PASSAGE 1

When Maps Were Made For The Public

Since the art of map-making began, maps have largely been made for explorers, academics and rulers. It wasn't until the
19th century that the general public began to demand maps for themselves. More than anything else, it was the appeal of
travel to ordinary people that encouraged publishing companies to begin creating and printing more maps than ever before,
in order to meet the demand of their new market.
In the years after the American Civil War (1861-65), the rapidly growing US railroad system had so many independent rail
companies, schedules and destinations that maps were critical for planning a person's journey. One publisher, Rand
McNally, made a fortune from producing railways maps for different parts of the USA, combined with a timetable and
many descriptions of scenery and towns in the same booklet.
When safety improvements in the 1880s helped to make the bicycle popular, cycling maps quickly followed. Trying to
provide something special, publisher George Philip produced attractive-looking maps that would remain in good condition
even if they were exposed to water. In 1896, one of the finest cycling maps was produced, in seven parts: George Blum's
Cyclers' Guide and Road Book of California. Each cycle road was highlighted in red and labelled with not only the type of
surface riders could expect to find, but also an indication of how steep it was.
The advent of the car brought a need for road maps and travel information. In 1900, André Michelin published a guide
about France, with maps that showed the location of different kinds of reasonably priced accommodation and also car
assistance for any mechanical problems. However, it was due primarily to its recommendations regarding which was the
best restaurant to go to that the guide quickly became something that a huge number of tourists and travellers bought and
relied on.
Nowhere was the need for road maps greater than in the United States. In 1902, the American Automobile Association was
founded in Chicago, and three years later it published its first road maps for long-distance drivers. In 1917, Rand McNally
began to publish Auto Trails Maps, a series of maps that each focussed in detail on a different region that people might hope
to visit within North America. The same publisher also helped to establish the US's system of identifying its roads.
Previously roads had names, following the European tradition, but now, thanks in part to Rand McNally, they were
allocated numbers instead. Also in the early twentieth century, publisher H. M. Gousha Company developed the Touraide, a
set of spiral-bound maps with places to stay and eat and points of interest, ordered in advance and assembled individually
for the traveller.
The oil companies did not take long to realize the profit to be made from Americans exploring the open road, so service
stations soon began to distribute free maps to encourage this. Free road maps became part of the fabric of American life,
and it has been estimated that more than ten billion were distributed before the 1970s. It was then that the rising costs of oil
and subsequent falling consumption led to the oil companies investigating where savings could be made. The maps were
one of the first things to go.
Another map product was the aeronautical chart for pilots. The first examples were produced in France and England around
1911. Techniques progressed greatly during World War 1, and during the 1920s there was continual development of maps
for air navigation.
New maps also became available for those who only wanted to cross town by train. Some of the early maps of the London
Underground were based on the city above ground; therefore, although they were accurate in terms of distance and
direction, the maps were confusing because the stations in central London were so crowded together. In 1931, Harry Beck
produced a map that looked rather like an electrical circuit, with straight lines and symbols. It included only one feature
above ground: the river Thames. The stations were also spaced relatively equally, making the map much easier to read.
Although Beck's map was initially rejected as too radical, it was approved in 1933. He continued to refine it for the next 25
years.
Shortly after Beck's contribution to the mapping of subterranean London, an equally significant achievement was performed
above ground. Phyllis Pearsall was a painter who, in 1935, became lost on the way to a party in London, due to the lack of a
good map. This inspired her to plot all of London, and the next year she traced and catalogued its 23,000 streets. With map-
maker James Duncan, Pearsall then produced an atlas and a comprehensive street index. Unable to interest any of the major
publishers, the two founded their own company, the Geographer's Map Company Ltd, and produced what was then called
the A-Z Atlas and Guide to London. The company still exists and now publishes more than 300 different A-Z maps and
atlases.
Questions 1 – 6 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
The development of maps from the 19th century onwards
• a growing interest in travel led to the increased production of maps in the 19th century
After 1865:
•Rand McNally made a lot of money by putting a map and a 1 ………………………………………… in one publication
After 1880:
◦ George Philip produced maps that could not be damaged by water
◦ George Blum's cycling map showed the kind of 2…………………………………………the paths had
◦ how steep the paths might be
1900 onwards:
André Michelin's guide provided information about finding economical 3…………………………………………
◦ what to do if your car broke down
◦ the Michelin guide became popular mainly because it helped people select a
4…………………………………………
1917 onwards:
• Rand McNally
◦ the company's Auto Trails Maps helped people explore roads through a particular 5………………………………... of
the USA
◦ the company was also responsible for giving 6……………………………… to American roads
Questions 7 – 13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
7. The Touraide was organised according to the particular needs of each traveller.
8. It was the high price of oil that stopped free maps being given out to the public.
9. In the 1920s, maps for pilots helped improve safety records for flights.
10. People found the early maps of the London Underground easy to read.
11. Harry Beck had previous experience of map-making when he produced a map of the underground.
12. Beck's first version of the underground map met with a positive reaction.
13. Phyllis Pearsall was the first woman to produce a published map.

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7

Preserving Antarctic History

Protecting early buildings in Antarctica
A. Few people conjuring up the 'most comfortable dwelling place imaginable' are likely to picture a wooden shelter on an
island off the coldest continent on Earth. But that's how Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott described the hut at Cape
Evans on Ross Island that was the base for his 1910-13 expedition. The but is ars led Befow sandal hill on a long stretch of
black sand. In 2011, it looked like a building site, but now, seals lie on the ice in front of the newly restored structure and
sun reflects off the cliffs of the nearby glacier.
B. The New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust (NZAHT) and its team of conservation workers recently announced the
completion of 10 years of intensive work to save three historic buildings on Ross Island. As well as the hut at Cape Evans, it
has worked on the Discovery Hut from Scott's 1901-04 expedition at Hut Point, and the hut at Cape Royds, built for Ernest
Shackleton's 1907-09 expedition. When work began, many of the artefacts were temporarily removed while carpenters from
the team of conservation workers repaired the walls, floors and roof. In Scott's 'zone of command' was the table where team
member Edward Wilson made his enduring biological and botanical illustrations. In a dark corner nearby, Edward Atkinson
had once incubated his moulds and parasites. Of particular interest is the small workbench and array of test tubes, sample
jars and Bunsen burner stands of biologist Edward Nelson, lit by sunshine through a dusty window. This was where the
young scientist preserved marine specimens as part of his search for new species and an understanding of the Antarctic food
chain.
C. The NZAHT executive director Nigel Watson describes the three restored huts as fantastic remnants of humans' first
contact with the continent'. The idea for the birth of the conservation project, he says, was the fact that we were in great
danger of losing them'. When the on-site work began in 2004, snow and ice were building up around, under and sometimes
inside the huts, damaging the structures and threatening their contents. 'We now have three buildings that are structurally
sound and watertight with a very different feel - they are drier and lighter and the humidity is reduced. It's a much better
environment for the collection
D. As well as heritage carpenters, the NZAHT team on Ross Island has included experts in textile, paper and metal
conservation: in total, 62 experts from 11 countries have visited Antarctica to work on the project, often spending a whole
summer on-site, sleeping in tents and popping 25km back to Scott Base for the occasional shower. It became known as the
most exciting conservation project in the world,' says Watson, 'so it attracted top heritage conservation talent."
E. Some of the most exciting discoveries were three intact crates of Mackinlay's Rare Old Highland Malt Whisky' found
encased in ice beneath Shackletons hut, a paper notebook that belonged to surgeon, zoologist and photographer George
Murray Levick found buried in dirt at Cape Evans and a small box of 22 cellulose nitrate negatives waiting to be developed
into photographs found in Herbert Ponting's darkroom. But most of the 18,202 items catalogued and conserved are more
mundane: food, tools, clothing and other personal items that were not precious enough to be taken home on the return
voyages.
F. The NZAHT team's conservation treatments involved thorough cleaning, followed by chemical treatment to help slow, or
even reverse, the deterioration. Metal items would go through corrosion removal, followed by a chemical stabilisation
treatment, then application of an oxygen and moisture barrier to prevent further corrosion. Treatment of paper items often
involved washing to remove harmful acids and salts and to help reinforce the fibres so that in some cases the paper was
even stronger than before.
G. As a result of the project, the NZAHT has become the world leader in cold-climate heritage conservation and its
members have been interviewed for numerous television documentaries and radio reports. The Ross Island huts are the
jewels in the crown', says Watson, but there are other historic buildings needing attention. With logistics support from
Antarctica New Zealand, programme managers Al Fastier and Lizzie Meek will be part of a small team heading to Cape
Adare, an exposed site more than 700km north of Scott Base. The two Cape Adare huts, remnants of an 1898 - 1900 British
expedition, 'are not only the first buildings on the continent', says Watson, but also the only example of humanity's first
buildings on any continent on Earth'.
H. The three-year restoration effort will involve construction repairs and the removal, conservation and return of about 1100
objects. Compared with the hut sites on Ross Island, which are relatively sheltered, Cape Adare is 'a very remote and
challenging place to work in', says Watson. It's set among the world's biggest colony of Adélie penguins on an exposed spit
of land, and it is important that they don't interrupt the functioning of the colony in any way while they are there. Lizzie
Meek looks forward to the challenge. 'But I'm also looking forward to going back to the Ross Island huts and seeing them
with fresh eyes. After so many years of working on them, to be able to step inside and look around to see what we have
accomplished will be amazing.'
I.If you can find your way to Antarctica, you'll need a permit to visit any of these huts, which are each in an Antarctic
Specially Protected Area. But there's an easier way to see them without making the long journey: the trust has partnered
with Google to offer Street View walkthroughs of each of the dwellings, available via Google Earth or through the
NZAHT's website.
Questions 14 - 19
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-l.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
14. a reason the early explorers left some objects behind
15. an explanation of how to see the huts without travelling to Antarctica
16. reference to the fact that Robert Falcon Scott enjoyed the time he spent living in the hut
17. reference to how the Ross Island project has received attention from the media
18. the reason the trust decided to begin conservation work at Ross Island
19. a description of the process for preserving paper
Questions 20 and 21 Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO research activities were carried out by Scott's expedition team?
A. collecting samples of sea life
B.monitoring penguin behaviour
C.studying the effects of cold on the human body
D. keeping a record of Antarctic weather patterns
E.drawing pictures of plants and animals
Questions 22 and 23 Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO statements are true about the conservation workers on Ross Island?
A. They lived in Scott's huts while carrying out the work.
B. They were in Antarctica for months at a time.
C. They had previously worked together in New Zealand.
D. They restored the contents as well as the buildings themselves.
E. They had no access to showers at all
Questions 24 – 26 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Cape Adare
Cape Adare is located several hundred kilometres north of Scott's hut. The huts on Cape Adare are not as 24
……………………………….. as those on Ross Island and the workers have to be careful not to disturb the group of 25
………………………………… living nearby. Visitors to Antarctica must have a 26………………………………….. to
see the restored huts.

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 11 and 12.
Questions 27 – 33 Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-vill, in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
27. Paragraph A i. A negative reaction to receiving flowers
ii. Some surprisingly strong responses to flowers
28. Paragraph B
iii. A mutually beneficial relationship?
29. Paragraph C iv. Becoming more open about personal matters

30. Paragraph D v. Some common social functions of flowers

vi. Sensory appeal versus practical purpose of flowers
31. Paragraph E
vii. Bridging the gap between strangers in an enclosed space
32. Paragraph F viii. An imperfect theory

33. Paragraph G

Flower Power

A. Why do we give people flowers? To offer condolence to those who are grieving. To celebrate. To woo. To ask for
forgiveness. We all know Intuitively that there is something psychologically powerful about giving flowers; in fact,
few objects provoke such a universal emotional response. In the US alone, the flower industry is now worth about
$5bn a year - which suggests that, at the very least, they service a compelling human need.
B. Recent studies at the Department of Psychology at Rutgers State University of New Jersey Investigated claims that
flowers are unique among living organisms in their ability to induce profound changes in our emotional state. As the
first part of their research, the Rutgers team visited 150 women in their homes. Each was presented with a variety of
gifts such as flowers, fruit or sweets. The women were unaware that the study was about the effect of the flowers on
their emotions. They were told that it was a study about their daily moods, and that they would receive a gift in
return for taking part. Following the presentation of the gift, those receiving flowers were assessed as displaying a
much more positive mood than those who got other gifts, and this effect lasted for several days. After receiving
flowers, they were also more willing to answer questions concerning their social circle and intimate conversations
with friends and family. The results suggest that flowers influence our secondary socio-emotional behaviours, as
well as having a strong effect on our immediate emotional expression.
C. In the second study, the psychologists observed participants being handed single flowers, or alternative gifts, in a
constrained and stressful situation - inside an elevator. Contrary to predictions regarding gender differences, both
men and women presented with flowers were more likely to smile, to stand closer and to initiate conversation.
Several subjects who were given the alternative gift then learnt that flowers were also being handed out, and
returned to the elevator and demanded a flower. The scientists used elevators for this study precisely because the
most typical behaviour in sparsely occupied elevators is for people to retreat to opposite corners. The subjects who
received flowers, however, closed up that space to a considerable extent - indicating that the flowers not only
induced a strong positive mood, but brought a significant affiliation among people who had never previously met.
D. The third study involved regularly sending flowers to a selected sample of men and women. The researchers found
not only a profound elevation of mood, but also reliable improvements in other measures of cognitive function, like
memory. In this series of experiments, some participants produced such extraordinary emotional displays that the
psychologists were totally unprepared for them. Subjects gave spontaneous hugs and kisses to the people who
delivered the flowers, and sent invitations to the psychologists to come to their homes for refreshments.
E. Various evolutionary hypotheses attempt to explain the remarkably powertul psychological effect of flowers. One is
that our aesthetic preferences for fertile locations and growing things stem from prehistory, when these clues in our
environment could mean the difference between starvation and survival. We may have become hardwired to respond
positively to flowers because for early man, finding them in a particular location predicted future food supplies and
possibly a better place to rear children. Yet the flaw in this argument is that the showy flowers which humans seem
to find most visually attractive are generally found on those plants which yield no edible products.
F. The Rutgers psychologists' findings show that the various physical attributes of flowers combine to directiv affect our
emotions through multi-channel interactions. We have evolved preferences for the particular colours, textures,
patterned symmetries and specific floral odours which influence our moods. Indeed, previous research has
established that popular perfumes, which often have a floral top-note', will actually reduce depression. The origins
of these inclinations may well be as the evolutionary theories suggest: the patterned symmetries of flowers can be
detected easily as a recognisable signal within a wide variety of visual arrays, and a response to certain colour tones
is important in finding ripe fruit against a leafy background. But, claim the Rutgers team, these preferences have
long been separated from their primary evolutionary use, and become rewarding to us more generally. Thus plants
with preferred colours, shapes and odours - despite having no other products - would therefore be protected and
dispersed.
G. The Rutgers study suggests that flowers may have actually evolved to exploit their peculiar impact on humans. The
team's theory proposes a plant-human co-evolution, or even domestication, based on the intense emotional rewards
that flowers provide. The idea that flowering plants, with no known food or other basic survival value to man, have
 co-evolved with us by exploiting an emotional niche instead, is very much like the scenario presented for the
evolution of dogs. Flowers may be the plant equivalent of 'companion animals'. If this is true, then there is a very
real sense in which, when you next give flowers, they are using you just as much as you are using them.

Questions 34 – 37 Classify the following statements as referring to

A the first study
B the second study
C the third study
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 34-37 on your answer sheet.
34 The study focused on participants' short-term reaction to receiving flowers.
35 Participants were deliberately misled as to the aim of the study.
36 Receiving flowers had a notable effect on participants' mental capacities.
37 Male and female responses were more uniform than expected.
Questions 38 – 40. Complete the summary of paragraph E below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from paragraph E for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
A possible explanation flisor the appeal of flowers
It has been suggested that our intense response to flowers originates in prehistoric times.

The presence of flowers might indicate a potential source of 38 ……………………… in a particular location, and
primitive humans would search for such signs when looking for a suitable site to raise their 39………………………

The interpretation of these signs was essential for the survival of our ancestors. However, the problem with this idea is
that the plants producing the most attractive flowers do not usually have fruit which is 40………………………