Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering

[2008][14-2]

Engineering Mathematics 2
December, 2008

Prof. Kyu-Yeul Lee

Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,

Seoul National University of College of Engineering

2008_Complex(2)
 Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering

Complex (2)
: Conformal mapping

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 Conformal Mapping
If a complex function w = f (z) is defined in a domain D of the z-plane, then to each point in
D there corresponds a point in the w-plane.

In this way we obtain a mapping of D onto the range of values of f (z) in the w-plane. We
shall see that if f (z) is an analytic function, then the mapping given by w = f (z) is
conformal (angle-preserving), except at points where the derivative f '(z) is zero.

Conformality is the most important geometric property of analytic functions and gives the
possibility of a geometric approach to complex analysis.

we shall see that conformal mapping yields a standard method for solving boundary value
problems in (two-dimensional) potential theory by transforming a complicated region into a
simpler one.

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 Geometry of Analytic Functions: Conformal Mapping

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 Geometry of Analytic Functions: Conformal Mapping
A complex function
(1) w  f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv ( x, y ) z  x  iy
of a complex variable z gives a mapping of its domain of definition D in the complex z-
plane into the complex w-plane or onto its range of values in that plane. For any point z0
in D the point w0 = f (z0) is called the image of z0 with respect to f .

w = f (z) = z2 Using polar forms z  re i

and w  Re i
, we have w  z 2  r 2.e 2i
 R  r 2 ,   2
r  r0
2
R  r0
2
Hence circles are mapped onto circles and rays
  0 onto rays   2 0 . Figure shows this for the region v
3  
y 1 z  ,  
2 2 6 3
, which is mapped onto the region
1 9  2
1 w  ,  
0 4 3 3 0
0 1 2 x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 u

Mapping w = z2. Lines |z|=const, arg z = const and their images in the w-plane
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 Geometry of Analytic Functions: Conformal Mapping
A complex function
(1) w  f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv ( x, y ) z  x  iy
of a complex variable z gives a mapping of its domain of definition D in the complex z-
plane into the complex w-plane or onto its range of values in that plane. For any point z0
in D the point w0 = f (z0) is called the image of z0 with respect to f .

w = f (z) = z2 In Cartesian coordinates we have z  x  iy and

u  Re( z 2 )  x 2  y 2 , v  Im( z 2 )  2 xy
Hence vertical lines x = c = const are mapped onto u  c 2  y 2 , v  2cy
y2
v y
y 2  c 2  u and v 2  4c 2 y 2 .
3
2
y 1
Together,
y
v 2  4c 2 (c 2  u ) y  12
v  4k (k  u ).
2 2 2
y0
1
These parabolas open to the left. 5 5 u
 2 1 1 2 x Similarly, horizontal lines y = k = x  1
2
const are mapped onto parabolas
1
opening to the right,
2008_Complex(2) x 1 x 3
2 x2
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 Conformal Mapping
A mapping w = f (z) is called conformal if it preserves angles between
oriented curves in magnitude as well as in sense.

Curves C1 and C2 and their respective images C1* and C2* under a conformal mapping w = f (z)

And conformality means that the images C1 * and C2* of C1 and C2 make the
same angle as the curves themselves in both magnitude and direction.

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 Conformal Mapping
Theorem 1) Conformality of Mapping by Analytic Functions
The mapping w = f (z) by an analytic function f is conformal, except at
critical points, that is, points at which the derivative f  is zero.
Example of Theorem 1)

w  z 2 has a critical point at z = 0, where f ( z )  2 z  0 and the

angles are doubled (see Fig. 375), so that conformality fails.

y
2

0
0 1 2 x 0
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 u

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 Sec.13.2 (9) arg ( z1 z2 )  1  2  arg z1  arg z2
Conformal Mapping
Theorem 1) Conformality of Mapping by Analytic Functions
The mapping w = f (z) by an analytic function f is conformal, except at
critical points, that is, points at which the derivative f  is zero.
Proof of Theorem 1) The idea of proof is to consider a curve
(2) C : z (t )  x(t )  iy (t )
in the domain of f (z) and to show that w = f (z) rotates all tangents at a point z0
(where f ( z )  0 ) through the same angle.
0
Now z (t )  dz / dt  x (t )  iy (t ) is tangent to C in (2).

The image C* of C is w = f (z(t)) .

z (t0 ) z1  z (t0  t )
dw df ( z ) dz (t )

By the chain rule, w   f ( z ) z (t )
dt dz dt
z0  z (t0 ) Hence the tangent direction of C* is given by the argument (use (9) in
tangent
Sec. 13.2)
Curve C (3) arg w  arg f   arg z
where z gives the tangent direction of C.
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 Sec.13.2 (9) arg ( z1 z2 )  1  2  arg z1  arg z2
Conformal Mapping
Theorem 1) Conformality of Mapping by Analytic Functions
The mapping w = f (z) by an analytic function f is conformal, except at
critical points, that is, points at which the derivative f  is zero.
Proof of Theorem 1)
C2 *
z  plane C2 w  plane

  C1 *
 C1     
  
z0  z (t0 ) f ( z0 )
(3) arg w  arg f   arg z
Let arg f    arg w 1  arg f   arg z1    
arg z1   arg w 2  arg f   arg z2      
arg z2    
arg w 1  
 2  arg w
arg z2  arg z1  
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 Sec.13.2 (13) z n  r n [cos n  i sin n ]
Conformal Mapping
Theorem 1) Conformality of Mapping by Analytic Functions
The mapping w = f (z) by an analytic function f is conformal, except at
critical points, that is, points at which the derivative f  is zero.
Example)
The mapping w  z , n  1,2,3, ,is conformal, except at z = 0, where w  nz n 1
n

For n = 2 this is shown in Fig; we see that at 0 the angles are doubled.

For general n the angles at 0 are multiplied by a factor n under the mapping. Hence the
sector 0     / n is mapped by zn onto the upper half-plane v  0

y v

 /n
x u
Mapping by w = zn

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 Conformal Mapping
Theorem 1) Conformality of Mapping by Analytic Functions
The mapping w = f (z) by an analytic function f is conformal, except at
critical points, that is, points at which the derivative f  is zero.
Example) Mapping w = z + 1/z
In terms of polar coordinates this mapping is
1
w  u  iv  r (cos   i sin  )  (cos   i sin  )
r
 1 1  1 1
u   r   cos   a cos  , where a  r  , v   r   sin   b sin  , where b  r 
 r r  r r
u 2 v2
Hence circle z  r  const  1 are mapped onto ellipses 2  2  1.
a b
the circle r = 1 is mapped onto the segment 2u  2 of u-axis
y v

12 x 2 2 u
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 Conformal Mapping
Theorem 1) Conformality of Mapping by Analytic Functions
The mapping w = f (z) by an analytic function f is conformal, except at
critical points, that is, points at which the derivative f  is zero.
Example) Mapping w = z + 1/z
1 ( z  1)( z  1)
Now the derivative of w is w  1  2

z z2
which is 0 at z  1. These are the points at which the mapping is not conformal.
The two circles in Fig. pass through z = -1. The larger is mapped onto a Joukowski airfoil.
The dashed circle passes through both -1 and 1 and is mapped onto a curved segment.

y v
C
1 1 x 2 2 u
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Joukowski airfoil
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 Sec. 13.5 (1) e z  e x (cos y  i sin y)
Conformal Mapping
Theorem 1) Conformality of Mapping by Analytic Functions
The mapping w = f (z) by an analytic function f is conformal, except at
critical points, that is, points at which the derivative f  is zero.
Example) Mapping w = ez

From (10) in Sec. 13.5 we have e z  e x and Arg z  y. Hence ex maps a vertical straight
line x = x0 = const onto the circle w  e x0 and a horizontal straight line y = y0 = const onto
the ray arg w = y0. The rectangle in Fig. is mapped onto a region bounded by circles and
rays as shown. v

y
D C C*
1
0.5 B*
A B D*
0 A*
1 x 3  2 1 0 1 2 3 u
A : 0  0.5i  A*  e 0.5i  cos 0.5  i sin 0.5
2008_Complex(2) C : 1  i  C*  e1i  e(cos 1  i sin 1)
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 Sec. 13.5 (1) e z  e x (cos y  i sin y)
Conformal Mapping
Theorem 1) Conformality of Mapping by Analytic Functions
The mapping w = f (z) by an analytic function f is conformal, except at
critical points, that is, points at which the derivative f  is zero.
Example) Mapping w = ez

The fundamental region -π  Arg z   of ez in the z-plane is mapped

conformally onto the entire w-plane without the origin w = 0 (because ez = 0 for
no z). Figure shows that the upper half 0  y   of the fundamental region is
mapped onto the upper half-plane0  arg w   , , the left half being mapped
inside the unit disk w  1 and the right half outside.
 e z  e x  1 when x  0 
 
 e z  e x  1 when x  0 
 
 z 
 e  e x
 1 when x  0 
y v


0 x 1 1 u
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 Conformal Mapping
Theorem 1) Conformality of Mapping by Analytic Functions
The mapping w = f (z) by an analytic function f is conformal, except at
critical points, that is, points at which the derivative f  is zero.
Example) Mapping w = Ln z
1
Principle. The mapping by the inverse z  f ( w) of w = f (z) is obtained by interchanging the roles of the
z-plane and the w-plane in the mapping by w = f (z).
1
Now the principal value w = f (z) = Ln z of the natural logarithm has the inverse z  f ( w)  e . From
w
1
Example of w =ez (with the notations z and w interchanged) we know that f ( w)  e maps the
w

fundamental region of the exponential function onto the z-plane without z = 0 (because ew ≠0 for every z).
Hence w = f (z) = Ln z maps the z-plane without the origin and cut along the negative real axis
( where   Im Ln z jumps by 2 ) conformally onto the horizontal strip w  u  iv of the w-plane ,
where -π  v   . v
y 3
w =Ln z +2π

w =Ln z
0 x 0 u

w=Ln z -2π

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 Linear Fractional Transformation

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 Linear Fractional Transformation
Linear fractional transformations if , ad  bc  0  w
: Not conformal
az  b
(1) w  (ad  bc  0)
cz  d
where a, b, c, d are complex or real numbers. Differentiation gives

a(cz  d )  c(az  b) ad  bc
(2) w  
(cz  d ) 2
(cz  d ) 2
w  z b (Translati ons)
w  az with a  1 (Rotations )
(3)
w  az  b (Linear tr ansformati ons)
w  1/ z (Inversion in the unit circle)

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 az  b
(1) w 
Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d
(ad  bc  0)
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
 z  x  iy 
A( x  y )  Bx  Cy  D  0
2 2
( A, B, C, D real)  
 z  x  iy 
z
A = 0 gives a straight line and A ≠ 0 a circle. In terms of z
and this equation
becomes
zz zz
Azz  B C D0
2 2i
Now w = 1/z. Substitution of z = 1/w and multiplication byww gives the equation
zz zz
Azz  ww  B  ww  C  ww  D  ww  0
2 2i
This represents a circle (ifD  0 ) or a straight line (ifD  0 ) in the w-plane.
ww ww
A B C  Dw w  0
2 2i
or in terms of u and v,
 w  u  iv  1 / z 
 
A  Bu  Cv  D(u  v )  0
2 2
 w  u  iv  1 / z 
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 az  b
(1) w 
Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d
(ad  bc  0)
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
w  R ei 1
z  re i w
1 R  ,   
z r
i
Hence the unit circle z  r 1 is mapped onto the unit circle w  R  1; w  e  e  i .
For a general z the image w = 1/z can be found geometrically by marking 1
w R
r
y v
r 1 R 1
R 1
r 1
r 1 R 1
1 x 1 u

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 Linear Fractional Transformation
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
1 1 ( x  iy ) x y x y
w    2  i  u  iv u ,v   2
z x  iy ( x  iy )( x  iy ) x  y 2 x2  y 2 x y
2 2
x  y2
Figure shows that w = 1/z maps horizontal and vertical straight lines onto circles or straight lines.

In case x=0
1
u  0, v  
y
y v
1 2

x u
2
1

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 Linear Fractional Transformation
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
1 1 ( x  iy ) x y x y
w    2  i  u  iv u ,v   2
z x  iy ( x  iy )( x  iy ) x  y 2 x2  y 2 x y
2 2
x  y2
Figure shows that w = 1/z maps horizontal and vertical straight lines onto circles or straight lines.

In case x=0
1
u  0, v  
y
y v
In case y=0 2
1
1
u ,v  0
x
4 3
3
4
x u
2
1

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 Linear Fractional Transformation
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
1 1 ( x  iy ) x y x y
w    2  i  u  iv u ,v   2
z x  iy ( x  iy )( x  iy ) x  y 2 x2  y 2 x y
2 2
x  y2
Figure shows that w = 1/z maps horizontal and vertical straight lines onto circles or straight lines.
z : A( x 2  y 2 )  Bx  Cy  D  0 ( A, B, C , D real) In case x=1/2 , for instance : A=0, B=2, C=0, D=-1

w : A  Bu  Cv  D(u 2  v 2 )  0 2u  (u 2  v 2 )  0
y v 1
 u  1 x
2
 v 1
2 2
2
1 2

4 4 3
3
1 x 1 2 u
2
2
1

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 Linear Fractional Transformation
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
1 1 ( x  iy ) x y x y
w    2  i  u  iv u ,v   2
z x  iy ( x  iy )( x  iy ) x  y 2 x2  y 2 x y
2 2
x  y2
Figure shows that w = 1/z maps horizontal and vertical straight lines onto circles or straight lines.
z : A( x 2  y 2 )  Bx  Cy  D  0 ( A, B, C , D real) In case x=1/2 , for instance : A=0, B=2, C=0, D=-1

w : A  Bu  Cv  D(u 2  v 2 )  0 2u  (u 2  v 2 )  0
y v 1
 u  1 x
2
 v 1
2 2
2
1 2
and in case y=0

4 3 u  2, 4 3

1 x v0 1 2 u
2
2
1

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 Linear Fractional Transformation
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
1 1 ( x  iy ) x y x y
w    2  i  u  iv u ,v   2
z x  iy ( x  iy )( x  iy ) x  y 2 x2  y 2 x y
2 2
x  y2
Figure shows that w = 1/z maps horizontal and vertical straight lines onto circles or straight lines.
z : A( x 2  y 2 )  Bx  Cy  D  0 ( A, B, C , D real) In case x=1/2 , for instance : A=0, B=2, C=0, D=-1

w : A  Bu  Cv  D(u 2  v 2 )  0 2u  (u 2  v 2 )  0
y v 1
 u  1 x
2
 v 1
2 2
2
1 2
1 and in case y=1/2
2
u  1, 4 3
4 3
1 x v  1 1 2 u
2
2
1

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 Linear Fractional Transformation
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
1 1 ( x  iy ) x y x y
w    2  i  u  iv u ,v   2
z x  iy ( x  iy )( x  iy ) x  y 2 x2  y 2 x y
2 2
x  y2
Figure shows that w = 1/z maps horizontal and vertical straight lines onto circles or straight lines.
z : A( x 2  y 2 )  Bx  Cy  D  0 ( A, B, C , D real) In case x=1/2 , for instance : A=0, B=2, C=0, D=-1

w : A  Bu  Cv  D(u 2  v 2 )  0 2u  (u 2  v 2 )  0
y v 1
 u  1 x
2
 v 1
2 2
2
1 2
1 and in case y∞
2
u  0, 4 3
4 3
1 x v0 1 2 u
2
2
1

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 Linear Fractional Transformation
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
1 1 ( x  iy ) x y x y
w    2  i  u  iv u ,v   2
z x  iy ( x  iy )( x  iy ) x  y 2 x2  y 2 x y
2 2
x  y2
Figure shows that w = 1/z maps horizontal and vertical straight lines onto circles or straight lines.
z : A( x 2  y 2 )  Bx  Cy  D  0 ( A, B, C , D real) In case x=1/2 , for instance : A=0, B=2, C=0, D=-1

w : A  Bu  Cv  D(u 2  v 2 )  0 2u  (u 2  v 2 )  0
y v 1
 u  1 x
2
 v 1
2 2
2
1 5 2
1 In conclusion, 6
2
4 4 3
3
1 x 1 2 u
5

6
2
2
1

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 Linear Fractional Transformation
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
1 1 ( x  iy ) x y x y
w    2  i  u  iv u ,v   2
z x  iy ( x  iy )( x  iy ) x  y 2 x2  y 2 x y
2 2
x  y2
Figure shows that w = 1/z maps horizontal and vertical straight lines onto circles or straight lines.
z : A( x 2  y 2 )  Bx  Cy  D  0 ( A, B, C , D real)

w : A  Bu  Cv  D(u 2  v 2 )  0 similarly

y v 1
2
x
1 5 2
1 6
2
4 4 3
3
1 x 1 2 u
5

6
2
2
1

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 Linear Fractional Transformation
Theorem 1) Circles and Straight Lines

Every linear fractional transformation (1) maps the totality of circles and
straight lines in the z-plane onto the totality of circles and straight lines
in the w-plane.
1 1 ( x  iy ) x y x y
w    2  i  u  iv u ,v   2
z x  iy ( x  iy )( x  iy ) x  y 2 x2  y 2 x y
2 2
x  y2
Figure shows that w = 1/z maps horizontal and vertical straight lines onto circles or straight lines.
y v 1
2 y
2
1 1
x 1 x
1 2 2
y0
2 1 1 2 u
 2 1 1 2 x 1
1
1 y 2
2
x0
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 Special Linear Fractional Transformation

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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Theorem 1) Three Points and Their Images Given*

Three given distinct points z1, z2, z3 can always be mapped onto three prescribed distinct
points w1, w2, w3 by on, and only one, linear fractional transformation w = f (z) . This mapping
is given implicitly by the equation w  w1 w2  w3 z  z1 z 2  z3
( 2)   
w  w3 w2  w1 z  z3 z 2  z1
(If one of these points is the point ∞, the quotient of the two differences containing this
point must be replaced by 1.)

2008_Complex(2)
*(proof) Kreyszig E. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9th edition, Wiley, 2006, p738 31
/94
 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Theorem 1) Three Points and Their Images Given

Three given z1, z2, z3 can always be mapped onto three prescribed distinct points w1, w2, w3 by on, and only
one, linear fractional transformation w = f (z) . (If one of these points is the point ∞, the quotient of the
two differences containing this point must be replaced by 1.)
w  w1 w2  w3 z  z1 z 2  z3
( 2)   
w  w3 w2  w1 z  z3 z 2  z1
Mapping of Standard Domains Half-Plane onto a Disk
Find the linear fractional transformation (1) that maps
z1  1, z2  0, z3  1 w1  1, w2  i, w3  1

Solution) From (2) we obtain

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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Theorem 1) Three Points and Their Images Given

Three given z1, z2, z3 can always be mapped onto three prescribed distinct points w1, w2, w3 by on, and only
one, linear fractional transformation w = f (z) . (If one of these points is the point ∞, the quotient of the
two differences containing this point must be replaced by 1.)
w  w1 w2  w3 z  z1 z 2  z3
( 2)   
w  w3 w2  w1 z  z3 z 2  z1
Mapping of Standard Domains Half-Plane onto a Disk
Find the linear fractional transformation (1) that maps
z1  1, z2  0, z3  1 w1  1, w2  i, w3  1

Solution) From (2) we obtain w  (1)  i 1 z  (1) 0  1

  
w 1  i  (1) z  1 0  (1)

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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Theorem 1) Three Points and Their Images Given

Three given z1, z2, z3 can always be mapped onto three prescribed distinct points w1, w2, w3 by on, and only
one, linear fractional transformation w = f (z) . (If one of these points is the point ∞, the quotient of the
two differences containing this point must be replaced by 1.)
w  w1 w2  w3 z  z1 z 2  z3
( 2)   
w  w3 w2  w1 z  z3 z 2  z1
Mapping of Standard Domains Half-Plane onto a Disk
Find the linear fractional transformation (1) that maps
z1  1, z2  0, z3  1 w1  1, w2  i, w3  1

Solution) From (2) we obtain w  (1)  i 1 z  (1) 0  1

  
w 1  i  (1) z  1 0  (1)
w 1  i 1 z 1
   (1)
w 1  i 1 z 1

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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Theorem 1) Three Points and Their Images Given

Three given z1, z2, z3 can always be mapped onto three prescribed distinct points w1, w2, w3 by on, and only
one, linear fractional transformation w = f (z) . (If one of these points is the point ∞, the quotient of the
two differences containing this point must be replaced by 1.)
w  w1 w2  w3 z  z1 z 2  z3
( 2)   
w  w3 w2  w1 z  z3 z 2  z1
Mapping of Standard Domains Half-Plane onto a Disk
Find the linear fractional transformation (1) that maps
z1  1, z2  0, z3  1 w1  1, w2  i, w3  1

Solution) From (2) we obtain w  (1)  i 1 z  (1) 0  1

  
w 1  i  (1) z  1 0  (1)
w 1  i 1 z 1
   (1)
w 1  i 1 z 1

thus

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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Theorem 1) Three Points and Their Images Given

Three given z1, z2, z3 can always be mapped onto three prescribed distinct points w1, w2, w3 by on, and only
one, linear fractional transformation w = f (z) . (If one of these points is the point ∞, the quotient of the
two differences containing this point must be replaced by 1.)
w  w1 w2  w3 z  z1 z 2  z3
( 2)   
w  w3 w2  w1 z  z3 z 2  z1
Mapping of Standard Domains Half-Plane onto a Disk
Find the linear fractional transformation (1) that maps
z1  1, z2  0, z3  1 w1  1, w2  i, w3  1

Solution) From (2) we obtain w  (1)  i 1 z  (1) 0  1

  
w 1  i  (1) z  1 0  (1)
w 1  i 1 z 1
   (1)
w 1  i 1 z 1

z i
thus w .
 iz  1
2008_Complex(2)
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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Theorem 1) Three Points and Their Images Given

Three given z1, z2, z3 can always be mapped onto three prescribed distinct points w1, w2, w3 by on, and only
one, linear fractional transformation w = f (z) . (If one of these points is the point ∞, the quotient of the
two differences containing this point must be replaced by 1.)
w  w1 w2  w3 z  z1 z 2  z3
( 2)   
w  w3 w2  w1 z  z3 z 2  z1
Mappings of disks onto disks
the unit disk in the z-plane is mapped onto the unit disk in the w-plane by the following
function, which maps z0 onto the center w = 0.
z  z0
(3) w  c  z0 , z  1.
cz  1
take z  1 (unit circle), obtaining, with c  z0 as in (3),
z  z0  z  z0  z  z0  z  c 1 z  c  z z  c
 zz  cz  1  cz  cz  1.
z  z0
Hence w   1 from (3), so that z  1 maps onto w  1, as claimed
cz  1

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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Theorem 1) Three Points and Their Images Given

Three given z1, z2, z3 can always be mapped onto three prescribed distinct points w1, w2, w3 by on, and only
one, linear fractional transformation w = f (z) . (If one of these points is the point ∞, the quotient of the
two differences containing this point must be replaced by 1.)
w  w1 w2  w3 z  z1 z 2  z3
( 2)   
w  w3 w2  w1 z  z3 z 2  z1
Mappings of disks onto disks
the unit disk in the z-plane is mapped onto the unit disk in the w-plane by the following
function, which maps z0 onto the center w = 0.
z  z0
(3) w  c  z0 , z0  1
cz  1

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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Mappings of disks onto disks y

the unit disk in the z-plane is mapped onto the unit disk in the w-plane by the following
function, which maps z0 onto the center w = 0.
z  z0
(3) w  c  z0 , z  1.
cz  1 B A
Taking z0 = ½ in (3), we obtain z  12 2 z  1 1 x
w 1 
2 z 1 z2
2x 1  i2 y (2 x  1  i 2 y )( x  2  iy )
w 
x  2  iy ( x  2  iy )( x  2  iy )
2 x 2  2 y 2  5x  2  3y v
  i
( x  2) 2  y 2 ( x  2) 2  y 2

 u  iv
A* B*
2 x  2 y  5x  2
2 2
3 y 2 u
u , v  1
( x  2)2  y 2 ( x  2)2  y 2

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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Mappings of disks onto disks y

the unit disk in the z-plane is mapped onto the unit disk in the w-plane by the following
function, which maps z0 onto the center w = 0.
z  z0
(3) w  c  z0 , z  1.
cz  1 B A
Taking z0 = ½ in (3), we obtain z  12 2 z  1 1 x
w 1 
2 z 1 z2
2x 1  i2 y (2 x  1  i 2 y )( x  2  iy )
w 
x  2  iy ( x  2  iy )( x  2  iy )
2 x 2  2 y 2  5x  2  3y v
  i
( x  2) 2  y 2 ( x  2) 2  y 2

 u  iv
A* B*
2 x  2 y  5x  2
2 2
3 y 2 u
u , v  1
( x  2)2  y 2 ( x  2)2  y 2

If we analysis this mapping in the same way with w=1/z

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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Mappings of disks onto disks y

the unit disk in the z-plane is mapped onto the unit disk in the w-plane by the following
function, which maps z0 onto the center w = 0.
z  z0
(3) w  c  z0 , z  1.
cz  1 B A
Taking z0 = ½ in (3), we obtain z  12 2 z  1 1 x
w 1 
2 z 1 z2
2x 1  i2 y (2 x  1  i 2 y )( x  2  iy )
w 
x  2  iy ( x  2  iy )( x  2  iy )
2 x 2  2 y 2  5x  2  3y v
  i
( x  2) 2  y 2 ( x  2) 2  y 2 x0
 u  iv
A* B*
2 x  2 y  5x  2
2 2
3 y 2 u
u , v  1
( x  2)2  y 2 ( x  2)2  y 2

If we analysis this mapping in the same way with w=1/z

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 az  b
(1) w 
Special Linear Fractional Transformation cz  d

Mappings of disks onto disks y

the unit disk in the z-plane is mapped onto the unit disk in the w-plane by the following
function, which maps z0 onto the center w = 0.
z  z0
(3) w  c  z0 , z  1.
cz  1 B A
Taking z0 = ½ in (3), we obtain z  12 2 z  1 1 x
w 1 
2 z 1 z2
2x 1  i2 y (2 x  1  i 2 y )( x  2  iy )
w 
x  2  iy ( x  2  iy )( x  2  iy )
2 x 2  2 y 2  5x  2  3y v 1
  i x
( x  2) 2  y 2 ( x  2) 2  y 2 1 2
y x0
2 1
 u  iv y0 x
2
A* B*
2 x  2 y  5x  2
2 2
3 y 2 u
u , v  1
( x  2)2  y 2 ( x  2)2  y 2 1
y
2
If we analysis this mapping in the same way with w=1/z
2008_Complex(2)
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 Example of conformal mapping applied to Potential problem

2008_Complex(2)
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 Electrostatic Fields
The electrical force of attraction or repulsion between charged particles
is governed by Coulomb’s law. This force is the gradient of a function ,
called the electrostatic potential*. At any points free of charges,  is a
solution of Laplace’s equation

   0.
2

The surfaces  = const are called equipotential surfacesAt each point P

at which the gradient of  is not the zero vector, it is perpendicular to
the surface  = const through P; that is, the electrical force has the
direction perpendicular to the equipotential surface.

Laplace’s equation in Cartesian coordinates

    xx   yy  0
2

2008_Complex(2)
*(경상대학교 외 물리학과 공역, 일반물리학, 개정7판, 제 2권, 범한서적주식회사, 2006년 / 원저 Halliday D.외, Fundamental of Physics, 7th edition, Wiley) ’24-3 전기 44
퍼텐셜’ ~ ’24-6 점전하가 만드는 퍼텐셜’ 참조 /94
 Potential Between Coaxial Cylinders
Find the potential  between two coaxial conducting cylinders Laplacian of u in polar coordinates
extending to infinity on both ends in Fig. and kept at  2u 1 u 1  2u
potentials 1 and 2, respectively.
Sec. 12.5 (5)  u  2 
2

r r r r 2  2

Solution) Here  depends only on r  x 2  y 2 , for reasons of symmetry.

 2  1  1  2 
  2 
2
 2 0
r r r r  2
y
 2  1    2 
 2  0  2  0 
r r r   
1 1
     0
r
x
2

Potential in Example
2008_Complex(2)
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 Potential Between Coaxial Cylinders
Find the potential  between two coaxial conducting cylinders Laplacian of u in polar coordinates
extending to infinity on both ends in Fig. and kept at  2u 1 u 1  2u
potentials 1 and 2, respectively.
Sec. 12.5 (5)  u  2 
2

r r r r 2  2

Solution) Here  depends only on r  x 2  y 2 , for reasons of symmetry.

 2  1  1  2 
  2 
2
 2 0
r r r r  2
y
 2  1    2 
 2  0  2  0 
r r r   
1 1
     0
r
x   1
2  
dr    dr
r

Potential in Example
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 Potential Between Coaxial Cylinders
Find the potential  between two coaxial conducting cylinders Laplacian of u in polar coordinates
extending to infinity on both ends in Fig. and kept at  2u 1 u 1  2u
potentials 1 and 2, respectively.
Sec. 12.5 (5)  u  2 
2

r r r r 2  2

Solution) Here  depends only on r  x 2  y 2 , for reasons of symmetry.

 2  1  1  2 
  2 
2
 2 0
r r r r  2
y
 2  1    2 
 2  0  2  0 
r r r   
1 1
     0
r
x   1
2  
dr    dr
r
d  1  d  
 
   dr
r 

  
dr


Potential in Example
2008_Complex(2)
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 Potential Between Coaxial Cylinders
Laplacian of u in polar coordinates
Find the potential  between two coaxial conducting cylinders
extending to infinity on both ends in Fig. and kept at  2u 1 u 1  2u
Sec. 12.5 (5)  u  2  2

potentials 1 and 2, respectively. r r r r 2  2

Solution) Here  depends only on r  x 2  y 2 , for reasons of symmetry.

d  1  d  
 
   dr    



y r dr
ln    ln r  a~   ln r  ln a
a
ln a
1 e ln   e ln r  ln a  e r

r
a
x  
r
2 a
 dr  
r
dr

Potential in Example
  a ln r  b
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 Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
Model the electrostatic potential between the cylinders

C1  z  1 and C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
in Fig. Then give the solution for the case C1 is grounded, U1 = 0V, and
C2 has the potential U2 = 110V.

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 Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
Model the electrostatic potential between the cylinders

C1  z  1 and C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
in Fig. Then give the solution for the case C1 is grounded, U1 = 0V, and
C2 has the potential U2 = 110V.

C1 U1  0
U 2  110 V

C2 x

(a) z - plane

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 Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
Model the electrostatic potential between the cylinders

C1  z  1 and C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
in Fig. Then give the solution for the case C1 is grounded, U1 = 0V, and
C2 has the potential U2 = 110V.

y
Linear fractional
C1 U1  0 transformation
U 2  110 V

C2 x

(a) z - plane

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 Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
Model the electrostatic potential between the cylinders

C1  z  1 and C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
in Fig. Then give the solution for the case C1 is grounded, U1 = 0V, and
C2 has the potential U2 = 110V.

y
Linear fractional v
C1 U1  0 transformation U1  0
U 2  110 V
r0 U 2  110 V
C2 x u

(a) z - plane (b) w - plane

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 Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
Model the electrostatic potential between the cylinders

C1  z  1 and C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
in Fig. Then give the solution for the case C1 is grounded, U1 = 0V, and
C2 has the potential U2 = 110V.

y
Linear fractional v
C1 U1  0 transformation U1  0
U 2  110 V
r0 U 2  110 V
C2 x u

(a) z - plane Substitution of (b) w - plane

w = f (z).
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 C1  z  1
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
C : z 2/5  2/5 2

y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
Solution) We map the unit disk |z| =1 onto the unit disk
U 2  110 V
|w| =1 in such a way that C2 is mapped onto some r0 U 2  110 V

cylinder C2* : |w| = r0. By (3), Sec. 17.3, a linear C2 x u

fractional transformation mapping the unit disk onto the

unit disk is (a) z - plane (b) w - plane

z b z  z0
( 2) w  17.3. (3) w  , c  z0
bz  1 cz  1

where we have chosen b = z0 real without restriction. z0 is of no immediate

help here because centers of circles do not map onto centers of the images,
in general.

However, we now have two free constants b and r0 and shall succeed by
imposing two reasonable conditions.

2008_Complex(2)
54
/94
 C1  z  1
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
z b U 2  110 V
( 2) w  U 2  110 V
bz  1 r0
C2 x u
C1* : |w| =1

C2* : |w| = r0 (b) w - plane

(a) z - plane

2008_Complex(2)
55
/94
 C1  z  1
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
z b U 2  110 V
( 2) w  U 2  110 V
bz  1 r0
C2 x u
C1* : |w| =1

C2* : |w| = r0 (b) w - plane

(a) z - plane

0 and 4/5 should be mapped onto r0 and –r0, respectively.

2008_Complex(2)
56
/94
 C1  z  1
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
z b U 2  110 V
( 2) w  U 2  110 V
bz  1 r0
C2 x u
C1* : |w| =1

C2* : |w| = r0 (b) w - plane

(a) z - plane

0 and 4/5 should be mapped onto r0 and –r0, respectively.

2008_Complex(2)
57
/94
 C1  z  1
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
z b U 2  110 V
( 2) w  U 2  110 V
bz  1 r0
C2 x u
C1* : |w| =1

C2* : |w| = r0 (b) w - plane

(a) z - plane

0 and 4/5 should be mapped onto r0 and –r0, respectively.

2008_Complex(2)
58
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 C1  z  1
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
z b U 2  110 V
( 2) w  U 2  110 V
bz  1 r0
C2 x u
C1* : |w| =1

C2* : |w| = r0 (b) w - plane

(a) z - plane

0 and 4/5 should be mapped onto r0 and –r0, respectively.

This gives by (2) 0b 4/5b 4 / 5  r0

r0   b,  r0   ,
0 1 4b / 5  1 4r0 / 5  1

2008_Complex(2)
59
/94
 C1  z  1
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
z b U 2  110 V
( 2) w  U 2  110 V
bz  1 r0
C2 x u
C1* : |w| =1

C2* : |w| = r0 (b) w - plane

(a) z - plane

0 and 4/5 should be mapped onto r0 and –r0, respectively.

This gives by (2) 0b 4/5b 4 / 5  r0

r0   b,  r0   ,
0 1 4b / 5  1 4r0 / 5  1

 r0 (4r0 / 5  1)  4 / 5  r0

2008_Complex(2)
60
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 C1  z  1
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
z b U 2  110 V
( 2) w  U 2  110 V
bz  1 r0
C2 x u
C1* : |w| =1

C2* : |w| = r0 (b) w - plane

(a) z - plane

0 and 4/5 should be mapped onto r0 and –r0, respectively.

This gives by (2) 0b 4/5b 4 / 5  r0

r0   b,  r0   ,
0 1 4b / 5  1 4r0 / 5  1

 r0 (4r0 / 5  1)  4 / 5  r0

2r0  5r0  4  0
2

2008_Complex(2)
61
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 C1  z  1
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
z b U 2  110 V
( 2) w  U 2  110 V
bz  1 r0
C2 x u
C1* : |w| =1

C2* : |w| = r0 (b) w - plane

(a) z - plane

0 and 4/5 should be mapped onto r0 and –r0, respectively.

This gives by (2) 0b 4/5b 4 / 5  r0

r0   b,  r0   ,
0 1 4b / 5  1 4r0 / 5  1

 r0 (4r0 / 5  1)  4 / 5  r0

2r0  5r0  4  0
2

(2r0  1)( r0  2)  0
2008_Complex(2)
62
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 C1  z  1
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
C2 : z  2 / 5  2 / 5
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
z b U 2  110 V
( 2) w  U 2  110 V
bz  1 r0
C2 x u
C1* : |w| =1

C2* : |w| = r0 (b) w - plane

(a) z - plane

0 and 4/5 should be mapped onto r0 and –r0, respectively.

This gives by (2) 0b 4/5b 4 / 5  r0

r0   b,  r0   ,
0 1 4b / 5  1 4r0 / 5  1

 r0 (4r0 / 5  1)  4 / 5  r0
1
2r0  5r0  4  0  r0  2,
2

2
(2r0  1)( r0  2)  0
2008_Complex(2)
63
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 z b
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
( 2) w 
bz  1
z b y

(2) w 
v

, C1 U1  0 U1  0

bz  1 r  2, 1 U 2  110 V
r0 U 2  110 V
0
2 C2 x u

(a) z - plane (b) w - plane

2008_Complex(2)
64
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 z b
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
( 2) w 
bz  1
z b y

(2) w 
v

, C1 U1  0 U1  0

bz  1 r  2, 1 U 2  110 V
r0 U 2  110 V
0
2 C2 x u

r0 = 2 is no good because r0 < 1

(b) w - plane
(단위원 내의 원이므로). (a) z - plane

2008_Complex(2)
65
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 z b
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
( 2) w 
bz  1
z b y

(2) w 
v

, C1 U1  0 U1  0

bz  1 r  2, 1 U 2  110 V
r0 U 2  110 V
0
2 C2 x u

r0 = 2 is no good because r0 < 1 1

(단위원 내의 원이므로).  r0  b  (a) z - plane (b) w - plane

2008_Complex(2)
66
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 z b
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
( 2) w 
bz  1
z b y

(2) w 
v

, C1 U1  0 U1  0

bz  1 r  2, 1 U 2  110 V
r0 U 2  110 V
0
2 C2 x u

r0 = 2 is no good because r0 < 1 1

(단위원 내의 원이므로).  r0  b  (a) z - plane (b) w - plane

2
Hence our mapping function (2) with b = 1/2 becomes

2008_Complex(2)
67
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 z b
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
( 2) w 
bz  1
z b y

(2) w 
v

, C1 U1  0 U1  0

bz  1 r  2, 1 U 2  110 V
r0 U 2  110 V
0
2 C2 x u

r0 = 2 is no good because r0 < 1 1

(단위원 내의 원이므로).  r0  b  (a) z - plane (b) w - plane

2
Hence our mapping function (2) with b = 1/2 becomes

z  12 2 z  1
(3) w  f ( z )  1  .
2 z 1 z2

2008_Complex(2)
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 Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0

2z 1 U 2  110 V
U 2  110 V
(3) w  f ( z ) 
r0
. x u

z2
C2

(a) z - plane (b) w - plane

y
From the example
1
  a ln r  b
x
2

2008_Complex(2)
*(proof) Kreyszig E. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9th edition, Wiley, 2006, p751 69
/94
 Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0

2z 1 U 2  110 V
U 2  110 V
(3) w  f ( z ) 
r0
. x u

z2
C2

(a) z - plane (b) w - plane

y
From the example
1
  a ln r  b
x
2

and from this the real potential

2008_Complex(2)
*(proof) Kreyszig E. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9th edition, Wiley, 2006, p751 70
/94
 Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0

2z 1 U 2  110 V
U 2  110 V
(3) w  f ( z ) 
r0
. x u

z2
C2

(a) z - plane (b) w - plane

y
From the example
1
  a ln r  b
x
2

and from this the real potential

 *(w)  a ln w  k

2008_Complex(2)
*(proof) Kreyszig E. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9th edition, Wiley, 2006, p751 71
/94
 Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0

2z 1 U 2  110 V
U 2  110 V
(3) w  f ( z ) 
r0
. x u

z2
C2

(a) z - plane (b) w - plane

y
From the example
1
  a ln r  b
x
2

and from this the real potential

 *(w)  a ln w  k
This is our model. We now determine a and k from the boundary conditions.

2008_Complex(2)
*(proof) Kreyszig E. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9th edition, Wiley, 2006, p751 72
/94
 Ln w  ln w  iArg w
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v

 *(w)  a ln w  k. C1 U1  0
U 2  110 V
r0
U1  0

U 2  110 V
C2 x u

(a) z - plane (b) w - plane

2008_Complex(2)
73
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 Ln w  ln w  iArg w
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v

 *(w)  a ln w  k. C1 U1  0
U 2  110 V
r0
U1  0

U 2  110 V
C2 x u

If |w| =1, then (a) z - plane (b) w - plane

2008_Complex(2)
74
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 Ln w  ln w  iArg w
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v

 *(w)  a ln w  k. C1 U1  0
U 2  110 V
r0
U1  0

U 2  110 V
C2 x u

If |w| =1, then (a) z - plane (b) w - plane

 *(1)  a ln1  k  0,

2008_Complex(2)
75
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 Ln w  ln w  iArg w
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v

 *(w)  a ln w  k. C1 U1  0
U 2  110 V
r0
U1  0

U 2  110 V
C2 x u

If |w| =1, then (b) w - plane

 *(1)  a ln1  k  0, k  0
(a) z - plane

2008_Complex(2)
76
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 Ln w  ln w  iArg w
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v

 *(w)  a ln w  k. C1 U1  0
U 2  110 V
r0
U1  0

U 2  110 V
C2 x u

If |w| =1, then (b) w - plane

 *(1)  a ln1  k  0, k  0
(a) z - plane

If |w| = r0 = 1/2, then

2008_Complex(2)
77
/94
 Ln w  ln w  iArg w
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v

 *(w)  a ln w  k. C1 U1  0
U 2  110 V
r0
U1  0

U 2  110 V
C2 x u

If |w| =1, then (b) w - plane

 *(1)  a ln1  k  0, k  0
(a) z - plane

If |w| = r0 = 1/2, then

1
 *(1/ 2)  a ln  110,
2

2008_Complex(2)
78
/94
 Ln w  ln w  iArg w
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v

 *(w)  a ln w  k. C1 U1  0
U 2  110 V
r0
U1  0

U 2  110 V
C2 x u

If |w| =1, then (b) w - plane

 *(1)  a ln1  k  0, k  0
(a) z - plane

If |w| = r0 = 1/2, then

1
 *(1/ 2)  a ln  110,
2
110 110
a    158.7
ln( 1 / 2) ln 2

2008_Complex(2)
79
/94
 Ln w  ln w  iArg w
Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v

 *(w)  a ln w  k. C1 U1  0
U 2  110 V
r0
U1  0

U 2  110 V
C2 x u

If |w| =1, then (b) w - plane

 *(1)  a ln1  k  0, k  0
(a) z - plane

If |w| = r0 = 1/2, then

1
 *(1/ 2)  a ln  110,
2
110 110
a    158.7
ln( 1 / 2) ln 2
Potential in w-plane

 *(w)  158.7 ln w

2008_Complex(2)
80
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 Potential Between Noncoaxial Cylinders
y v
C1 U1  0 U1  0
Potential in w-plane U 2  110 V
r0 U 2  110 V

 *(w)  158.7 ln w
C2 x u

(a) z - plane (b) w - plane

Potential in z-plane

 2z 1  2z 1  2z 1 
( z )   *     158.7 ln  w  
 z2  z2
 z2 

2008_Complex(2)
81
/94
 Fluid Flow
Laplace’s equation also plays a basic role in hydrodynamics, in steady nonviscous fluid flow
under physical conditions discussed later in this section. In order that methods of complex
analysis can be applied, our problems will be two-dimensional, so that the velocity vector V
by which the motion of the fluid can be given depends only on two space variables x and y
and the motion is the same in all planes parallel to the xy-plane.

Then we can use for the velocity vector V a complex function

y
(1) V  V1  iV2
V2 V
giving the magnitude |V| and direction Arg V
of the velocity at each point z = x + iy. Here
V1
V1 and V2 are the components of the velocity
Streamline in the x and y direction. V is tangential to the
path of the moving particles, called a
Velocity x streamline of the motion

2008_Complex(2)
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 (1) V  V1  iV2
Fluid Flow
We show that under suitable assumptions (explained in detail following the examples), for a
given flow there exists an analytic function

(2) F ( z )   ( x, y )  i ( x, y ),
called the complex potential of the flow, such that the streamlines are given by (x, y) =
const, and the velocity vector or, briefly, the velocity is given by

(3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
where the bar denotes the complex conjugate.  is called the stream function. The
function  is called the velocity potential. The curves (x, y) = const are called
equipotential lines. The velocity vector V is the gradient of ; by definition, this means
that
 
(4) V1  , V2 
x y

2008_Complex(2)
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 (2) F ( z )   ( x , y )  i ( x , y ) Cauchy - Riemann equation
Fluid Flow (3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
(1) u x  v y , u y  vx

  Sec. 13.4 (4) f ( z )  u x  iv x

(4) V1  , V2 
x y Sec. 13.4 (5) f ( z )  iu y  v y

Indeed, for F =  + i, Eq. (4) in Sec. 13.4 is F    x  ix with x   y

by the second Cauchy-Riemann equation. Together we obtain (3):

2008_Complex(2)
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 (2) F ( z )   ( x , y )  i ( x , y ) Cauchy - Riemann equation
Fluid Flow (3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
(1) u x  v y , u y  vx

  Sec. 13.4 (4) f ( z )  u x  iv x

(4) V1  , V2 
x y Sec. 13.4 (5) f ( z )  iu y  v y

Indeed, for F =  + i, Eq. (4) in Sec. 13.4 is F    x  ix with x   y

by the second Cauchy-Riemann equation. Together we obtain (3):

F ( z )   x  ix   x  i y  V1  iV2  V .

2008_Complex(2)
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 (2) F ( z )   ( x , y )  i ( x , y ) Cauchy - Riemann equation
Fluid Flow (3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
(1) u x  v y , u y  vx

  Sec. 13.4 (4) f ( z )  u x  iv x

(4) V1  , V2 
x y Sec. 13.4 (5) f ( z )  iu y  v y

Indeed, for F =  + i, Eq. (4) in Sec. 13.4 is F    x  ix with x   y

by the second Cauchy-Riemann equation. Together we obtain (3):

F ( z )   x  ix   x  i y  V1  iV2  V .
Furthermore, since F(z) is analytic, and satisfy Laplace’s equation

2008_Complex(2)
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 (2) F ( z )   ( x , y )  i ( x , y ) Cauchy - Riemann equation
Fluid Flow (3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
(1) u x  v y , u y  vx

  Sec. 13.4 (4) f ( z )  u x  iv x

(4) V1  , V2 
x y Sec. 13.4 (5) f ( z )  iu y  v y

Indeed, for F =  + i, Eq. (4) in Sec. 13.4 is F    x  ix with x   y

by the second Cauchy-Riemann equation. Together we obtain (3):

F ( z )   x  ix   x  i y  V1  iV2  V .
Furthermore, since F(z) is analytic, and satisfy Laplace’s equation

 2
  2
  2
  2

(5)    2  2  0,    2  2  0
2 2

x y x y

2008_Complex(2)
87
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 (3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
Flow Around a Conner  
(4) V1  , V2 
x y

The complex potential F(z) = z2 = x2 – y2 + 2ixy models a flow with

y
S

x
0
Flow around a corner (Example 1)
2008_Complex(2)
88
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 (3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
Flow Around a Conner  
(4) V1  , V2 
x y

The complex potential F(z) = z2 = x2 – y2 + 2ixy models a flow with

Equipotential lines   x 2  y 2  const

Streamlines   2 xy  const

y
S

x
0
Flow around a corner (Example 1)
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 (3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
Flow Around a Conner  
(4) V1  , V2 
x y

The complex potential F(z) = z2 = x2 – y2 + 2ixy models a flow with

Equipotential lines   x 2  y 2  const

Streamlines   2 xy  const

From (3) we obtain the velocity vector

y
S

x
0
Flow around a corner (Example 1)
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 (3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
Flow Around a Conner  
(4) V1  , V2 
x y

The complex potential F(z) = z2 = x2 – y2 + 2ixy models a flow with

Equipotential lines   x 2  y 2  const

Streamlines   2 xy  const

From (3) we obtain the velocity vector

y
S V  2z  2( x  iy ), that is, V1  2x, V2  2 y.

x
0
Flow around a corner (Example 1)
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 (3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
Flow Around a Conner  
(4) V1  , V2 
x y

The complex potential F(z) = z2 = x2 – y2 + 2ixy models a flow with

Equipotential lines   x 2  y 2  const

Streamlines   2 xy  const

From (3) we obtain the velocity vector

y
S V  2z  2( x  iy ), that is, V1  2x, V2  2 y.
The speed (magnitude of the velocity) is

x
0
Flow around a corner (Example 1)
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 (3) V  V1  iV2  F ( z )
Flow Around a Conner  
(4) V1  , V2 
x y

The complex potential F(z) = z2 = x2 – y2 + 2ixy models a flow with

Equipotential lines   x 2  y 2  const

Streamlines   2 xy  const

From (3) we obtain the velocity vector

y
S V  2z  2( x  iy ), that is, V1  2x, V2  2 y.
The speed (magnitude of the velocity) is

V  V1  V2  2 x 2  y 2 .
2 2
P

x
0
Flow around a corner (Example 1)
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 Flow Around a Conner

F ( z )  z 2  x 2  y 2  2ixy y
S
  x 2  y 2  const
  2 xy  const
V1  2 x, V2  2 y P
V  2 x2  y 2 x
0
Flow around a corner

The flow may be interpreted as the flow in a channel bounded by the

positive coordinates axes and a hyperbola, say, xy = 1

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