VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590018

Project Report On
"FABRICATION OF SOLAR OPERATED GRASS
CUTTER"
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
by
Mr. Shafreez Hussain 4MT17ME128
Mr. Hafeez Akram 4MT17ME043
Mr. Sherif Ahamed Shibaz 4MT17ME136
Mr. Mohammed Rilwan 4MT17ME073

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Madhusudan B
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA)
MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)
2020-21
 MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
(Affiliated To Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi)
Moodbidri, Mangalore –574227

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled "FABRICATION OF SOLAR OPERATED
GRASS CUTTER" carried out by Mr. Shafreez Hussain, USN: 4MT17ME128, Mr. Hafeez
Akram, USN: 4MT17ME043, Mr. Sherif Ahamed Shibaz, USN: 4MT17ME136, Mr.
Mohammed Rilwan, USN: 4MT17ME073 a bonafide student(s) of MANGALORE
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING in partial fulfilment for the award
of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the year 2020-21. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions
indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report and deposited in the
departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

Mr. Madhusudan B Dr. C. R. Rajashekar Dr. G. L. Easwara prasad

External Examination

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1. ...................................

2. ……………………...
 DECLARATION

We, Mr. Shafreez Hussain, USN: 4MT17ME128, Mr. Hafeez Akram, USN:
4MT17ME043, Mr. Sherif Ahamed Shibaz, USN: 4MT17ME136, Mr. Mohammed
Rilwan, USN: 4MT17ME073, hereby declare that the project work entitled
"FABRICATION OF SOLAR OPERATED GRASS CUTTER" has been independently
carried out by us under the guidance of Mr. Madhusudan, Assistant professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering, Moodabidri in
partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical
Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year
2020-21.

We also declare that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, the work reported herein
does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation based on which a degree or award was
conferred on an earlier occasion by any student

Mr. Shafreez Hussain (4MT17ME128)

Mr. Hafeez Akram (4MT17ME043)
Mr. Sherif Ahamed Shibaz (4MT17ME136)
Mr. Mohammed Rilwan (4MT17ME073)

Place: MITE, Moodabidri

Date: 10th July 2021
 ABSTRACT
These days we are facing the problems like pollutions, power cut problem etc. In order to
overcome these problems, we have thought about the device, which can be performing its
functions without causing any of these problems. So, we have thought of doing the project on
cutting grass, this uses the renewable source of energy for its operation like solar energy. This
project aims at developing a portable solar operated grass cutting device, as there is power
shortage. So, it was decided to make a solar energy operated device. Rapid growth of various
high-tech tools and equipment’s makes our jobs done comfortable and sophisticated. The
project aims at fabricating a grass cutting machine system which makes the grass cutter-based
motor running through solar energy. Due to the continuous increase in the cost of fuel and the
effect of emission of gases from the burnt fuel into the atmosphere, this necessitated the use of
the abundant solar energy from the sun as a source of power to drive a grass cutter. A solar
powered grass cutter was designed and developed, based on the general principle of mowing.
This seminar is deal with designed of solar powered grass cutter comprises of direct current
(D.C) motor, a rechargeable battery, solar panel, a plastic fiber blade and control switch. The
battery recharges through the solar charging controller.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing moment of having successfully completed our project, we wish to convey our
sincere thanks and gratitude to the management of our college and our beloved chairman Mr.
Rajesh Chouta, who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal Dr. G L Easwara Prasad, for
forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department Dr. C R Rajashekhar, for his constructive
suggestions & encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest & sincere thanks to our guide Mr.
Madhusudan B, Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his kind
guidance & encouragement during this project.

We also express our indebt thanks to our teaching and non-teaching staffs of mechanical
engineering department, Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering, Moodbidri.

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 CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
TABLE OF CONTENT iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Problem Statement 1
1.2 Objectives 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
3 METHODOLOGY 6
3.1 Components Used 6
3.1.1 Microcontroller AT89S52 6
3.1.2 DC motor 10
3.1.3 battery 11
3.1.4 Cutting blade 11
3.1.5 wheels 12
3.1.6 Arduino UNO 12
3.1.7 Relay 13
3.1.8 Bluetooth Module 14
3.1.9 Solar Panel 14
3.1.10 Bin 15
3.1.11 Brush 15
3.2 System Requirements 16
3.2.1 Android OS That Includes Android SDK 16
3.2.2 Eclipse SDK 18
3.2.3 Keil Micro vision 3 18
4 EXPERIMENTATION 20
4.1 Creating 2D and 3D Model Using 20
4.2 Design Specification and Calculation 21
4.3 Microcontroller programming using Keil µvision 3 23
4.4 Steps Followed in Creating an Application In µvision3 26
4.5 Block Diagram and Flowchart 28
4.6 Working Principle 29
4.7 Performance factor 31
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 32
5.1 Result 32
5.2 Advantages 33
5.3 Application 33
6 CONCLUSION 34
6.1 Conclusion 34
6.2 Future scope 35

REFERENCES 36
37
APPENDIX

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No. Figure Name Pg no.
3.1 microcontroller AT89S52 6
3.2 Block diagram of Microcontroller AT89S52 8
3.3 Pin diagram of AT89S52 8
3.4 DC motor 10
3.5 battery 11
3.6 cutter blade 11
3.7 wheels 12
3.8 Arduino uno 12
3.9 relay 13
3.10 Bluetooth module 14
3.11 solar panel 14
3.12 Bin 15
3.13 Brush 15
3.14 Major components of Android OS 16
3.15 Eclipse SDK 18
3.16 keil microvision 3 18
4.1 2D Model 20
4.2 3D Model 20
4.3 Programming using Keil µvision 23
4.4 Window for choosing the target device 27
4.5 Project Workspace Pane 27
4.6 Project Options Dialog 27
4.7 block diagram of grass cutter 28
4.8 Flowchart 28
4.9 Fabricated Model 30

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
Grass cutter or lawn mowing with a standard motor-powered lawn mower is an inconvenience,
and no one takes pleasure in it. Cutting grass cannot be easily accomplished by elderly, younger,
or disabled people. Motor powered push lawn mowers and riding lawn mowers create noise
pollution due to the loud engine, and local air pollution due to the combustion in the engine.
Also, a motor-powered engine requires periodic maintenance such as changing the engine oil.
Even though electric lawn mowers are environmentally friendly, they too can be an
inconvenience. Along with motor powered lawn mowers, electric lawn mowers are also
hazardous and cannot be easily used by all. Also, if the electric lawn mower is corded, mowing
could prove to be problematic and dangerous. The self-propelling electric remote control lawn
mower is a lawn mower that has remote control capability. This prototype is robotic user-
friendly, cost effective. A lawn mower (mower) is a machine utilizing one or more revolving
blades to cut a grass surface to an even height. The height of the cut grass may be fixed by the
design of the mower, but generally is adjustable by the operator, typically by a single master
lever, or by a lever or nut and bolt on each of the machine's wheels. The blades may be powered
by muscle, with wheels mechanically connected to the cutting blades so that when the mower is
pushed forward, the blades spin, or the machine may have a battery-powered or plug-in electric
motor. The most common power source for lawn mowers is a small (typically one cylinder)
internal combustion engine. Smaller mowers often lack any form of propulsion, requiring human
power to move over a surface; "walk-behind" mowers are self-propelled, requiring a human only
to walk behind and guide them. Larger lawn mowers are usually either self-propelled "walk-
behind" types, or more often, are "ride-on" mowers, equipped so the operator can ride on the
mower and control it. A robotic lawn mower ("lawn-mowing bot", "mowbot", etc.) is designed
to operate either entirely on its own, or less commonly by an operator by remote control.

1.1 Problem Statement:

The lawn mower industry has not seen any disruption in product development in the recent past.
The advent of electric motors and small sized So as motivated us to implement these
developments into lawn mower designs and also previous human effort and time is being lost
doing a job which is naturally redundant. The usage of highly explosive materials in the regular
household could cause house few and other humanly losses.

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The onerous to manage nature of the engine was improved upon by the oversimplified
performance characteristic of the electrical motor we have a tendency to wished to save lots of
this human effort that might be place to raised use.

1.2 Objectives:

➢ To reduce consumption of fossil fuels by using solar power.

➢ The devices will be controlled by android application.
➢ It helps to reduce human efforts for cutting grass.
➢ Its helps to reduce pollution.
➢ This project gives accuracy for grass cutting.
➢ This project has very less cost.

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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Patil S.M. et al, proposed a solar grass cutter called Smart Solar Grass Cutter with Lawn
Coverage. The proposed design aimed to develop an automatic grass cutting machine that
could be remotely controlled, and able to charge the used batteries while the solar powered
grass cutter is operating during daytime.

2. Dilip B.P. et al, used several sensors in their prototype design providing the proposed solar
grass cutter the capability to avoid the unnecessary objects and/or obstacles in the field during
operation.

3. Asha N. et al, proposed a programmable robot that is able to work either autonomously or
wirelessly using an Android Smart phone via Bluetooth from a safe distance. The grass cutter
can cut the grass according to preset shapes while the blade was able to be adjusted to
maintain the different length of the grass. The robot is a dual powered with a Hybrid Solar
panel and Lithium-Ion rechargeable battery. This programmable robot is used to decorate the
lawn and encourage the implementation of the renewable energy resources.

4. Ulhe P.P. et al, fabricated and modified the solar grass cutter that can be used to cut the
different grasses with different applications. A remote-control unit was added to help the
unskilled persons to operate it. The used battery in the designed grass cutter can be charged
by using solar panels regardless of the operating conditions. An AC charging system and
spiral cutting blades were used to increase the cutting efficiency.

5. Amrutesh P. et al, designed a solar grass cutter by implementing a linear blade and Scotch
Yoke mechanism. The cutter was coupled with PV panels installed at 45 degrees angle and
Lithium-ion battery as the power supply. The used solar charger has automatically controlled
the charging from the solar panels when it was required. However, the authors found that the
Scotch Yoke mechanism did not produced the expected efficiency. Solar based automatic
grass cutter was fully automated grass cutting robotic vehicle powered by solar energy

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6. Gaikwd Y.M. et al, the device was capable of fully automated grass cutting without the need
of any human interaction. The working principle of this project is the micro-controller
moving the motors in the forward direction if there is no obstacle detected and vice versa if
the sensor detects any obstacle. Smart is related to current technologies where the researchers
want to integrate the current technologies into their daily life.

7. R. Sivagurunathan et al, in this study, a hand-held operated machine for grass cutting was
designed and fabricated by using locally available materials. Important aspects such as
durability, strength, and light weight were taken into design considerations for better
performance characteristics.

8. Z. I. Rizman et al, in this study an improved controller of machine cutter capable to improve
grass cutting process become easier. The manoeuvre of the machine is controlled by radio
frequency (RF) remotely, where the transmitter embedded in the remote control while the
receiver is placed at the lawnmower. The RF signal is transferred by the remote control to
the lawnmower via the antenna (joystick).

9. A. P. Pralhad et al, in this study a Solar Powered Automatic Grass Cutting and Pesticide
Spreading robot project is mainly proposal for reduce the manpower and usage of electricity.
Solar plate is used to provide the source to the battery charging. It is an automated system
for the purpose of grass cutting. The source is drive from the solar energy by using solar
plate.

10. Ms. Y. Rutuja A et al, in this study we analysis the problems facing by us in daily life that
are like pollutions, power cut etc. In order to overcome these problems, we have thought
about the device, which can be performing its functions without causing any of these
problems. So, we have thought of doing the project on cutting grass, this uses the renewable
source of energy for its operation like solar energy. This project aims at developing a portable
solar operated grass cutting device, as there is power shortage.

11. S. Mohyuddin et al, in this study we analyze that anormal grass cutter moving with IC
engine will run based on the energy from petrol. The major drawbacks of this technology are
high running cost; create noise pollution and air pollution. Also, an IC engine requires
periodic maintenance such as changing the engine oil, mechanical maintenance. It is an
innovative technology of cutting grass without any pollution, electric solar grass cutter are
environmentally friendly.

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12. Srishti Jain, Amar Khalore and Shashikant Patil, this paper proposes a solar powered
vision based robotic lawn mower which is an autonomous lawn mower that will allow the
user the ability to cut the grass with minimum effort. Unlike other robotic lawn mowers in
the market, this design requires no perimeter wires to maintain the robot within the lawn and
also with less human effort in the manual mode operation.

13. Ms. Nayana V. Chavan, Ms. Monika B.Patil, Prof. V.A. Mane, In this paper they are
trying to make a daily purpose robot which is able to cut the grasses in lawn. The system will
have some automation work for guidance and other obstacle detection and the power source
that is battery and a solar panel will be attached on the top of the robot because of this reduces
the power problem. The grasscutter and vehicle motors are interfaced to an 8051-family
microcontroller that controls the working of all the motors.

14. Bidgar Pravin Dilip, Nikhil Bapu Pagar, Vickey S. Ugale, this paper describes manually
handled device is commonly used for cutting the grass over the field which creates pollution
and loss of energy. Automatic solar grasscutter which will reduce the effort required for
cutting grass in the lawns. Also, solar power will be used to provide the driving force for the
cutter and various sensors will be used to detect and avoid the unnecessary objects in the
field during operation.

15. Ms. Bhagyashri R. Patil, Mr. Sagar S. Patil, for human enlargement in many countries
there are studies and trials going on the solar energy and the wind energy, so they made their
new concept solar power grass cutting machine. In this concept they cut the grass on the
agricultural land or small plants in lawns and gardens. The design of solar powered
agricultural equipment will include direct current (DC) motor, a rechargeable battery, solar
panel, a stainless-steel blade and control switch. The automatic grass cutting machine is
going to perform the grass cutting operation by its own which means no manpower is
mandatory. The purpose of the project here is to design and build a remote-controlled grass
cutter.

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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Component Used:

➢ Microcontroller AT89S52
➢ Dc motors
➢ Battery
➢ Mild steel
➢ Cutting blade
➢ Brush
➢ Bin
➢ Wheels
➢ Arduino uno
➢ Relay
➢ Bluetooth module
➢ Solar panel

3.1.1 Microcontroller AT89S52:

Fig 3.1 microcontroller AT89S52

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of
in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with industry standard 80C51 instruction set
and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-
system programmable flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel 89S52 is a powerful microcontroller
which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control
applications

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The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of flash, 256 bytes of RAM,
32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-
level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In
addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip
functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

Features:

➢ Compatible with MCS-51® Products

➢ 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
➢ 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
➢ Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
➢ Three-level Program Memory Lock
➢ 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
➢ 32 Programmable I/O Lines
➢ Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
➢ Eight Interrupt Sources
➢ Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
➢ Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
➢ Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
➢ Watchdog Timer
➢ Dual Data Pointer
➢ Power-off Flag

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Fig 3.2 Block diagram of Microcontroller AT89S52

Pin Configurations of AT89S52

Fig 3.3 Pin diagram of AT89S52

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Pin Description:

ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 of the oscillator frequency,
for external timing or clocking purposes, even when there are no accesses to external memory.
(However, one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.) This pin is
also the program pulse input (PROG) during EPROM programming.

PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external Program Memory. When the device
is executing out of external Program Memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle
(except that two PSEN activations are skipped during accesses to external Data Memory). PSEN
is not activated when the device is executing out of internal Program Memory.

EA/VPP: When EA is held high the CPU executes out of internal Program Memory (unless the
Program Counter exceeds 0FFFH in the 80C51). Holding EA low forces the CPU to execute out
of external memory regardless of the Program Counter value. In the 80C31, EA must be
externally
wired low. In the EPROM devices, this pin also receives the programming supply voltage (VPP)
during EPROM programming.

XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier.

XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional port. As an open drain output port, it can sink
eight LS TTL loads. Port 0 pins that have 1s written to them float, and in that state will function
as high impedance inputs. Port 0 is also the multiplexed low-order address and data bus during
accesses to external memory. In this application it uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1s.
Port 0 emits code bytes during program verification.

Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. Port 1 pins that have 1s
written to them are pulled high by the internal pullups, and in that state can be used as inputs. As
inputs, port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of the internal
pullups.

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Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order
address byte during accesses to external memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it
uses the strong internal pullups when emitting 1s.

Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. It also serves the functions
of various special features of the 80C51 Family as follows:
Port Pin Alternate Function
P3.0 RxD (serial input port)
P3.1 TxD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

VCC: Supply voltage

VSS: Circuit ground potential.

3.1.2 Dc motor:

Fig 3.4 DC motor

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical
or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.

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3.1.3 Battery:

Fig 3.5 battery

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric
cars. We have used 12V 1.3Ah battery in this project. Batteries may be used once and discarded,
or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices
such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone
exchanges or computer data centers.

3.1.4 Cutting Blade:

Fig 3.6 cutter blade

A blade is that portion of a tool, weapon, or machine with an edge that is designed to cut and/or
puncture, stab, slash, chop, slice, thrust, or scrape surfaces or materials. The blade is seldom
sharp enough to give a neat cutting. The blade simply tears the grass resulting in brown tips.
However, the horizontal blades are easy to remove and sharpen or replace. Existing engine
trimmers suffer from high initial cost, high levels of engine noise, high fuel consumption rates
and high operator’s fatigue in long-run.

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3.1.5 Wheels:

Fig 3.7 wheels

The plastic wheels will be connected to the DC motors. As soon as they create the torque,these
wheels will help the move. These will be required for motion of the lawn mower. The choice of
wheels used largely depends on the shape and size of the lawn. It will also depend on the ground
clearance of the lawn mower.

3.1.6 Arduino uno:

Fig 3.8 Arduino uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 20 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog inputs),
a 16 MHz resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an in-circuit system programming (ICSP)
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started.The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features an ATmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. This
auxiliary microcontroller has its own USB bootloader, which allows advanced users to

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reprogram it.The Arduino has a large support community and an extensive set of support libraries
and hardware add-on “shields” (e.g., you can easily make your Arduino wireless with our Wixel
shield), making it a great introductory platform for embedded electronics. Note that we also offer
a Spark Fun Inventor’s Kit, which includes an Arduino Uno along with an assortment of
components (e.g., breadboard, sensors, jumper wires, and LEDs) that make it possible to create
a number of fun introductory projects.
This is the 3rd revision of the Uno (R3), which has a number of changes:

❖ The USB controller chip changed from ATmega8U2 (8K flash) to ATmega16U2 (16K
flash). This does not increase the flash or RAM available to sketches.
❖ Three new pins were added, all of which are duplicates of previous pins. The I2C pins
(A4, A5) have been also been brought out on the side of the board near AREF. There is
a IOREF pin next to the reset pin, which is a duplicate of the 5V pin.
❖ The reset button is now next to the USB connector, making it more accessible when a
shield is used.

3.1.7 Relay:

Fig 3.9 relay

A relay is an electromagnetic switch that opens and closes circuits electromechanically or

electronically. A relatively small electric current that can turn on or off a much larger electric
current operates a relay. Relays work like some electrical products since they receive an electrical
signal and send the signal to other equipment by turning the switch on and off.

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3.1.8 Bluetooth Module:

Fig 3.10 Bluetooth module

HC-06 Bluetooth module to transfer the commands from android smart phone to the system.
This HC-06 Bluetooth module is mounted on the system along with some relays. Initially user
connects its smart phone with this module. After a successful connection user can provide the
desired direction change command to the system from maximum 10-meter distance. Also, user
can switch ON and OFF the grass cutter through its mobile using the android application. HC-
06 Bluetooth module is mainly used for short-range wireless connectivity.

3.1.9 Solar Panel:

Fig 3.11 solar panel

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solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a
supporting structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells.
The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and
supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC
output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts.
The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output - an 8%
efficient 230-watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230-watt module.

3.1.10 Bin:

Fig 3.12 Bin

The trimmed lawn, with the help of a rotating brush is guided into a storage unit. The storage
unit we have used is of length 34cm, breadth 14cm and height12cm. Collecting trimmed lawn
improves the ambience of the area, as trimmed lawn dries quickly and spoils the scene of green
lawn by forming lumps of dried grass throughout. The collected lawn can be dried, converted
into compost and used as manure for a variety of vegetation.

3.1.11 Brush:

Fig 3.13 Brush

It is used for collecting the lawn which has been trimmed by the motor. As the brush rotates, it
guides the trimmed lawn into a storage unit. We have used a roller brush of length 33cm and
10cm diameter.

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3.2 System requirement:

➢ Android OS that includes Android SDK
➢ Eclipse SDK
➢ Keil Micro vision 3

3.2.1 Android OS that includes Android SDK:

Android is a free, open-source mobile platform. It is a Linux-based, multi process, multithreaded

Operating System. It is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system,
middleware and key applications. By providing an open development platform, Android offers
developers the ability to build extremely rich and innovative applications. The Android SDK
provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform
using the Java programming language.

The following diagram shows the major components of the Android Operating System:

Fig 3.14 Major components of Android OS

Applications: These are applications written in Java. Some of the basic applications include
calendar, email client, SMS program, maps, making phone calls, accessing the Web browser,
accessing contacts list and others. This is the layer which an average user uses the most, rest of
the layers are used by programmers, developers and hardware manufacturers.

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Application Framework: This is the skeleton or framework which all android developers have
to follow. The developers can access all framework APIs and manage phone’s basic functions
like resource allocation, switching between processes or programs, telephone applications, and
keeping track of the phone’s physical location. The architecture is well designed to simplify the
reuse of components. Any application can publish its capabilities and any other application can
then make use of those capabilities. Content providers enable application to access data from
other applications. Resource manager provides access to non-code resources such as graphics,
localized strings and layout. Notification manager displays custom alerts in the status bar.
Activity manager manages the life cycle of an application and provides common navigation.
Application framework is a set of basic tools with which a developer can build much more
complex tools.

Libraries: This layer consists of Android libraries written in C, C++, and used by various
systems. These libraries tell the device how to handle different kinds of data and are exposed to
Android developers via Android application framework. Some of these libraries include media,
3D graphics, SQLite, Web browser library etc. The Android runtime layer which includes set of
core java libraries and DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) is also located in same layer.

Runtime Android: This layer includes set of base libraries that are required for java libraries.
Every Android application gets its own instance of Dalvik Virtual Machine. Dalvik has been
written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently and it executes files in executable (.Dex)
optimized for minimum memory.

Kernel-Linux: Android relies on Linux version. This layer includes Android’s memory
management programs, security settings, power management software and several drivers for
hardware, file system access, networking and inter-process communication. The kernel also acts
as an abstraction layer between hardware and the rest of the software stack.

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3.2.2 Eclipse SDK:

Fig 3.15 Eclipse SDK

Eclipse SDK (Software Development Kit) is an open source, platform-independent software
framework for delivering rich-client applications. It provides a new, model-based user interface.
It provides full binary compatibility with API from previous platform releases, making the
migration process as simple as possible.

3.2.3 Keil Micro vision 3:

Fig 3.16 keil microvision 3

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Keil is a cross compiler which is capable of creating executable code for a platform other than
the one on which the compiler is run. Cross compiler tools are used to generate executables for
embedded systems or multiple platforms. It is used to compile for a platform upon which it is
not feasible to do the compiling, like microcontrollers that don't support an operating system.
Keil development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support every level of software
developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning about
embedded software development. When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller
you use from the Device Database and the µVision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and
memory options for you. Keil is a cross compiler. So first we have to understand the concept of
compilers and cross compilers. After then we shall learn how to work with keil.

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Chapter 4

EXPERIMENTATION
4.1 Creating 2D and 3D Model:

Fig 4.1 2D Model

Fig 4.2 3D Model

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The below design Figure 4.2 describes the modeling of smart lawn cutter. Initially the solid
model of 3D is designed as per the planned dimensions and verified the model whether it should
have stability in all aspects. This validation ensures the model and the design is widely suitable
for fabrication. The whole setup is directly controlled through smart phone application which is
easier to operate and flexible in accessibility. The material employed in the fabrication part is
mild steel which is highly suitable for the lawn mower as disused by the various researchers. As
mentioned in the solid works design, it is decided to have provision of three DC motors and one
cutter motor can be placed to cut the grass in lawn. It is also confirmed that smart lawn cutter
will cut the grass evenly in the lawn and it will provide neat look and pleasant environment.

4.2 Design Specification and Calculation:

➢ Wheel diameter, d = 18 cm
➢ Rotation speed of wheels, N1 = 60 rpm
➢ Rotation speed of brush, N2 = 80 rpm
➢ Rotation speed of cutter thread, N3 = 150 rpm
➢ Mass of the lawn mower, m = 30 Kg
➢ Length of storage unit, l = 34 cm
➢ Breadth of storage unit, b = 14 cm
➢ Height of storage unit, h = 12cm
➢ Diameter of blade, d2 = 3 mm
➢ Mass of the cutter, m2 = 0.5 Kg
➢ Length of blade, l2 = 40 cm
➢ Power capacity of solar panel, P’ = 5 W
➢ Voltage rating of battery, V’ = 12 V
➢ Storage capacity of battery = 7.5 Ah

Speed of lawn mower:

Circumference of wheel
C = 3.142 x d=3.142x18 = 56.54 cm
Speed of movement of the device
= (N1/60) x C
= (60/60) x 56.54x10-2 = 0.57 m/s
= 0.57 x 18/5= 2.052 km/hr

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Power required to drive the lawn mower:

Force F = m x g = 30 x 9.81 = 294.3 N
Power, P = F x V = 294.3 x 0.57 = 167.751W
Power produced by wheel motor:
Effective mass on each motor, m’ = m/2 = 30/2 = 15 kg
Force F = m’ x g = 15 x 9.81 = 148N
Radius of the wheel, r = d/2 = 0.18/2 = 0.09 m
Torque produced T= F x r1
= 148 x 0.09= 13.32 Nm
Power = (2 x π x N1 x T)/60
= (2 x 3.142 x 60 x 13.32)/60 = 83.7 W
Total power produced by both wheels
P = 83.7 x 2 = 167.4W
Volume of the storage unit:
Volume V = l x b x h = 34 x 14 x 12= 5712 cm3
Angular velocity of the blade:
ω= 2πN3/60= 2 x π x (150)/60 = 15.70 rad/sec
Torque produced by the blade:
Area of cross section of the cutter thread
A = πd2
2/4 = π x (0.3)2/4 = 0.07cm2
Volume of the cutter thread V = A x l2
V = 0.07 x 40 = 2.8 cm3
Weight of the cutter W2 = m2g=
0.5 x 9.81 = 4.9N
Torque T = W2 x l2/2 = 4.9 x 0.4/2 = 0.98Nm
Force produced by the blade:
Fc = m2 (l2/2) ω2 = 0.5 x (0.3/2) x (15.7)2 =18.5N
Battery charging time:
Current produced by solar panel I = P’/V’ = 5/12 = 0.416 A
Charging time = Battery capacity/current
= 7.5/ 0.416 = 18 hrs

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4.3 Microcontroller programming using Keil µvision 3:

The Keil 8051 Development Tools are designed to solve the complex problems facing embedded
software developers. Numerous example programs are included to help you get started with the
most popular embedded 8051 devices. When starting a new project, simply select the
microcontroller you use from the Device Database and the µVision IDE sets all compiler,
assembler, linker, and memory options for you.
Simulation helps you understand hardware configurations and avoids time wasted on setup
problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can write and test applications before target
hardware is available. Here we can use 2 types of language one is embedded c and other is
assembly level language, but the feature of AT89S52 is we can write a code in C language. this
is the special feature of this micro controller. Which is also called in system compatible.

Fig 4.3 Programming using Keil µvision

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The code of program is shown below. This code was used to program the microcontroller. This
code now allows to control the grass cutter using android app:
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>

int motor1 = 3;
int motor2 = 4;
int motor3 = 5;
int state;
int flag=0;
int stateStop=0;
void setup() {
// sets the pins as outputs:
pinMode(motor1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motor2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motor3, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {

if(Serial.available() > 0){

state = Serial.read();
flag=0;
}

if (state == 'A') {
digitalWrite(motor1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motor2, HIGH);
state=3;
stateStop=1;
if(flag == 0){
Serial.println("Forward");
flag=1;
}
}

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else if (state == 'B') {

digitalWrite(motor2, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor1, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor3, LOW);
if(flag == 0){
Serial.println(" Off ");
flag=1;
}
delay(1500);
state=3;
stateStop=1;
}

else if (state == 'D') {

digitalWrite(motor1, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor2, HIGH);
if(flag == 0){
Serial.println("Right");
flag=1;
}
delay(1500);
state=3;
stateStop=1;
}

else if (state == 'C') {

digitalWrite(motor2, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor1, HIGH);
if(flag == 0){
Serial.println("Left");
flag=1;
}
delay(1500);

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state=3;
stateStop=1;
}
else if (state == 'E') {
digitalWrite(motor3, HIGH);
if(flag == 0){
Serial.println("Cutter");
flag=1;
}
delay(1500);
state=3;
stateStop=1;
}
}

4.4 Steps Followed in Creating an Application In µvision3:

To create a new project in uVision3:
➢ Select Project- New Project.
➢ Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.
➢ Select Project–Select Device and select a device from Device Database.
➢ Create source files to add to the project
➢ Select Project-Targets, Groups, and Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the
source files to the project.
➢ Select Project-Options and set the tool options. Note that when the target device is
selected from the Device Database™ all-special options are set automatically. Default
memory model settings are optimal for most applications.
➢ Select Project- Re build all target files or Build target

To create a new project, simply start MicroVision and select “Project” =>” New Project “from
the pull-down menus. In the file dialog that appears, choose a name and base directory for the
project. It is recommended that a new directory be created for each project, as several files will
be generated. Once the project has been named, the dialog shown in the figure below will appear,
prompting the user to select a target device. In this lab, the chip being used is the “P89v51RD2”.

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Fig 4.4 Window for choosing the target device

Next, MicroVision must be instructed to generate a HEX file upon program compilation. AHEX
file is a standard file format for storing executable code that is to be loaded on to the
microcontroller.

In the “Project Work space pane” at the left, right–click on “Target1”and select “Options for
‘Target1’”. Under the “Output” tab of the resulting options dialog, ensure that both the “Create
Executable” and “Create HEX File” options are checked. Then click “OK” as shown in the two
figures below.

Fig 4.5 Project Workspace Pane Fig 4.6 Project Options Dialog

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4.5 Block Diagram and Flowchart:

Fig 4.7 block diagram of grass cutter

Fig 4.8 flowchart

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4.6 Working Principle:

The working principle of solar grass cutter is it has panels mounted in a particular arrangement
at an in such a way that it can receive solar radiation with high intensity easily from the sun.
These solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is stored in
batteries by using a solar charger. The main function of the solar charger is to increase the current
from the panels while batteries are charging, it also disconnects the solar panels from the batteries
when they are fully charged and also connects to the panels when the charging in batteries is low.
The designed solar powered lawnmower comprises of direct current (D.C) motor, a rechargeable
battery, solar panel, a fiber blade and control switch. Mowing is achieved by the D.C motor
which provides the required torque needed to drive the blade which is directly coupled to the
shaft of the D.C motor. The solar powered lawnmower is operated by the switch on the board
which closes the circuit and allows the flow of current to the motor which in turn drive the blade
used for mowing. The battery recharges through the solar charging controller. Performance
evaluation of the developed machine was carried out with different types of grasses. The main
function of the solar charger is to increase the current from the panels while batteries are
charging. It also disconnects the solar panels from the batteries when they are fully charged and
connects them when the charge in batteries is low. The electrical energy stored in the battery is
transmitted to various motors through connecting wires. From the motors, the power is
transmitted to the wheels, brush and cutter threads.

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Fig 4.9 Fabricated Model

4.7 Performance Factors:

The device has to be evaluated on some factors to find out its working efficiency, and if it is
convenient practically or not. Some of the factors are:

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1. Cutting Time: It is one of the basic factors, which effects the performance of the device to
a great extent. It is defined as the time required by the lawn mower to trim lawn in a unit
area. As time is the most valuable resource in the present days, this factor becomes most
important in determining the usability of the device.

2. Trimmed lawn condition: Whether the cut made to the lawn is clean or not, and if the height
of the trimmed lawn is uniform or not are two very important factors in determining the
performance of the device. The desired outcomes are uniform and clean trimming of lawn.

3. Movement Pattern: Movement pattern is an important factor. If the lawn mower moves
over a previously trimmed area, it leads to wastage of energy and time. Hence, the movement
pattern must be decided before-hand to avoid this un-necessary wastage of resources.

4. Power requirements: Power requirement decides the efficiency of the device. The power
requirement of the device decides the energy consumed for trimming a unit area of lawn.
More the power requirement, more is the energy required to trim unit area of lawn.

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Chapter 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Results:

The evaluation of a Solar operated Grass Cutter was carried out during the day time from 11am,
and tested for 5 hours on a flat, smooth lawn. The evaluation of the machine on the standard lawn
was based on the following parameters: Area coverage, Lawn availability, energy consumption
and machine intervention during test time. Operating parameters were set as recommended for
the lawn area in order to minimize uncut areas and maximize availability. All installations on the
machine were carried out in accordance to the design prior to the start of the test. It’s ensured
that the battery was fully charged.

Table 5.1 Bluetooth Distance Test Result:

Attempt Distance Remark

1 5m/16ft Functional

2 10m/32ft Functional

3 20m/64ft Functional

4 30m/96ft Functional

5 40m/128ft Functional

6 50m/140ft Functional

7 58m/190ft Functional

8 60m/192ft Not Functional

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Table 5.2 Battery discharging test result:

Attempts Procedures Charge Area Remarks

of (meter)
Battery
1 1.Turn on the 12.5V 30x10 Functional
Device.
2.Measure the
voltage of the
Battery.
3.After 1hour
of using.
2 1.Turn on the 10V 30x15 Functional
Device.
2.Measure the
voltage of the
Battery.
3.After 2hours
of using.
3 1.Turn on the 5V 30x15 Not
Device. Functional
2.Measure the
voltage of the
Battery.
3.After 3hours
of using.

5.2 Advantages:
➢ The device reduces work load on humans.
➢ It has simpler design than most commercial mowers.
➢ This lawn mower is cheaper than most commercial lawn mowers.
➢ It can be operated wirelessly from a distance.
➢ It aids elderly users or those with disabilities.
➢ The collected lawn can be used as fertilizers for a variety of vegetation.

5.3Application:
➢ Playgrounds (cricket ground, football ground etc.)
➢ House gardens.
➢ Small farms.
➢ Educational institutes.

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Chapter 6

CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion:

This research shows the implementation of smart phone operated grass cutter. This grass cutter
can be operated using android smart phone within a 10-meter range. The user can perform
horizontal and vertical movement of grass cutter using android application in smart phone. This
system uses 12V 7.5AH lead acid battery. This battery can be charge by solar energy. To charge
this battery the 12V, 10Watt solar panel is connected with this system.
This system is cheaper, rugged and durable. With the use of this system human efforts for grass
cutting are highly minimized. Also, manual grass cutting can create non-uniform grass size. But
with the use of this system the grass cutting is uniform, and one can use this system to cut the
grass of any playground. Non skilled person also handles it easily. By using simple switches or
by predetermine programming it can be easily handle and control within less time. It is highly
efficient and accurate because it detects the obstacle and changes the direction or stop functioning
as per the instruction given. Therefore, equipment should be protected from damage and reduces
risk on human.
In this proposed scheme made with pre planning, it is a economical method compare to the
exiting method. It provides flexibility to the user. The comparative gain that can be accomplished
is the utilization of motor in control unit. It is help full to many agricultural areas.

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6.2 Future scope:

➢ Design of blades should be done based on types of grass is used to cut.

➢ Add camera for give a simple way to see the location of the lawn mower.
➢ Size can be reduced to make it compact.
➢ We can use this product as floor cleaner simply changing blades by floor cleaner mop.
➢ Design this product on the IoT (Internet of Things).
➢ Efficiency can be improved by increasing the battery capacity.
➢ Programming can be enhanced to make the device perform different operations.
➢ Attach wi-fi and Xbee module for longer distance of wireless control for the Lawn
Mower.

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REFERENCES

[1] Tao Liu, Bin Zhang, Jixing Jia,Electromagnetic navigation system design of thegreen house
spraying robot,IEEE(2014).
[2]. Gholap Dipak Dattatraya1, More Vaibhav Mhatardev, Lokhande Manojku-mar Shrihari,
Prof. Joshi S.G Robotic Agriculture Machine, International Journal of Innovative Research in
Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 3, Special Issue 4, April 2014.
[3]. Sajjad Yaghoubi,Negar Ali Akbarzadeh, Shadi Sadeghi Bazargani, Sama Sadeghi
Bazargani, Marjan Bamizan,Maryan Irani AS1 , Autonomous Robots for Agricultural tasks and
farm assignment and future trends in Agro Robots, IJMMEIJENS Vol.13 No.03(2013).
[4]. K. Prema, N.Senthil Kumar, S.S.Dash ,Sudhakar Chowdary, Online control of remote
operated agricultural Robot using Fuzzy Processor and Virtual Instrumentation,IEEE(2012).
[5]. John Billingsley,Agricultural Robotics , IEEE Robotics Automation Mag-azine (2009).
[6]. Self-Efficient and Sustainable Solar Powered Robotic Lawn Mower. (December 2015)
Srishti Jain, Amar Khalore and Shashikant Patil
[7]. B. P. Dilip, N. B. P. , V. S. U. , S. W. , and P. S. M. , "Design and Implementation of
Automatic Solar Grass Cutter," International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 6, no. 4, 2017, doi:
http://www.ijareeie.com/volume-6-issue-4.
[8]. Design and Implementation of Automatic Solar Grass Cutter (April 2017) Bidgar Pravin
Dilip, Nikhil BapuPagar, Vickey S. Ugale, SandipWani, Prof. Sharmila M.
[9]. Solar Based Grass Cutting (January-June 2017) Ms. Bhagyashri R. Patil, Mr. Sagar S. Patil.
[10]. F. D. W. Praful P. Ulhe, Manish D. Inwate, Krushnkumar S. Dhakte, "Modification of Solar
Grass Cutting Machine," IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science &
Technology, vol. 2, no. 11, 2016, doi: http://www.ijirst.org/articles/IJIRSTV2I11261.pdf.

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APPENDIX
Project Cost:

Sl. No Description quantity cost

1 relays 2 350

2 Arduino UNO 1 800

3 Bluetooth module 1 500

4 Solar panel 5W 1 1000

5 brush 1 850

6 Cutting blade 1 300

7 DC motor 3 2000

8 wheels 4 500

9 Battery 12V,7.5Ah 1 800

10 Connecting wires - 200

11 Mild steel - 3000

12 miscellaneous - 1000

Total = 11,3000

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TEAM MEMBERS

Name : Shafreez Hussain

USN : 4MT17ME128
Phone No. : 9743692676
Email id : [email protected]

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USN : 4MT17ME043
Phone No. : 7892201485
Email id : [email protected]

Name : Sherif Ahamed Shibaz

USN : 4MT17ME136
Phone No. : 9740266365
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Name : Mohammed Rilwan

USN : 4MT17ME073
Phone No. : 9008710765
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