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Variables and Data Types

In [1]: # Variable assignment
name = "Rachit"
age = 25
is_student = True

# Data types
string_var = "Hello, World!"
integer_var = 42
float_var = 3.14159
boolean_var = True
list_var = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
tuple_var = (1, 2, 3)
dictionary_var = {"name": "John", "age": 25}

print(f"Variable : {string_var} , data type : {type(string_var)}")

print(f"Variable : {integer_var} , data type : {type(integer_var)}")
print(f"Variable : {float_var} , data type : {type(float_var)}")
print(f"Variable : {boolean_var} , data type : {type(boolean_var)}")
print(f"Variable : {list_var} , data type : {type(list_var)}")
print(f"Variable : {tuple_var} , data type : {type(tuple_var)}")
print(f"Variable : {dictionary_var} , data type : {type(dictionary_var)}")

Variable : Hello, World! , data type : <class 'str'>

Variable : 42 , data type : <class 'int'>
Variable : 3.14159 , data type : <class 'float'>
Variable : True , data type : <class 'bool'>
Variable : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] , data type : <class 'list'>
Variable : (1, 2, 3) , data type : <class 'tuple'>
Variable : {'name': 'John', 'age': 25} , data type : <class 'dict'>

Control Flow:

if elif and else

In [2]: var = 10

if isinstance(var, int):
var_type = "Integer"
elif isinstance(var, float):
var_type = "Float"
elif isinstance(var, str):
var_type = "String"
elif isinstance(var, bool):
var_type = "Boolean"
else:
var_type = "Unknown"

print(f"Variable: {var}, Type: {var_type}")

Variable: 10, Type: Integer

for loop
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In [3]: # Nested loops to create a pattern

rows = int(input("Enter the row number :"))

for i in range(rows):
for j in range(i + 1):
print("*", end="")
print()

Enter the row number :5

*
**
***
****
*****

while loop
In [4]: # User input validation using a while loop
password = "rachit"
input_password = input("Enter the password: ")

while input_password != password:

print("Incorrect password. Try again.")
input_password = input("Enter the password: ")

print("Access granted!")

Enter the password: Rachit

Incorrect password. Try again.
Enter the password: rachit
Access granted!

Functions
In [5]: # Function definition
def greet(name):
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

# Function call
greet("Rachit")

Hello, Rachit!

Decorators
In [6]: # Authorization Decorator:
def check_authorization(username, password):
name = "Rachitmore"
pwd = "rachitmore"
if username == name and password == pwd:
return True
else:
return False

def authorization_decorator(func):
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def wrapper(username, userpassword):
try:
if check_authorization(username, password):
return func(username, password)
else:
raise PermissionError("Unauthorized access")
except Exception as e:
return e
return wrapper

@authorization_decorator
def protected_function(username, password):
print("Access granted")

name = "Rachitmore"
password = "rachitmore"
protected_function(name, password)

Access granted

Lists and List Manipulation

In [7]: # List creation
data_science = ["Python", "MySql", "Statistics", "Machine Learning", "Deep Learning"]

# Accessing elements
print(data_science[0]) # Output: Python

# Modifying elements
data_science[0] = "R language"
print(data_science) # Output: ["R language", "Statistics", "Machine Learning", "Deep Le

# Appending and removing elements

data_science.append("Cloud")
data_science.remove("MySql")
print(data_science) # Output: ['R language', 'Statistics', 'Machine Learning', 'Deep Le

# Slicing a list
print(data_science[1:4]) # Output: ['Statistics', 'Machine Learning', 'Deep Learning']

# Iterating over a list

for discipline in data_science:
print(discipline)

Python
['R language', 'MySql', 'Statistics', 'Machine Learning', 'Deep Learning']
['R language', 'Statistics', 'Machine Learning', 'Deep Learning', 'Cloud']
['Statistics', 'Machine Learning', 'Deep Learning']
R language
Statistics
Machine Learning
Deep Learning
Cloud

Input and Output

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In [8]: # Accepting user input

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

# Displaying output
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
print("Your age is", age)

Enter your name: Rachit

Hello, Rachit!
Enter your age: 25
Your age is 25

File Handling
In [9]: import csv
import json

# Writing and Reading txt Files

file = open("example.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello, World!")
file.close()

file = open("example.txt", "r")

content = file.read()
file.close()
print(content)

# Writing and Reading csv Files

data = [
['Name', 'Age', 'City'],
['John', '25', 'New York'],
['Alice', '32', 'London'],
['Bob', '28', 'Paris']
]

with open('data.csv', 'w', newline='') as file:

csv_writer = csv.writer(file)
csv_writer.writerows(data)
file.close()

with open('data.csv', 'r') as file:

csv_reader = csv.reader(file)
for row in csv_reader:
print(row)
file.close()

# Writing and Reading JSON file

data = {
'name': 'John',
'age': 30,
'city': 'New York'
}

with open('data.json', 'w') as file:

json.dump(data, file)
file.close()

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with open('data.json', 'r') as file:
data = json.load(file)
file.close()
print(data)

Hello, World!
['Name', 'Age', 'City']
['John', '25', 'New York']
['Alice', '32', 'London']
['Bob', '28', 'Paris']
{'name': 'John', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New York'}

Exception Handling
In [10]: try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
print("Result:", result)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Cannot divide by zero.")
except ValueError:
print("Error: Invalid input.")

Enter a number: 0
Error: Cannot divide by zero.

Iterators
In [11]: # function definition
class NumberIterator:
def __init__(self, limit):
self.limit = limit
self.current = 0

def __iter__(self):
return self

def __next__(self):
if self.current < self.limit:
number = self.current
self.current += 1
return number
else:
raise StopIteration

# driver code
# Using the custom iterator
iterator = NumberIterator(5)
for num in iterator:
print(num)
print("")

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0
1
2
3
4

Generators
In [12]: # function definition
def fibonacci_generator():
a, b = 0, 1
while True:
yield a
a, b = b, a + b

# driver code
# Using the generator
fib_gen = fibonacci_generator()
for _ in range(5):
print(next(fib_gen))

0
1
1
2
3

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

In [13]: # Class definition
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model):
self.brand = brand
self.model = model

def drive(self):
print("Driving", self.brand, self.model)

# Object creation
my_car = Car("Tata Motors", "Nexon")

# Accessing attributes
print(my_car.brand) # Output: Tata Motors

# Calling methods
my_car.drive() # Output: Driving Tata Motors Nexon

Tata Motors
Driving Tata Motors Nexon

Inheritance
In [14]: # Parent class
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
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self.name = name

def eat(self):
print(f"{self.name} is eating.")

# Child class inheriting from parent

class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self, name, breed):
# Calling the parent class constructor
super().__init__(name)
self.breed = breed

def bark(self):
print("Woof! Woof!")

def info(self):
print(f"Name : {self.name} and Breed : {self.breed}")

# Creating objects
animal = Animal("Animal")
dog = Dog("Charlie", "Golden Retriever")

# Accessing parent class methods

animal.eat()

# Accessing child class methods

dog.eat()
dog.bark()
dog.info()

Animal is eating.
Charlie is eating.
Woof! Woof!
Name : Charlie and Breed : Golden Retriever

Encapsulation
In [15]: class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, account_number, balance = 100000):
self._account_number = account_number
self._balance = balance

def deposit(self, amount):

if amount > 0:
self._balance += amount
print(f"Deposited {amount}. New balance: {self._balance}")

def withdraw(self, amount):

if amount > 0 and amount <= self._balance:
self._balance -= amount
print(f"Withdrew {amount}. New balance: {self._balance}")
else:
print("Insufficient funds.")

def get_balance(self):
return self._balance

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# Creating an instance of the BankAccount class

account = BankAccount("1234567890")

# Accessing methods with encapsulated attributes

balance = account.get_balance()
print("Current balance:", balance)
account.withdraw(20000)
account.deposit(50000)

Current balance: 100000

Withdrew 20000. New balance: 80000
Deposited 50000. New balance: 130000

Polymorphism
In [16]: class Shape:
def area(self):
pass

class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, radius):
self.radius = radius

def area(self):
return 3.14 * self.radius ** 2

class Rectangle(Shape):
def __init__(self, width, height):
self.width = width
self.height = height

def area(self):
return self.width * self.height

# Create instances of different shapes

circle = Circle(5)
rectangle = Rectangle(4, 6)

# Call the area method on different shapes

print("Area of the circle:", circle.area())
print("Area of the rectangle:", rectangle.area())

Area of the circle: 78.5

Area of the rectangle: 24

Abstraction
In [17]: from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

# Abstract parent class

class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self):
pass

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# Concrete classes implementing Shape

class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, radius):
self.radius = radius

def area(self):
return 3.14 * self.radius ** 2

class Rectangle(Shape):
def __init__(self, width, height):
self.width = width
self.height = height

def area(self):
return self.width * self.height

# Create instances of different shapes

circle = Circle(5)
rectangle = Rectangle(4, 6)

# Call the area method on different shapes

print("Area of the circle:", circle.area())
print("Area of the rectangle:", rectangle.area())

Area of the circle: 78.5

Area of the rectangle: 24

Modules and Packages

In [18]: # Importing modules
import math

print(math.sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0

import mymodule
print(dir(mymodule))

mymodule.greet("Rachit") # Output: Hello, John!

4.0
['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__pack
age__', '__spec__', 'greet']
Hello Rachit

Working with Databases

In [21]: # SQLite example
import sqlite3

# Connecting to a database
conn = sqlite3.connect("mydb.db")

# Creating a cursor object

cursor = conn.cursor()

# Executing SQL queries

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cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (name TEXT, age INTEGER)")

# Inserting data
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students VALUES (?, ?)", ("Rachit", 25))
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students VALUES (?, ?)", ("Ankur", 25))
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students VALUES (?, ?)", ("Jonny", 26))
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students VALUES (?, ?)", ("Rahul", 26))
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students VALUES (?, ?)", ("Priya", 23))

# Executing SQL queries

cursor.execute("Select * from students")

for i in cursor1:
print(i)

# Committing the changes

conn1.commit()

# Closing the connection

conn1.close()

('Rachit', 25)
('Rachit', 25)
('Rachit', 25)
('Rachit', 25)
('Rachit', 25)

Regular Expressions
In [22]: import re
class Validate:
def __init__(self, username, email, phone, url, date):
self.username = username
self.email = email
self.phone = phone
self.url = url
self.date = date
self.data_validate()

# Validating email addresses

def validate_email(self):
pattern = r"^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$"
result = re.match(pattern, self.email)
if result:
print(f"{self.email} is valid.")
else:
print(f"{self.email}is invalid.")

# Extracting phone numbers

def validate_phone_numbers(self):
pattern = r"\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}"
result = re.findall(pattern, self.phone)
if result:
print(f"{self.phone} phone numbers found:", result)
else:
print("No phone numbers found or invalid phone number.")

# Data validation
def validate_username(self):
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pattern = r"^[a-zA-Z0-9_ ]+$"
result = re.match(pattern, self.username)
if result:
print(f"{self.username} is valid.")
else:
print(f"{self.username} is invalid.")

# Validating URLs
def validate_url(self):
pattern = r"^http(s)?://"
result = re.match(pattern, self.url)
if result:
print(f"{self.url} is valid.")
else:
print(f"{self.url} is invalid.")

# Data extraction
def validate_dates(self):
pattern = r"\d{1,2}[/-]\d{1,2}[/-]\d{2,4}"
result = re.findall(pattern, self.date)
if result:
print(f"{self.date} Valid:")
else:
print(f"{self.date} invalid.")

# Data extraction
def data_validate(self):
self.validate_username()
self.validate_email()
self.validate_phone_numbers()
self.validate_url()
self.validate_dates()

print("Valid details \n")

obj1 = Validate("Rachit More","[email protected]","123-456-7890","https://www.exampl
print("\nInvalid details \n")
obj2 = Validate("Rachit@More","rachitmore@gmail","qwerty","www.example","No dates")

Valid details

Rachit More is valid.

[email protected] is valid.
123-456-7890 phone numbers found: ['123-456-7890']
https://www.examples.ai is valid.
07/05/2023 Valid:

Invalid details

Rachit@More is invalid.
rachitmore@gmailis invalid.
No phone numbers found or invalid phone number.
www.example is invalid.
No dates invalid.

In [ ]:

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