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INTERNATIONAL AS
PHYSICS
Unit 2 Electricity, waves and particles

Monday 10 January 2022 07:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you must have:
• a Data and Formulae Booklet as a loose insert Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements 1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate
2
• a protractor.
3
Instructions 4
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 5
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
6
• Answer all questions.
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 7
outside the box around each page or on blank pages. 8
• All working must be shown.
9
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 10
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 11
to be marked. 12

Information 13–26

• The marks for questions are shown in brackets. TOTAL

• The maximum mark for this paper is 80.

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Section A box

Answer all questions in this section.

0 1 Lightning strikes can happen when there is a large potential difference between a
cloud and the ground.

The energy transferred during one lightning strike is 1.6 × 109 J.

A charge of 23.7 C moves between the cloud and the ground in a time t.
The magnitude of the current is 3.09 × 104 A.

Assume that the potential difference between the cloud and the ground is constant.

0 1 . 1 Calculate t.
[1 mark]

t= s

0 1 . 2 Calculate the potential difference between the cloud and the ground.
[1 mark]

potential difference = V

0 1 . 3 A power station has an electrical output of 1300 MW.

Calculate the time taken for the power station to transfer 1.6 × 109 J.
[1 mark]

time taken = s 3

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0 2 A diffraction grating of width 42 mm has 12 000 lines. box

Monochromatic light is incident normally on the grating.

The angle between the two second-order diffraction maxima is 41.4°.

Calculate the wavelength of the incident light.

[4 marks]

wavelength = m 4

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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0 3 Light from the filament lamps in a car’s headlights is incident on a white wall. The two box

beams overlap on the white wall as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Explain why no interference pattern is observable to the naked eye in the area of
overlap.
[3 marks]

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0 4 State and explain one piece of evidence that shows that energy levels in atoms box

are discrete.
[3 marks]

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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0 5 . 1 Show that an X-ray of frequency 7.60 × 1017 Hz has a wavelength of approximately box

4.0 × 10−10 m.
[1 mark]

0 5 . 2 Show that an electron travelling at a speed of 4.10 × 106 m s−1 has a

de Broglie wavelength of approximately 1.8 × 10−10 m.
[1 mark]

0 5 . 3 A student is investigating the atomic spacing in graphite. The atomic spacing is

approximately 0.15 nm.

The two possible methods are:

• using the diffraction of the X-rays in Question 05.1

• using the diffraction of the electrons in Question 05.2.

State and explain which is the better method.

[2 marks]

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0 6 . 1 An electric current is passed through a fluorescent tube. box

Electrons and ions collide with mercury gas in the fluorescent tube, raising the
mercury atoms to higher energy levels.

Describe how a fluorescent tube produces visible light.

[3 marks]

0 6 . 2 The resistance of the tube decreases when the potential difference across it is
increased.

Suggest how this happens.

[2 marks]

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0 7 A wave travels along a stretched string and is reflected from a fixed end. The incident box

wave and the reflected wave interact to produce a stationary wave on the string.

Figure 2 shows part of the string, with the incident wave and the reflected wave at
time t = 0
P is a point on the string.

The incident wave is shown as and the reflected wave is shown as

Figure 2

The periodic time for one oscillation of the waves is T.

The amplitude of both the incident wave and the reflected wave is A.

0 7 . 1 State the displacement of the stationary wave at P at time t = 0

[1 mark]

displacement =

T
Figure 3 shows the incident wave at time t = .
4

Figure 3

0 7 . 2 T
Draw on Figure 4 the reflected wave at time t = .
4
[1 mark]

Figure 4

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0 7 . 3 T box
Describe and explain the appearance of the stationary wave at time t = .
4
[4 marks]

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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0 8 Figure 5 shows the variation of resistance RT with temperature for a thermistor. box

Figure 6 shows the variation of resistance RL with light level for an LDR. Figure 6 is
plotted on logarithmic–linear axes.

Figure 5

Figure 6

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Figure 7 shows a circuit containing the LDR, the thermistor and a 6.0 V battery that box

has negligible internal resistance.

Figure 7

0 8 . 1 The circuit is placed in shadow where the light level is X as shown in Figure 6.
The temperature of the thermistor is 15 °C.

Determine the current in the circuit.

[4 marks]

current = A

0 8 . 2 The circuit is now placed in full sunlight where the light level is Y as shown
in Figure 6.
The temperature changes so that the resistance of the thermistor is 5.5 kΩ.

Determine the potential difference across the thermistor.

[3 marks]

potential difference = V 7

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0 9 Figure 8 shows a simple pendulum suspended from a ceiling that is too high to reach. box

The height of the ceiling is H.

The centre of mass of the pendulum bob is a distance h from the floor when the
pendulum is in the rest position.

Figure 8

A student uses the pendulum to determine H.

The relationship between h and the period T of the pendulum is:

H −h
T = 2π
g

The student wants to use a graphical method to determine both H and g.

0 9 . 1 Describe the procedure that the student should use to collect data that produce
accurate determinations of H and g.
[3 marks]

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0 9 . 2 Describe how the data can be analysed using a straight-line graph to determine box

H and g.
[3 marks]

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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1 0 Earthquakes produce seismic waves that travel through the ground and make it box

vibrate.
Figure 9 shows a seismograph S1 that is used to record these vibrations.
A heavy mass M is attached to a rigid case by a frictionless hinge.
M is supported by a spring that has a low stiffness.
The case is bolted to the ground.

Figure 9

During an earthquake the ground surface moves up and down but the centre of mass
of M stays almost stationary.

Figure 10 shows S1 bolted to the ground before the earthquake, with M at its
equilibrium position.

Figures 11 and 12 show S1 during the earthquake.

In Figure 11 the ground has moved down but M has stayed in its initial position.

In Figure 12 the ground has moved up and M remains in its initial position.

Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12

The pen records the movement of the seismograph on graph paper attached to a
rotating drum.

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1 0 . 1 Explain why M stays almost stationary as a seismic wave passes S1. box

[1 mark]

Figure 13 shows a magnified image of a trace from S1.

At time t = 0 the pen is at position P.

Figure 13

The drum has a circumference of 500 mm and a period of rotation of 1000 s.

Each square on the graph paper is 1.0 mm wide.

1 0 . 2 Estimate the frequency of the seismic waves recorded by S1.

[3 marks]

frequency = Hz

Question 10 continues on the next page

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Figure 14 shows a magnified image of the trace from an identical seismograph S2. box

Figure 14

At time t = 0 the pen is at position P.

S2 is further from the origin of the earthquake than S1.

The distance between S1 and S2 is d.

1 0 . 3 The speed of the seismic waves is 7.0 km s−1.

Deduce d.
[3 marks]

d= m

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1 0 . 4 The time at which the trace starts is different in Figure 14 compared with Figure 13. box

Explain one other way in which Figure 14 demonstrates that S2 is further than S1 from
the origin of the earthquake.
[2 marks]

END OF SECTION A

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Section B box

Answer all questions in this section.

1 1 Two students do an experiment to determine the resistance per unit length of a metal
wire.
Student A uses a metre ruler to make a single measurement of the length of the wire.
She records a value of 625 mm.
She measures the resistance of the wire as 5.3 ± 0.3 Ω.

1 1 . 1 Show that the percentage uncertainty in the length of the wire is approximately 0.2%.
[1 mark]

1 1 . 2 Determine, in Ω m−1, the student’s value for resistance per unit length and the
absolute uncertainty in her calculated value.
[3 marks]

resistance per unit length = Ω m−1

absolute uncertainty = Ω m−1

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Student B determines values of resistance R for a range of lengths l for the wire and box

uses them to plot a graph.

Figure 15 shows the graph of R against l.

Figure 15

1 1 . 3 Determine, using the gradient of the graph, the resistance per unit length of the wire
in Ω m−1.
[2 marks]

resistance per unit length = Ω m−1

Question 11 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

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1 1 . 4 The method used by student B is better than the method used by student A. box

Suggest two reasons why.

[2 marks]

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1 2 A heating element in an electric heater consists of a coil of wire. box

The heating element transfers a power of 1.00 kW when connected directly to a

mains supply of 230 V.

1 2 . 1 Show that the resistance of the element is approximately 53 Ω.

[2 marks]

1 2 . 2 The element is made from wire that has a radius of 0.137 mm and a resistivity
of 4.9 × 10−7 Ω m.

Calculate the length of wire needed for the element.

[2 marks]

length of wire = m

Question 12 continues on the next page

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1 2 . 3 The electric heater contains two elements, each of resistance 53 Ω. box

There is also a 230 V lamp to show when the heater is working.

The power transferred by the lamp is negligible.
The resistivity of the wire does not vary with temperature.

Figure 16 shows the circuit symbols for an ac (mains) supply and an element.

Figure 16

Draw circuit diagrams to show how the components can be connected to transfer:

• the maximum possible power using both elements

• the minimum possible power using both elements.

State, for each circuit, the total power transferred by the heater.
[4 marks]

maximum

total power transferred = W

minimum

total power transferred = W 8

END OF SECTION B

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Section C box

Each of the questions in this section is followed by four responses, A, B, C and D.

For each question select the best response.

Only one answer per question is allowed.

For each question, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select
as shown.

You may do your working in the blank space around each question but this will not be marked.
Do not use additional pages for this working.

1 3 The frequency of the second harmonic of a stationary wave on a string is 240 Hz.
The string is fixed at both ends. The tension and length of the string are kept constant.

What is the frequency of the fifth harmonic of the stationary wave?

[1 mark]

A 96 Hz

B 480 Hz

C 600 Hz

D 1200 Hz

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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1 4 Each diagram shows a battery connected to an external resistor. box

Each battery has an emf of 10 V.

The resistance of each external resistor and the internal resistance of each battery are
shown.

Which circuit transfers the least power to the external resistor?

[1 mark]

A B

C D

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1 5 The diagrams show a battery connected to networks of ideal diodes and resistors. box

In which circuit will a charge flow in the battery?

[1 mark]

A B

C D

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1 6 A student uses multimeters to measure the potential difference and the current in a circuit. box

The battery has an emf of 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance.

Which multimeter ranges are most appropriate?

[1 mark]

Range for voltmeter / V Range for ammeter / A

A 0–5 0–1

B 0–5 0–5

C 0–10 0–1

D 0–10 0–5

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1 7 A body undergoes simple harmonic motion. The period of the motion is T. box

Which graph shows the variation of total energy E with time t?

[1 mark]

A B

C D

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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Questions 18 and 19 refer to two loudspeakers S1 and S2 separated by a distance box

of 6.00 m.

1 8 Point P is 3.50 m from S1 and 3.75 m from S2.

The speed of sound in air is 330 m s−1.

The loudspeakers are in phase and emit sound of frequency 660 Hz.

The phase difference between the waves arriving at P from S1 and S2 is:
[1 mark]

A zero

π
B
4

π
C
2

D π

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1 9 A path is parallel to the line joining S1 and S2 and is 40.0 m from that line. box

The sound from both loudspeakers now has a wavelength of 0.70 m.

S1 and S2 now emit waves that are π rad out of phase.

The shortest distance along the path between a position with constructive interference and
a position with destructive interference is x.

Point Q is equidistant from S1 and S2.

Which row gives x and the amplitude of the sound that is detected at Q?
[1 mark]

x/m Amplitude at Q

A 2.3 maximum

B 2.3 minimum

C 4.7 maximum

D 4.7 minimum

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2 0 Damping is applied to an oscillating body at time t = 0 box

Which graph shows the variation of displacement x of the oscillating body with t?
[1 mark]

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2 1 Monochromatic light passes through a right-angled prism. The critical angle for the glass box

from which the prism is made is 45°.

Which light path is possible?

[1 mark]

A B

C D

2 2 Which statement about dispersion in optical fibres is not correct?

[1 mark]

A Modal dispersion is caused by light entering the fibre at different angles.

B Material dispersion is minimised by using a narrow fibre.

C Both material and modal dispersions cause pulse broadening.

D Pulse broadening can be reduced by cladding the fibre.

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2 3 Crystal structures are often investigated using electron diffraction. box

A student suggests that positron diffraction could be used instead of electron diffraction.

A positron is a positively charged particle that has the same mass and magnitude of
charge as an electron.

Which statement is correct?

[1 mark]

A Electrons have a greater de Broglie wavelength than positrons that have the
same energy.

B Electrons diffract through a larger angle than positrons that have the same
momentum.

C Positrons are not diffracted by planes of atoms because of their positive

charge.

D Positrons exhibit the same wave-like properties as electrons that have the
same velocity.

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2 4 The diagram shows the spectrum for an X-ray tube. box

The minimum wavelength λmin of X-rays emitted from the X-ray tube
can be reduced by
[1 mark]

A reducing the potential difference across the tube.

B increasing the potential difference across the tube.

C reducing the beam current in the tube.

D increasing the beam current in the tube.

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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In Questions 25 and 26, a metal surface is illuminated with radiation of frequency f and box

photoelectrons are produced.

2 5 The maximum kinetic energy Ek(max) of the photoelectrons is measured for a range of
values of f.
The work function of the metal used is 8.2 × 10−19 J.

Which graph shows the variation of Ek(max) with f ?

[1 mark]

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2 6 Which single change will cause the stopping potential of the photoelectrons to increase? box

[1 mark]

A increasing the number of photons per second that are incident on the surface

B increasing the wavelength of the incident radiation

C increasing the frequency of the incident radiation

D using a metal of greater work function 14

END OF QUESTIONS

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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