SQL functions are powerful tools that allow you to perform various operations on data within
your database. They can be categorized into different types: aggregate functions, scalar
functions, string functions, date functions, and others.
Here are some commonly used SQL functions:
Aggregate Functions
These functions perform a calculation on a set of values and return a single value.
AVG(): Returns the average value.
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SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;
COUNT(): Returns the number of rows.
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
MAX(): Returns the maximum value.
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SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
MIN(): Returns the minimum value.
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SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
SUM(): Returns the sum of values.
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SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;
Scalar Functions
These functions operate on individual values and return a single value for each input value.
UCASE() / UPPER(): Converts a string to uppercase.
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SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name;
LCASE() / LOWER(): Converts a string to lowercase.
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SELECT LOWER(column_name) FROM table_name;
ROUND(): Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.
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SELECT ROUND(column_name, 2) FROM table_name;
LEN() / LENGTH(): Returns the length of a string.
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SELECT LENGTH(column_name) FROM table_name;
String Functions
These functions perform operations on string values.
CONCAT(): Concatenates two or more strings.
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SELECT CONCAT(string1, string2) FROM table_name;
SUBSTRING() / SUBSTR(): Extracts a substring from a string.
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SELECT SUBSTRING(column_name, start, length) FROM table_name;
TRIM(): Removes leading and trailing spaces from a string.
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SELECT TRIM(column_name) FROM table_name;
REPLACE(): Replaces all occurrences of a specified string with another string.
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SELECT REPLACE(column_name, 'old_string', 'new_string') FROM
table_name;
Date Functions
These functions perform operations on date values.
NOW(): Returns the current date and time.
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SELECT NOW();
CURDATE(): Returns the current date.
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SELECT CURDATE();
CURTIME(): Returns the current time.
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SELECT CURTIME();
DATE_ADD(): Adds a specified time interval to a date.
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SELECT DATE_ADD(date_column, INTERVAL 10 DAY) FROM table_name;
DATEDIFF(): Returns the difference between two dates.
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SELECT DATEDIFF(date1, date2) FROM table_name;
Other Useful Functions
COALESCE(): Returns the first non-null value in a list.
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SELECT COALESCE(column1, column2, 'default_value') FROM table_name;
IFNULL(): Returns a specified value if the column value is NULL.
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SELECT IFNULL(column_name, 'default_value') FROM table_name;
These functions can be used in various combinations to perform complex queries and data
manipulations within your SQL database.
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