Kumbalagodu, Bangalore - 74

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

for
CSE Stream

Name of the student :

Branch : .

USN/Roll No. .

Physics Lab Manual

 CONTENTS
Expt. No. Name of the Experiment

01 Photo Diode

02 Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor

03 Wavelength of Laser Using Grating

04 Numerical Aperture Using Optical Fiber

05 Fermi Energy

06 Series and Parallel LCR

07 Planck’s Constant

08 Determination of Magnetic Field

09 Black Box

10 Study of Motion Using Spread sheets

Physics Lab Manual

CONVERSION OF UNITS, PHYSICAL, CONSTANTS AND DATA

1. 1mm = 0.1 cm = 0.001 m; 1 cm = 10-2 m; 1 cm2 = 10-4m2;

1cm3 = 10-6 m3; 1 inch = 2.54 cm = 2.54 x 10-2 m

2. 1mg = 10-3 g; 1g = 10-3 kg; 1kg = 1000g; 1g = 1000 mg

3. 1 sec = 1/60 min; 1min = 1/60 deg; 1 radian = 180/3.14 deg.

4. 0oC = 273 K; 100oC = 373 K

5. 1mA = 10-3 A; 1 A = 103 mA

6. Gravitational acceleration = g = 9.8 m/sec2

7. Planck’s constant = h = 6.626 x 10-34 J.Sec.

8. Velocity of light = C = 3 x 108 m/s

9. Avogadro number = NA = 6.0225 x 1023 / mole

10.Mass electron = me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg

11.Electronic charge = e = 1.6 x 10-19 C.

12.Boltzmann constant = kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

13.Permittivity of free space = 8.854 x 10-12 F/m

Physics Lab Manual

 1. PHOTO DIODE
AIM: To Plot V-I Characteristics of a Photo Diode, and hence to calculate resistance in the reverse bias
condition.

APPARATUS: Power supply, Photo diode, voltmeter, ammeter, resistance etc….

PROCEDURE:
1. Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram of reverse bias. Power supply is

switched ON.

2. Place the light source in front of photo diode base. Adjust the light intensity of the light source for

1V and tabulate the milli-ammeter readings.

3. By operating voltage control knob, note down the voltage in steps of 1V,2V…...10V and tabulate

milli-ammeter readings in the corresponding tabular column.

4. By taking ‘V’ along negative X-axis, ‘I ‘along negative Y-axis a graph is plotted and resistance is

calculated.

AB
From the graph slope =
BC

1
Forward resistance = R  ...............
slope

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

mA

Physics Lab Manual

 TABULAR COLUMN:

Trial No. V in volts I in mA

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08 08

09

10

RESULT

The resistance of photo diode in the reverse bias is found to be ___________  .

Physics Lab Manual

 2. CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF A CAPACITOR
AIM: To determine the dielectric constant of a given capacitor.

PROCEDURE:
1. A parallel plate capacitor is connected in series with a resistor. A multimeter with the polarity of
voltmeter is connected across the capacitor, and the path of two-way switch is connected to a
battery.

2. The circuit is closed, a stop watch records the time during the charging. At every 10 seconds, the
potential drop across the capacitor is noted.

3. By the end of two minutes the capacitor attains the saturation.

4. Now the switch is reversed to keep the battery open circuited. During the discharge of the capacitor
the time is taken at every 10 second and the potential drop is noted.

5. A graph of charging a capacitor and discharging are drawn in the same graph against time.

6. The curves intersect each other at particular time t is noted and dielectric constant of a capacitor is
calculated using the formula

td  10 6
r 
Dielectric constant of a capacitor,
0.693 0 AR
Where,

t = time of interaction between charging and discharging

A = area of the capacitor = (l x b) = (0.55x1.5x10-2) m2
d = distance of separation of the capacitor strip = 100 x 10-3m
o = Permittivity of free space = 8.854 x 10-12 F/m
R = Resistance in the circuit = 100K

Physics Lab Manual

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULAR COLUMN

Potential difference across the capacitor (R = 100K)

Time in Seconds
Charging (volts) Discharging (volts)

00

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

RESULT
Dielectric constant of the given material, r = __________________________________

Physics Lab Manual

 3. WAVELENGTH OF LASER USING GRATING
AIM: To determine the wavelength of the given laser light source by obtaining the diffraction
pattern by plane transmission diffraction grating.

APPARATUS: Semiconductor Laser meter scale, screen, plane transmissions diffraction grating.

FORMULA: The wavelength 𝜆 of any spectral line is calculated by

where, n = Order of diffraction pattern (n = 1, 2,3………..etc)

𝜆 = wavelength of laser light source in (Given, = 625 nm)
d = grating constant or distance between two consecutive rulings in m
θ = Angle of diffraction

Therefore the grating constant d in m

And the angle of diffraction ⁄

where, Xm = Distance of order from zeroth order in cm

D = Distance between the plane grating & the screen in cm

PROCEDURE:
The laser beam is made to fall normally on given grating. After suitably adjusting the position of the
grating a pattern in the form of dots is displayed on a screen which is sufficiently far away. One may
notice the decrease in the irradiance as one move away from the zeroth order towards the higher order
i.e., the first order is brighter than the second and so on. The zeroth order of the pattern is marked on the
screen and the distance between the consecutive order of diffraction is measured by using a meter scale,
then the angle of diffraction , the grating constant d and the number of lines per rulings of a gratingare
calculated by using the formula. The experiment is repeated for different values of focal length and the
average value of λ is found.

Physics Lab Manual

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

3rd

2nd

1st x1 X2 X3

0th

Laser beam Grating

Screen

OBSERVATIONS

Grating constant d is given by, d in m

where N=500 lines per inch

TABULAR COLUMN

Distance Distance from zeroth

between order in cm
Order Angle of diffraction
grating λ=
n Mean ⁄ Sinθ
& screen Left Right in nm
Xm
D in cm
1
100 2
3
1
125 2
3
Mean λ = nm

RESULT
Wavelength of the given laser light source is, λ =……………nm

Physics Lab Manual

 4. NUMERICAL APERTURE USING OPTICAL FIBER

Physics Lab Manual

Physics Lab Manual
 5. FERMI ENERGY

AIM: To determine the Fermi energy of the copper coil.

APPARATUS: Copper coil, Multi meter, Thermometer, Beaker and Heater.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take water in the beaker, immerse the copper coil into the water and note down the room temperature

using thermometer.

2. Connect the copper coil to a multi meter and note the resistance of the copper coil.

3. Remove the water and pour boiling water in the beaker.

4. Measure the resistance of copper coil for various temperatures (85 o C, 80 o C, 75 o C, 70 o C and 65 o

C).

5. Plot a graph of temperature versus resistance and find the slope of straight line.

6. The Fermi energy of copper coil is determined using relation

 R 
2
16
E F  2.87  10  
 T 
in Joules

 R 
2
16
2.87  10  
 T 
EF   eV
1.6  10 19

R
Where, is the slope of the straight line
T

Physics Lab Manual

 DIAGRAM

∆R

R in Ω
∆T

T in K
Select to measure resistance

Figure Variation of Resistance with Temperature

TABULAR COLUMN:

Trial no Temperature(0C) Temperature(K) Resistance(Ω)

1 85 t in 0C T = (t+273) K R in 
2 80
3 75
4 70
5 65
6 Room Temp.

RESULT

The Fermi energy of the given copper coil is EF =___________ e V

Physics Lab Manual

 6. SERIES AND PARALLEL LCR

AIM: To study the frequency response characteristics of a series and parallel resonance

circuits and hence to determine the resonance frequency, band width, quality factor

and self-inductance of the given coil of the circuit.

APPARATUS: Audio frequency oscillator, inductance coil, capacitors, resistors, milli

ammeter etc.

FORMULA:

The self-inductance if the coil can be calculated using the formula

L 1
4 2 Cf r2 in H

where, Resonance frequency in Hz

L = Inductance in Henry

C = Capacitance in Farad

Band width Δf = ( ) in Hz

where, f2 = Upper cut off frequency in Hz

f1= Lower cut off frequency in Hz

Quality factor Q = fr /(f2 – f1)

Physics Lab Manual

 PROCEDURE:
Series resonance circuit
 Circuit connections are made according to the circuit diagram.
 Frequency multiplayer knob is selected for multiple factor of 1K Hz, amplitude knob to the maximum
position, sine / square switch position to sine position on the audio oscillator. Audio oscillator is
switched ON.
 The value of frequency and the corresponding current in the milliammeter is noted down.
 By changing the value of frequency in steps of 0.5 K Hz, step 3 is repeated and the readings are
tabulated in the tabular column. A graph of frequency along the X-axis and current along Y-axis is
plotted.
 From the graph the resonance frequency fr, f1 and f2 is determined.

Parallel Resonance circuit

 Circuit connections are made according to the circuit diagram.
 Frequency multiplayer knob is selected for multiple factor of 1K Hz, amplitude knob to the maximum
position, sine / square switch position to sine position on the audio oscillator. Audio oscillator is
switched ON.
 The value of frequency and the corresponding current in the milliammeter is noted down.
 By changing the value of frequency in steps of 0.5 K Hz, step 3 is repeated and the readings are
tabulated in the tabular column. A graph of frequency along the X-axis and current along Y-axis is
plotted.
 From the graph the resonance frequency fr, f1 and f2 is determined.

Physics Lab Manual

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

SERIES RESONANCE

Physics Lab Manual

PARALLEL RESONANCE

RESULT
Series resonance circuit
The resonance frequency fr=………Hz
Bandwidth Δf = ………Hz
Quality factor Q = ………
Inductance L = --------H
Parallel resonance circuit
The resonance frequency fr=………Hz
Bandwidth Δf = ………Hz
Quality factor Q= ………
Inductance L = --------H

Physics Lab Manual

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 8. DETERMINATION OF MAGNETIC FIELD

Physics Lab Manual

Physics Lab Manual
 9. BLACK BOX

Physics Lab Manual

Physics Lab Manual
Physics Lab Manual
 10. ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION USING SPREAD SHEET
Theory: Newton's laws of motion are fundamental principles that describe the behavior of
objects in motion. They can be used to explain one-dimensional motion, which is motion along a
straight line. Here's how each of the three laws applies to one-dimensional motion:

Newton's first law: An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in
motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. This law is often referred to
as the law of inertia. In the case of one-dimensional motion, if an object is not subjected to any
external force, it will continue to move in a straight line at a constant velocity. For example, if a
ball is rolling along a flat surface with no friction, it will continue to roll in a straight line at a
constant velocity until it encounters an external force such as gravity, air resistance, or friction.

Newton's second law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on the object, and inversely proportional to its mass. Mathematically, this can be
expressed as F = ma, where F is the net force acting on the object, m is its mass, and a is its
acceleration. In one-dimensional motion, if an object is subjected to an external force, it will
experience acceleration in the direction of the force. For example, if a force is applied to a
stationary object, it will begin to accelerate in the direction of the force.

Newton's third law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, if
object A exerts a force on object B, object B will exert an equal and opposite force on object A.
In one-dimensional motion, this law applies to pairs of objects that are interacting with each
other. For example, if a ball is thrown against a wall, the ball will exert a force on the wall, and
the wall will exert an equal and opposite force on the ball. This force will cause the ball to
bounce back in the opposite direction.

Newton's laws of motion provide a framework for understanding the behavior of objects in one-
dimensional motion. By applying these laws, we can predict how objects will move and interact
with each other in a variety of scenarios, from simple examples like a ball rolling along a flat
surface, to more complex situations like the motion of planets and stars in space.

Procedure: To create an Excel spreadsheet with varying velocities starting from 2m/s and
accelerating at different rates for different time durations, you can follow the steps below:

 Open a new Excel spreadsheet. Create the following column headers in the first row of
the spreadsheet: Time, Velocity (0m/s^2), Velocity (0.2m/s^2), Velocity (0.5m/s^2),
Velocity (1m/s^2), Velocity (2m/s^2), Velocity (10m/s^2).
 In the first column (Time), enter the time duration in seconds, starting from 0 seconds
and incrementing by 20 second until 300 seconds is reached.
 In the second column (Velocity (0m/s^2)), enter the formula "=2+(A2*0)". This will
calculate the velocity at each time interval, starting from an initial velocity of 2m/s and
accelerating at 0m/s^2 (i.e., constant velocity).
  In the third column (Velocity (0.2m/s^2)), enter the formula "=2+(0.2*A2^2)". This will
calculate the velocity at each time interval, starting from an initial velocity of 2m/s and
accelerating at 0.2m/s^2.
 In the fourth column (Velocity (0.5m/s^2)), enter the formula "=2+(0.5*A2^2)". This will
calculate the velocity at each time interval, starting from an initial velocity of 2m/s and
accelerating at 0.5m/s^2.
 In the fifth column (Velocity (1m/s^2)), enter the formula "=2+(A2^2)". This will
calculate the velocity at each time interval, starting from an initial velocity of 2m/s and
accelerating at 1m/s^2.
 In the sixth column (Velocity (2m/s^2)), enter the formula "=2+(2*A2^2)". This will
calculate the velocity at each time interval, starting from an initial velocity of 2m/s and
accelerating at 2m/s^2.
 In the seventh column (Velocity (10m/s^2)), enter the formula "=2+(10*A2^2)". This
will calculate the velocity at each time interval, starting from an initial velocity of 2m/s
and accelerating at 10m/s^2.
 Copy and paste the formulas in each of the velocity columns (columns B to G) down to
the last row of the spreadsheet.
 Format the columns as needed to display the velocities with the desired number of
decimal places.
 Plot a single time versus velocity graphs for different accelerations.

Conclusion: A spreadsheet shows the varying velocities of an object starting from 2m/s and
accelerating at different rates for different time durations, which can be useful for various
physics and engineering calculations.
 Sheet1
Linear Motion
dt 1 1 1 1 1 1 s
Time of motion` 300 300 300 300 300 300 s
acceleration 0 0.2 0.5 1 2 10 m/s*s
intial Velocity 2 2 2 2 2 2 m/s
20 2 2.2 2.5 3 4 12 m/s
40 2 2.4 3 4 6 22
60 2 2.6 3.5 5 8 32
80 2 2.8 4 6 10 42
100 2 3 4.5 7 12 52
120 2 3.2 5 8 14 62
140 2 3.4 5.5 9 16 72
160 2 3.6 6 10 18 82
180 2 3.8 6.5 11 20 92
200 2 4 7 12 22 102
220 2 4.2 7.5 13 24 112
240 2 4.4 8 14 26 122
260 2 4.6 8.5 15 28 132
280 2 4.8 9 16 30 142
300 2 5 9.5 17 32 152

160

140

120
Series1
100 Series2
Velocilty in m/s Series3
80
Series4

60 Series5
Series6
40

20

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Time in s

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