What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses

on the development of algorithms and models that enable
computers to learn and make predictions or decisions without
explicit programming. It involves training a machine learning model
on a dataset to recognize patterns, extract meaningful insights, and
make accurate predictions or decisions based on new, unseen data.

Here's a brief overview of the machine learning process:

Data collection:
The first step is to gather a relevant and representative dataset that
contains examples of the problem you want to solve or the patterns
you want to discover. The quality and size of the dataset play a
crucial role in the performance of the machine learning model.

Data pre-processing:
Raw data often requires cleaning and pre-processing before it can be
used effectively. This step involves tasks such as removing outliers,
handling missing values, normalizing or scaling data, and feature
engineering (creating new features from existing ones).

Model selection:
There are various machine learning algorithms available, each with
its strengths and weaknesses. The choice of algorithm depends on
the type of problem you are trying to solve (e.g., classification,
regression, clustering) and the characteristics of your dataset.

Model training:
In this step, the selected algorithm is trained on the preprocessed
dataset. The model learns the underlying patterns and relationships
in the data by adjusting its internal parameters iteratively. The goal is
to minimize the difference between the model's predictions and the
actual values or labels in the training data.

Model evaluation:
Once the model is trained, it needs to be evaluated to assess its
performance. This is done using evaluation metrics appropriate for
the specific problem, such as accuracy, precision, recall, or mean
squared error. The evaluation helps identify potential issues like
over-fitting (when the model performs well on the training data but
poorly on new data) or under-fitting (when the model fails to capture
the underlying patterns).

Model optimization:
If the model's performance is not satisfactory, optimization
techniques like hyper-parameter tuning can be applied. Hyper-
parameters are parameters that are not learned during training but
control the learning process, such as learning rate, regularization
strength, or the number of hidden layers in a neural network.

Prediction or decision-making:
After the model is trained and evaluated, it can be used to make
predictions or decisions on new, unseen data. The model takes the
input data, processes it through its learned parameters, and
produces the desired output, such as predicting the class of an
image, estimating the price of a house, or recommending a movie.
Machine learning has numerous applications in various domains,
including image and speech recognition, natural language processing,
recommendation systems, fraud detection, autonomous vehicles,
healthcare, finance, and more. It continues to advance and reshape
many industries, making automated analysis and decision-making
more efficient and accurate.
Machine learning has been recognized as central to the success of
Artificial Intelligence, and it has applications in various areas of
science, engineering and society.

Goals of Machine Learning

The goal of ML, in simples words, is to understand the nature of
(human and other forms of) learning, and to build learning capability
in computers. To be more specific, there are three aspects of the
goals of ML.
 To make the computers smarter, more intelligent. The more
direct objective in this aspect is to develop systems (programs)
for specific practical learning tasks in application domains.
 To dev elop computational models of human learning process
and perform computer simulations.
 The study in this aspect is also called cognitive modeling.
 To explore new learning methods and develop general learning
algorithms independent of applications.
Abstract:
This document presents the synopsis for the project titled "LUGGAGE
SECURITY." The project aims to enhance luggage security by utilizing
machine learning techniques and the capabilities of the Arduino
Nano 33 BLE Sense microcontroller. The system detects
unauthorized access, tampering, or mishandling of luggage and
provides real-time notifications to the user. This synopsis provides an
overview of the project's objectives, methodology, and expected
outcomes.

Keywords:
Luggage Security, Machine Learning, Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense,
Real-time Monitoring, Notifications.
Table of Contents:
 Introduction
 Objectives
 Methodology
 Hardware and Software Setup
 Data Acquisition and Preprocessing
 Machine Learning Model Development
 Real-Time Monitoring and Alerting
 Mobile Application Integration
 Testing and Evaluation
 Expected Outcomes
 Conclusion

“Prevent Theft, Protect Your Luggage

With Machine Learning Technology”
(“Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense”)
Introduction:
In today's world, ensuring the security of luggage during travel is of
utmost importance. This project proposes a solution that leverages
the power of machine learning and the capabilities of the Arduino
Nano 33 BLE Sense microcontroller to enhance luggage security. By
developing a compact and efficient system, travelers can have peace
of mind knowing that their luggage is being monitored for
unauthorized access, tampering, or mishandling.

Objectives:
The objectives section outlines the specific goals of the project. It
aims to detect unauthorized access, tampering, or mishandling of
luggage by leveraging the sensor data collected from the Arduino
Nano 33 BLE Sense. The project also focuses on real-time monitoring
and providing instant notifications to the user.

Methodology:
The methodology section describes the overall approach adopted to
achieve the project's objectives. It includes data acquisition from the
onboard sensors, preprocessing techniques to extract relevant
features, machine learning model development, real-time
monitoring, and integration with a mobile application.

Hardware Setup:
The Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense microcontroller is chosen for its
small form factor, making it ideal for integration into luggage.
Additionally, the microcontroller comes equipped with a range of
onboard sensors, including an accelerometer, gyroscope, and
magnetometer. These sensors will be utilized to capture data about
the movements and orientation of the luggage.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE SenseData

Acquisition and Preprocessing:
During luggage movement, the onboard sensors of the Arduino Nano
33 BLE Sense will continuously collect data. This data, consisting of
readings from the accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer,
will undergo preprocessing. The preprocessing stage involves
removing noise, filtering out irrelevant information, and extracting
meaningful features that will be used to train the machine learning
model.

Machine Learning Model Development:

To detect unauthorized access, tampering, or mishandling of
luggage, a machine learning model will be developed. The
preprocessed sensor data will be used to train a supervised classifier,
which will learn to recognize patterns associated with different types
of security threats. Various machine learning algorithms, such as
decision trees, support vector machines, or neural networks, can be
explored and evaluated to identify the most suitable model for the
task.

Real-Time Monitoring and Alerting:

Once the machine learning model is trained, it will be deployed on
the Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense microcontroller. This enables real-
time monitoring of luggage during travel. As the luggage is moved or
handled, the model will continuously analyze the sensor data in real-
time to determine the luggage's security status. If any suspicious
activity is detected, such as abrupt movements or tilting beyond a
predefined threshold, an alert will be generated.
Mobile Application Integration:
To provide users with instant notifications and access to the luggage
security system, a mobile application will be developed. The Arduino
Nano 33 BLE Sense microcontroller will establish a Bluetooth
connection with the mobile application, allowing seamless data
transmission. The mobile application will display the luggage's
current status, historical data, and offer configuration options for
security thresholds and notification preferences. This integration
ensures that users can stay informed about their luggage's security
at all times.

Testing and Evaluation:

To ensure the reliability and accuracy of the developed system,
extensive testing will be conducted. Simulated scenarios will be
created to evaluate the system's performance across various
conditions, such as different types of movement, angles, and
external disturbances. This testing phase will help identify any
potential shortcomings and refine the system accordingly. Feedback
from users will also be collected to improve the system's usability
and address any additional requirements.

Expected Outcomes:
This section outlines the expected outcomes of the project, including
improved luggage security, real-time monitoring capabilities, and
enhanced user experience. It also discusses potential future
enhancements and applications.
 LINES OF CODE FOR LUGGAGE SECURITY
Here is the code for luggage security using arduino nano 33 BLE
sense –
Here, as a output we get light of different colours as the chip is being
trained for different motions . Similarly , it can be connected to any
buzzer and can be trained , so as far as any unwanted motion is
detected , buzzer will give a sound .
………………………………………………………ACCELEROMETER.INO……………………………………………………………
/* Edge Impulse ingestion SDK
* Copyright (c) 2022 EdgeImpulse Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
*/

#include <gestures_inferencing.h>
#include <Arduino_LSM9DS1.h>
#define CONVERT_G_TO_MS2 9.80665f
#define MAX_ACCEPTED_RANGE 2.0f

static bool debug_nn = false

* @brief
*/
void setup()
{

Serial.begin(115200);

while (!Serial);
Serial.println("Edge Impulse Inferencing Demo");

if (!IMU.begin()) {
ei_printf("Failed to initialize IMU!\r\n");
}
 else {
ei_printf("IMU initialized\r\n");
}

if (EI_CLASSIFIER_RAW_SAMPLES_PER_FRAME != 3) {
ei_printf("ERR: EI_CLASSIFIER_RAW_SAMPLES_PER_FRAME should be equal to
3 (the 3 sensor axes)\n");
return;
}
}

/**
* @brief *
* @param number
* @return
*/
float ei_get_sign(float number) {
return (number >= 0.0) ? 1.0 : -1.0;
}

/**
* @brief
* @param[in] debug
*/
void loop()
{
ei_printf("\nStarting inferencing in 2 seconds...\n");

delay(2000);
digitalWrite(LEDR, LOW);
digitalWrite(LEDG, LOW);
digitalWrite(LEDB, LOW);

ei_printf("Sampling...\n");

float buffer[EI_CLASSIFIER_DSP_INPUT_FRAME_SIZE] = { 0 };

for (size_t ix = 0; ix < EI_CLASSIFIER_DSP_INPUT_FRAME_SIZE; ix += 3) {

uint64_t next_tick = micros() + (EI_CLASSIFIER_INTERVAL_MS *
1000);

IMU.readAcceleration(buffer[ix], buffer[ix + 1], buffer[ix + 2]);

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

if (fabs(buffer[ix + i]) > MAX_ACCEPTED_RANGE) {
buffer[ix + i] = ei_get_sign(buffer[ix + i]) *
MAX_ACCEPTED_RANGE;
 }
}

buffer[ix + 0] *= CONVERT_G_TO_MS2;
buffer[ix + 1] *= CONVERT_G_TO_MS2;
buffer[ix + 2] *= CONVERT_G_TO_MS2;

delayMicroseconds(next_tick - micros());
}
signal_t signal;
int err = numpy::signal_from_buffer(buffer,
EI_CLASSIFIER_DSP_INPUT_FRAME_SIZE, &signal);
if (err != 0) {
ei_printf("Failed to create signal from buffer (%d)\n", err);
return;
}

// Run the classifier

ei_impulse_result_t result = { 0 };

err = run_classifier(&signal, &result, debug_nn);

if (err != EI_IMPULSE_OK) {
ei_printf("ERR: Failed to run classifier (%d)\n", err);
return;
}

digitalWrite(LEDR, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDG, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDB, HIGH);
ei_printf("Predictions ");
ei_printf("(DSP: %d ms., Classification: %d ms., Anomaly: %d ms.)",
result.timing.dsp, result.timing.classification,
result.timing.anomaly);
ei_printf(": \n");
for (size_t ix = 0; ix < EI_CLASSIFIER_LABEL_COUNT; ix++) {
ei_printf(" %s: %.5f\n", result.classification[ix].label,
result.classification[ix].value);

if (result.classification[ix].label == "idle")
{
if(result.classification[ix].value>= 0.80)
{
digitalWrite(LEDG,LOW);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(LEDG,HIGH);
}
 }
else if (result.classification[ix].label == "updown")
{
if(result.classification[ix].value>= 0.80)
{
digitalWrite(LEDR,LOW);
digitalWrite(D2,HIGH);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(LEDR,HIGH);
digitalWrite(D2,LOW);
}
}
else if (result.classification[ix].label == "wave")
{
if(result.classification[ix].value>= 0.80)
{
digitalWrite(LEDB,LOW);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(LEDB,HIGH);
}
}
else if (result.classification[ix].label == "snake")
{
if(result.classification[ix].value>= 0.80)
{
digitalWrite(LEDR,LOW);
digitalWrite(LEDB,LOW);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(LEDR,HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDB,HIGH);
}
}
}
digitalWrite(LEDR,HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDB,HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDG,HIGH);

#if EI_CLASSIFIER_HAS_ANOMALY == 1
ei_printf(" anomaly score: %.3f\n", result.anomaly);
#endif
}

#if !defined(EI_CLASSIFIER_SENSOR) || EI_CLASSIFIER_SENSOR !=

EI_CLASSIFIER_SENSOR_ACCELEROMETER
#error "Invalid model for current sensor"
#endif
Conclusion:
By combining machine learning techniques with the Arduino Nano 33
BLE Sense microcontroller, this project aims to provide an effective
and user-friendly solution for enhancing luggage security. The
system's ability to detect unauthorized access, tampering, or
mishandling in real-time, coupled with the mobile application
integration, ensures that users can stay informed and take necessary
actions promptly. The project has the potential to greatly improve
the overall security and monitoring capabilities of luggage during
travel, enhancing the travel experience for individuals and reducing
the risk of loss or damage to their belongings.

“Thank you”