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SQL Functions

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10 views

SQL Functions

Uploaded by

vamshikrishnat121
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL functions are powerful tools that allow you to perform various operations on data within

your database. They can be categorized into different types: aggregate functions, scalar
functions, string functions, date functions, and others.

Here are some commonly used SQL functions:

Aggregate Functions

These functions perform a calculation on a set of values and return a single value.

 AVG(): Returns the average value.

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SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;

 COUNT(): Returns the number of rows.

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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

 MAX(): Returns the maximum value.

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SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;

 MIN(): Returns the minimum value.

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SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;

 SUM(): Returns the sum of values.

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SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;

Scalar Functions

These functions operate on individual values and return a single value for each input value.

 UCASE() / UPPER(): Converts a string to uppercase.

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SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name;

 LCASE() / LOWER(): Converts a string to lowercase.

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SELECT LOWER(column_name) FROM table_name;

 ROUND(): Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.

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SELECT ROUND(column_name, 2) FROM table_name;

 LEN() / LENGTH(): Returns the length of a string.

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SELECT LENGTH(column_name) FROM table_name;

String Functions

These functions perform operations on string values.

 CONCAT(): Concatenates two or more strings.

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SELECT CONCAT(string1, string2) FROM table_name;

 SUBSTRING() / SUBSTR(): Extracts a substring from a string.

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SELECT SUBSTRING(column_name, start, length) FROM table_name;

 TRIM(): Removes leading and trailing spaces from a string.

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SELECT TRIM(column_name) FROM table_name;

 REPLACE(): Replaces all occurrences of a specified string with another string.

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SELECT REPLACE(column_name, 'old_string', 'new_string') FROM
table_name;

Date Functions

These functions perform operations on date values.

 NOW(): Returns the current date and time.

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SELECT NOW();
 CURDATE(): Returns the current date.

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SELECT CURDATE();

 CURTIME(): Returns the current time.

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SELECT CURTIME();

 DATE_ADD(): Adds a specified time interval to a date.

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SELECT DATE_ADD(date_column, INTERVAL 10 DAY) FROM table_name;

 DATEDIFF(): Returns the difference between two dates.

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SELECT DATEDIFF(date1, date2) FROM table_name;

Other Useful Functions

 COALESCE(): Returns the first non-null value in a list.

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SELECT COALESCE(column1, column2, 'default_value') FROM table_name;

 IFNULL(): Returns a specified value if the column value is NULL.

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SELECT IFNULL(column_name, 'default_value') FROM table_name;

These functions can be used in various combinations to perform complex queries and data
manipulations within your SQL database.

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