F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928

STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN 1 – TENSION MEMBERS 𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + (0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟

𝐸
) (203-12)
Prepared by: Engr. Francis Arjay Pastores Luz 1.4

NSCP 2015 DESIGN METHODOLOGIES: ∎ Alternate Basic Load Combinations

𝐸
1. Allowable Strength Design (ASD) 𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75 [𝐿 + 𝐿𝑟 (0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟 )] (203-13)
1.4
- use of Factor of Safety, Ω 0.6𝐷 + 0.6𝑊 + 𝐻 (203-14)
𝑅𝑎 ≤ 𝑅𝑛 /Ω 𝐸
0.6𝐷 + +𝐻 (203-15)
1.4

2. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 𝐷 + 𝐿 + (𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-16)

- use of resistance factor (𝜙) and load factor 𝐷 + 𝐿 + 0.6𝑊 (203-17)
𝐸
𝑅𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑅𝑛 𝐷+𝐿+ (203-18)
1.4

The general relationship between the safety factor Ω, and ∎ Special Seismic Load Combinations
the resistance factor 𝜙, is 1.2𝐷 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 1.0𝐸𝑚 (203-19)
1.5 0.9𝐷 ± 1.0𝐸𝑚 (203-20)
Ω=
ϕ
where
Ω = 1.67 for limit states involving yielding 𝑓1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads
Ω = 2.00 for limit states involving rupture in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load, or
𝜙 = 0.90 for limit states involving yielding = 0.5 for other live loads
𝜙 = 0.75 for limit states involving rupture 𝐸𝑚 = the maximum effect of horizontal and vertical forces
as set forth in Section 208.6.1
TENSION MEMBERS

203.3 Load Combinations Using Strength Design or

Load and Resistance Factor Design

ASD LRFD
For LRFD, the required strength is determined from the
𝑃𝑛 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 𝑃𝑢 = 𝜙𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑎 = = following factored combinations
Limit State Ω 1.67
of Yielding 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
∎ Basic Load Combinations
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹) (203-1)
𝑃𝑛 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 𝑃𝑢 = 𝜙𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑎 = = 1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹 + 𝑇) + 1.6(𝐿 + 𝐻) + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-2)
Tensile Ω 2.0
1.2𝐷 + 1.6(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) + (𝑓1 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑊) (203-3)
Rupture 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-4)
where: 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1 𝐿 (203-5)
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 1.6𝐻 (203-6)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.6𝐻 (203-7)
𝐴𝑒 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈 ∙ 𝐴𝑛
where
𝑈 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑓1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load, or
= 0.5 for other live loads
TYPES OF LOAD
1. Gravity Loads (dead load, live load, etc.)
Where P is to be considered in design, the applicable load
2. Environmental Loads (earthquake, wind, rain, etc.)
shall be added to Section 203.3.1 factored as 1.2𝑃.
SECTION 203: COMBINATION OF LOADS
203.4. Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress or
203.2 Symbols and Notations
Allowable Strength Design
𝐷 = dead load
𝐸 = earthquake load set forth in Section 208.6.1
For ASD, the required strength is determined from the
𝐸𝑚 = the maximum earthquake force that can be developed
following combination
in the structure as set forth in Section 208.6.1
𝐹 = load due to fluids as with well-defined pressures and
∎ Basic Load Combinations
maximum heights
𝐷+𝐹 (203-8)
𝐻 = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
𝐷+𝐻+𝐹+𝐿+𝑇 (203-9)
𝐿 = live Load, except roof live load, including any
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + (𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-10)
permitted live load reduction
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75[𝐿 + 𝑇(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)] (203-11)
𝑃 = ponding load
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928

𝑅 = rain load on the undeflected roof 5.3. For connections made using bolts that pass
𝑇 = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction completely through an unstiffened box member or
or expansion resulting from temperature change, HSS, see Section 510.7 and Eq. 510.7-1.
shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials,
6. Shear on Bolts
movement due to differential settlement, or combination 𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒏 𝑨𝒃
thereof 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)
𝑊 = load due to wind pressure Where:
𝐹𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 510.3.2)
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡, 𝑢𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
Investigation/Design Criteria: (𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 510.3.2)
1. Gross Section Yielding
𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 (𝑨𝑺𝑫) LECTURE PROBLEMS:
PROBLEM 1: Two plates each with thickness t = 16mm are
2. Tensile Rupture (fracture on effective net area) bolted together with 6 – 22mm diameter bolts forming a lap
𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆 connection. Bolt spacing are as follows:
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫) S1 = 40 mm, S2 = 80 mm, S3 = 100 mm. Bolt hole diameter
Where: 𝐴𝑒 = effective net area
= 25 mm.
𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈 ∙ 𝐴𝑛
Using A36 steel having 𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑈 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

3. Shear
a. Shear Yielding
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈𝒗
𝝓 = 𝟏. 𝟎 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)

b. Shear Rupture
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒗
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)

a. Determine the service load 𝑃𝑎 that the connection can

4. Block Shear – rupture along a shear failure path or carry based on yielding of gross section using ASD.
path(s) and a perpendicular tension failure path b. If D = 200 kN, determine the maximum live load that the
connection could carry based on yielding of gross section
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒗 + 𝑼𝒃𝒔 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒕 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈𝒗 + 𝑼𝒃𝒔 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒕 using ASD.
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫) c. Determine the ultimate load 𝑃𝑢 that the connection can
Where:
carry based on tensile rupture of effective net area using
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑚𝑚2
LRFD.
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑚𝑚2 d. If D = 200 kN, determine the maximum live load that the
Where tension stress is uniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1.0; where the connection could carry based on tensile rupture using
tension stress is non-uniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 0.50 LRFD.
e. Determine the allowable load 𝑃𝑎 based on bearing at bolt
holes.
5. Bearing at Bolt Holes f. Determine the ultimate load 𝑃𝑢 based on block shear.
𝑹𝒏
𝑹𝒖 = 𝝓𝑹𝒏 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝑹𝒂 = (𝑨𝑺𝑫)
𝛀
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫) PRACTICE: The bolt connection shows 8 – 22mm A325
bolts spaced as follows:
5.1. For standard, oversized, and short-slotted S1 = 40mm, S2 = 80mm, S3 = 50mm,
holes, S4 = 100mm, t1 = 16mm, t 2 = 12mm
a. when the deformation at the bolt hole at
service load is a design consideration,
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝑳𝒄 𝒕𝑭𝒖 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟒𝟎𝒅𝒕𝑭𝒖

b. when the deformation at the bolt hole at

service load is NOT a design consideration,
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝑳𝒄 𝒕𝑭𝒖 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟎𝒅𝒕𝑭𝒖

5.2. For a bolt in a connection with long-slotted

holes, Using A36 steel having 𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝑳𝒄 𝒕𝑭𝒖 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟎𝒅𝒕𝑭𝒖 determine the ultimate tensile load that the connection
could carry. Bolt hole diameter is 2mm larger than the
nominal diameter of the bolt. Ans. 537.6 kN
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
Contact Number/s: 0995-351-7556; 0945-734-3928

PROBLEM 2: A 180mm x 20mm plate is connected to a

250mm x 20mm plate with longitudinal fillet weld as
shown.
For plate: 𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and 𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

PROBLEM 5: A bolted connection shown consists of an

angular section L150mm x 100mm x 8mm. Bolt diameter =
𝑥
18mm. Bolt hole diameter = 20mm. Use 𝑈 = 1 −
𝑙
Properties an L150x100x8:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1894 𝑚𝑚2
Determine the tensile strength 𝑃𝑎 of the member using ASD 𝑥 = 23 𝑚𝑚
concept. Also determine the ultimate tensile strength 𝑃𝑢 of 𝑦 = 48 𝑚𝑚
the member using LRFD concept. 𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Shear Lag Factor, U:
For Plates where the tension load is transmitted by
longitudinal welds only
L≥2W u = 1.0
2 W > L > 1.5 W u = 0.87
1.5 W > L > W u = 0.75

a. Determine the net area of the section.

TENSION MEMBERS WITH STAGGERED HOLES: b. Determine the allowable tensile load 𝑃𝑎 .
𝒔𝟐 c. Determine the ultimate block shear strength.
𝑨𝒏 = 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 + (𝒕) ∑
𝟒𝒈
Effective Net Area: 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈 ∙ 𝐴𝑛
ECCENTICALLY LOADED BOLTED CONNECTION
s = pitch (longitudinal spacing of any two holes) PROBLEM 6: The bracket shown in the figure is bolted with
g = gage (transverse spacing of any two holes) 5-20mm diameter bolts. It carries an eccentric load of 𝑃𝐷𝐿 =
t = thickness of the tension member 15 𝑘𝑁 and 𝑃𝐿𝐿 = 25 𝑘𝑁.
a. Determine the shear stress experienced by the most
PROBLEM 3: (ASD Method). A staggered connection is stressed bolt.
shown in the figure. Determine the maximum tensile force b. Determine the distance from the centroid wherein if you
put a bolt, the reaction due to the force alone is equal and
that the plate could carry if the allowable tensile stress is
opposite in direction to the reaction due to moment alone.
140 MPa. c. Determine the maximum shear stress due to ultimate
For Plate: t = 12 mm, width = 350 mm loads.
For rivet: Diameter = 20 mm
Rivet hole diameter = 23 mm
Fp = 150 MPa
Fv = 100 MPa

PROBLEM 7: The bracket is subjected to an ultimate load

𝑃𝑢 = 60𝑘𝑁 acting at an angle 𝜙 = 30°. There shall be a total
of 6-A307 bolts, 3 on each column flange. Determine the
required diameter of the bolts. Use 𝐹𝑛𝑣 = 165 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for A307
PROBLEM 4: From the figure shown is an L150x100x6 bolts and 𝜙 = 0.75 for shear on bolts.
connected to a larger angular bar by 20 mm diameter rivets.
Assume A36 steel (Fy=248 MPa, Fu = 400MPa). Bolt Hole
diameter = 22mm.
Use LRFD Method.
a. Determine the ultimate capacity of the section based on
yielding of gross section.
b. Determine the ultimate capacity of the section based on
tensile fracture of the net area.