I (in the ordinary sense) implies fn → f (stat) on

I.

However, one can construct an example which guarantees that the converses of Lemma
1 are not always true. Such an example is in the following (see also [1]) example.

Example 1 Define gn ∈ Hw , n ∈ N by the formula


1
0, x = n
gn (x) := . (1.2)

1, x = 1
n

Then observe that gn → g = 1(equi − stat) on I, but (gn ) does not usual uniform
convergent and statistically uniform convergent to the function g = 1 on I.

Now let {Ln } be a sequence of positive linear operators acting from C(X) into
C(X), which is the space of all continuous real valued functions on a compact subset
X of the real numbers. In this case, Korovkin [13] first noticed the necessary and
sufficient conditions for the uniform convergence of Ln (f) to a function f by using the
test function ei defined by ei (x) = xi (i = 0, 1, 2). Many researchers have investigated
these conditions for various operators defined on different spaces. In recent years, some
matrix summability methods have been used in the approximation theory. Although
some operators, such as interpolation operators of Hermite-Fejer [3], do not converge
at points of simple discontinuity, the matrix summability method of Cesàro-type are
strong enough to correct the lack of convergence [4]. Furthermore, uniform statistical
convergence in Definition 3, which is a regular (non-matrix) summability transformation,
has also been used in the Korovkin type approximation theory [6], [8], [9], [10], [11].
Recently, a Korovkin type approximation theorem has been studied in [12] via equi-
statistical convergence which is stronger than the statistical uniform convergence. In
this paper, using the concept of equi-statistical convergence we study a Korovkin type
approximation theorem for positive linear operators which defined on Hw (I n ). Also, we
will construct sequences of positive linear operators such that while our new results work,
their classical and statistical cases do not work.

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2. Equi-statistical convergence of positive linear operators

Using usual uniform convergence, Çakar and Gadjiev [5] obtained Korovkin type
approximation theorem on the space Hw :

Theorem 1 [5]Let {Ln } be a sequence of positive linear operators from Hw into CB (I).
Then, for any f ∈ Hw ,

Ln f ⇒ f (in the ordinary sense)

is satisfied if the following holds:

Ln fi ⇒ fi (in the ordinary sense) , (i = 0, 1, 2) ,

where
 2
u u
f0 (u) = 1, f1 (u) = , f2 (u) = .
1+u 1+u

Now we have the following result.

Theorem 2 Let {Ln } be a sequence of positive linear operators from Hw into CB (I).
Then, for any f ∈ Hw ,
Ln f → f (equi − stat) (2.1)
is satisfied if the following holds:

Ln fi → fi (equi − stat), (i = 0, 1, 2) , (2.2)

where
 2
u u
f0 (u) = 1, f1 (u) = , f2 (u) =
1+u 1+u
Proof. Let f ∈ Hw and x ∈ I be fixed. Then, we immediately see from [5], [8] that,
for every ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that

|Ln (f; x) − f (x)| ≤ ε + K{|Ln (f0 ; x) − f0 (x)| (2.3)

+ |Ln (f1 ; x) − f1 (x)| + |Ln (f2 ; x) − f2 (x)|},
4fC
where K := ε + fCB (I) + δ2
B (I)
. For a given r > 0, choose ε > 0 such that ε < r.
Then, for each i = 0, 1, 2, setting

Ψn (x, r) := |{k ≤ n : |Lk (f; x) − f (x)| ≥ r}|

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and
 
 r−ε 
Ψi,n (x, r) :=  k ≤ n : |Lk (fi ; x) − fi (x)| ≥ 
 (i = 0, 1, 2) ,
3K

it follows from (2.3) that

2
Ψn (x, r) ≤ Ψi,n (x, r) ,
i=0

which gives
Ψn (., r)CB (I) 2
Ψi,n (., r)CB (I)
≤ . (2.4)
n i=0
n

Then using the hypothesis (2.2) and considering Definition 2, the right-hand side of (2.4)
tends to zero as n → ∞. Therefore, we have

Ψn (., r)CB (I)

lim = 0 for every r > 0,
n→∞ n

whence the result. 2

Now we give an example such that Theorem 2 works but the cases of classical and
statistical do not work.

Remark 1 Suppose that I = [0, ∞). We consider the following positive linear operators
defined on Hw :
n   
gn (x) k n k
Tn (f; x) = n f x ,
(1 + x) n−k+1 k
k=0

where f ∈ Hw , x ∈ I, n ∈ N and gn (x) is given by (1.2). If gn (x) = 1 then Tn turn out

to be the operators of Bleimann, Butzer and Hahn [2]. If we use the definition of Tn and
the fact that
       
n n n−1 n n (n − 1) n−2
= , = ,
k +1 k+1 k k+2 (k + 1) (k + 2) k

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 KARAKUŞ, DEMİRCİ

we can see that

Tn (f0 ; x) = gn (x) ,
 
n x
Tn (f1 ; x) = gn (x) ,
n+1 1+x

x2 n (n − 1) x n
Tn (f2 ; x) = gn (x) 2 2 + gn (x) .
(1 + x) (n + 1) 1 + x (n + 1)2

We show that conditions (2.2) in the Theorem 2 hold.

1. Since gn → 1(equi − stat) on I, it is clear that Tn f0 → f0 (equi − stat) on I.

 
 n 
2. Since |Tn (f1 ; x) − f1 (x)| = f1 (x)  n+1 gn (x) − 1 , we can write

 
 n 
|Tn (f1 ; x) − f1 (x)| <  gn (x) − 1 .
n+1

Also, we know that lim n

= 1 and gn → 1(equi − stat) on I. Then we have
n→∞ n+1
n
n+1 gn (x) → 1(equi − stat) on I. So we get

Tn f1 → f1 (equi − stat) on I.


n(n−1)gn (x) ngn (x)
3. Finally, Tn (f2 ; x) − f2 (x) = f2 (x) (n+1)2
− 1 + f1 (x) (n+1) 2 then

   
 n (n − 1) g (x)   ng (x) 
 n   n 
|Tn (f2 ; x) − f2 (x)| <  − 1 +  .
 (n + 1)
2   (n + 1)2 

So we observe that
   
 n (n − 1) g (x)   ng (x) 
 n   n 
 − 1 → 0(equi − stat) on I and   → 0(equi − stat) on I.
 (n + 1)
2   (n + 1)2 
(2.5)
Now given ε > 0, set

Ψn (x, ε) := |{k ≤ n : |Tk f2 − f2 | ≥ ε}|

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and
   
  n (n − 1) g (x)  ε 
  n  
Ψ1,n (x, ε) : =  k ≤ n :  − 1 ≥ ,
  (n + 1)
2  2 
   
  ng (x)  ε 
  n  
Ψ2,n (x, ε) : =  k ≤ n :  ≥ .
  (n + 1)2  2 

By (2.5), it is obvious that Ψn (x, ε) ≤ Ψ1,n (x, ε) + Ψ2,n (x, ε). Then, we get

Ψn (., ε)CB (I)

lim =0
n→∞ n

for every ε > 0. So, we get

Tn f3 → f3 (equi − stat) on I.

Therefore, using (1), (2) and (3) in Theorem 2, we obtain that, for all f ∈ Hw ,

Tn f → f(equi − stat).

Since gn is neither uniform nor statistically uniform convergent to g = 1 on I = [0, ∞), the
sequence {Tn f} cannot uniformly converge to f on I in the ordinary sense or statistically
sense.

3. Equi-statistical extension of the Korovkin type approximation theorem

In this section, considering a sequence of positive linear operators defined on the

space of all real valued continuous and bounded functions on a subset I n of Rn , the real
n-dimensional space where I n := I × I × ... × I, we give an extension of Theorem 2.
We first consider the case of m = 2.
 
Let I 2 := [0, ∞) × [0, ∞). Then, the sup norm on CB I 2 is given by,
  
fCB (I 2 ) := sup |f (x, y)| , f ∈ CB I 2 .
(x,y)∈I 2

Also, let Hw2 is the space of all real valued functions f defined on I 2 and satisfying
    
 u x   v y 
|f (u, v) − f (x, y)| ≤ w2 
f;  − , − (3.1)
1 + u 1 + x 1 + v 1 + y

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 KARAKUŞ, DEMİRCİ

where w2 (f; δ1 , δ2 ) is the modulus of continuity (for the functions of two variables) given
by, for any δ1 , δ2 > 0,
 
w2 (f; δ1 , δ2 ) := sup |f (u, v) − f (x, y)| : (u, v) , (x, y) ∈ I 2 , and |u − x| ≤ δ1 , |v − y| ≤ δ2 .
 
It is clear that a necessary and sufficient condition for a function f ∈ CB I 2 is

lim w2 (f; δ1 , δ2 ) = 0.
δ1 →0,δ2→0

Now let f and fn belong to Hw2 . Then we use the following notations:

Ψn (x, y, ε) : = |{k ≤ n : |fk (x, y) − f (x, y)| ≥ ε}| , (x, y) ∈ I 2

 
 
Φn (ε) : =  k ≤ n : fk − fCB (I 2 ) ≥ ε 

where ε > 0 and n ∈ N.

Definition 4 (fn ) is said to be statistically pointwise convergent to f on I if st −

limn→∞ fn (x, y) = f(x, y) for each (x, y) ∈ I 2 , i.e., for every ε > 0 and for each
Ψn (x,y,ε)
(x, y) ∈ I 2 , limn→∞ n = 0. Then, it is denoted by fn → f (stat) on I 2 .

Definition 5 (fn ) is said to be equi-statistically convergent to f on I 2 if for every

Ψn (x,y,ε)
ε > 0, limn→∞ n
= 0 uniformly with respect to (x, y) ∈ I 2 , which means that
Ψn (.,.,ε)C (I 2 )
limn→∞ n
B
= 0 for every ε > 0. In this case, we denote this limit by fn → f
(equi − stat) on I .
2

Definition 6 (fn ) is said to be statistically uniform convergent to f on I 2 if

Φn (ε)
st-limn→∞ fn − fCB (I 2 ) = 0, or lim n→∞ n = 0. This limit is denoted by fn ⇒ f
(stat) on I 2 .

Lemma 2 fn ⇒ f on I 2 (in the ordinary sense) implies fn ⇒ f (stat) on I 2 , which

also implies fn → f (equi − stat) on I 2 . Furthermore, fn → f (equi − stat) on I implies
fn → f (stat) on I 2 ; and fn → f on I 2 (in the ordinary sense) implies fn → f (stat) on
I2.

However, one can construct an example which guarantees that the converses of Lemma
2 are not always true. Such an example is in the following:

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Example 2 Define gn , n ∈ N by the formula

  
0, (x, y) = n1 , n1
gn (x, y) :=   . (3.2)
1, (x, y) = n1 , n1

Since gn : [0, ∞) × [0, ∞) → R is continuous and

⎧  
⎪
⎪ 0, (x, y) = (u, v) = n1 , n1
⎪
⎪  
⎨ 0, (x, y) = (u, v) = n1 , n1
|gn (u, v) − gn (x, y)| =    
⎪
⎪ 1, (x, y) = n1 , n1 , (u, v) = n1 , n1
⎪
⎪ 
⎩ 1, (x, y) = 1 , 1 , (u, v) = 1 , 1 
 
n n n n

for all (x, y) , (u, v) ∈ [0, ∞) × [0, ∞). Then we have

    
 u x   v y 
|gn (u, v) − gn (x, y)| ≤ w2 gn ;  − , − .
1 + u 1 + x 1 + v 1 + y 

So gn ∈ Hw2 . Then observe that gn → g = 1(equi − stat) on I 2 , but (gn ) does not usual
uniform convergent and statistically uniform convergent to the function g = 1 on I 2 .
 
Let L is a positive linear operator mapping Hw2 into CB I 2 . Also, we denote the
value of Lf at a point (x, y) ∈ I 2 is denoted by L (f (u, v) ; x, y) or simply L (f; x, y) .
Now we have the following result.
 
Theorem 3 Let {Ln } be a sequence of positive linear operators from Hw2 into CB I 2 .
Then, for any f ∈ Hw2 ,
Ln f → f (equi − stat) (3.3)
is satisfied if the following holds:

Ln fi → fi (equi − stat), (i = 0, 1, 2, 3), (3.4)

where
 2  2
u v u v
f0 (u, v) = 1, f1 (u, v) = , f2 (u, v) = , f3 (u, v) = + .
1+u 1+v 1+u 1+v
Proof. Using the similar technique in proof of Theorem 2, we can obtain the proof. 2

Now we give an example such that Theorem 3 works but the case of classical and
statistical (Theorem 2.1 of [8]) do not work as Remark 1.

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Remark 2 Suppose that I = [0, ∞) and I 2 = [0, ∞) × [0, ∞). We consider the following
positive linear operators defined on Hw2 :

n n     
gn (x, y) k l n n k l
Tn (f; x, y) = n n f , x y,
(1 + x) (1 + y) n−k+1 n−l+1 k l
k=0 l=0

where f ∈ Hw2 , (x, y) ∈ I 2 , n ∈ N and gn (x, y) is given by (3.2). If gn (x, y) = 1 than Tn

turn out to be the operators of Bleimann, Butzer and Hahn [2] (of two variables). From
[8], we can see that

Tn (f0 ; x, y) = gn (x, y) ,
 
ngn (x, y) x
Tn (f1 ; x, y) = ,
n+1 1+x
 
ngn (x, y) y
Tn (f2 ; x, y) = ,
n+1 1+y
n (n − 1) gn (x, y) x2 ngn (x, y)x
Tn (f3 ; x, y) = 2 2 + 2
(n + 1) (1 + x) (n + 1) 1 + x

n (n − 1) gn (x, y) y2 ngn (x, y)y

+ 2 2
+ 2
.
(n + 1) (1 + y) (n + 1) 1 + y

Then, as in the previous section, it is easy to check that the conditions in (3.4) hold. So,
by Theorem 3, we obtain that, for all f ∈ Hw2

Tn f → f(equi − stat) on I 2 .

Since the function sequence gn (x, y) is not usual uniform convergent and statistically
uniform convergent to the function g = 1 on I 2 , {Tn f} is not usual uniform convergent
and statistically uniform convergent to f.

Now replace I 2 by I n := [0, ∞) × ... × [0, ∞) and consider the modulus of continuity
wn (f; δ1 , ..., δn) (for the function f of n−variables) given by, for any δ1 , ..., δn > 0,

wn (f; δ1 , ..., δn) := sup{|f (u1 , ..., un) − f (x1 , ..., xn)| :
(u1 , ..., un) , (x1 , ..., xn) ∈ I n
and |ui − xi | ≤ δi , (i = 0, 1, ..., n)}.

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Then, let Hwn is the space of all real valued functions f defined on I n and satisfying
    
 u1 x1   un xn 
|f (u1 , ..., un) − f (x1 , ..., xn)| ≤ wn f;  − , ...,  − .
1 + u1 1 + x1   1 + un 1 + xn 

Therefore, using the similar technique in proof of Theorem 3 and definition of equi-
statistically convergence on Hwn , we can get the following result immediately.

Theorem 4 Let {Ln } be a sequence of positive linear operators from Hwn into CB (I n ).
Then, for any f ∈ Hwn ,
Ln f → f (equi − stat)

is satisfied if the following holds:

Ln fi → fi (equi − stat), (i = 0, 1, ..., n + 1) ,

where
ui
f0 (u1 , ..., un) = 1, fi (u1 , ..., un) = , (i = 1, 2, ..., n)
1 + ui
n  2
uk
fn+1 (u1 , ..., un) = .
1 + uk
k=1

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Sevda KARAKUŞ, Kamil DEMİRCİ Received 21.01.2008

Sinop University,
Faculty of Sciences and
Arts Department of
Mathematics 57000 Sinop-TURKEY
e-mail: [email protected]
e-mail: [email protected]

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