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aRCHIT PHY

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aRCHIT PHY

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proplayer33072
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APEEJAY SCHOOL

KHARGHAR

PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC- CHARGING & DISCHARGING


OF CAPACITOR IN R-C CIRCUIT

SUBMITTED BY: ARCHIT KOKATE


CLASS: XII A
ROLL NO: 2
1
CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ARCHIT KOKATE OF CLASS


XII HAVING CBSE ROLL NO. HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT PRESCRIBED BY ALL INDIA SENIOR
SECONDARY CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (AISSCE)
FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, ARCHIT KOKATE, WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL


THANKS TO MY PHYSICS TEACHER MRS. SANJANA CHAUHAN
AS WELL AS OUR PRINCIPAL MRS. TEJASWINI KATDARE FOR
THEIR ABLE GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT IN COMPLETING MY
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

SECONDLY, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND


CLASSMATES FOR THEIR VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS AND
GUIDANCE HAS BEEN HELPFUL IN COMPILATION OF MY
PROJECT.

NAME: ARCHIT KOKATE


CLASS: XII A

3
INDEX

SR. TOPIC PG NO.


NO
1 INTRODUCTION 5

4 INVESTIGATORY EXPERIMENT 6
1. OBJECTIVE
2. REQUIREMENTS
3. THEORY
5 PROCEDURE 8

OBSERVATION AND GRAPHS 10

6 CALCULATION 11

7 CONCLUSON 12
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY

4
An R-C circuit is a circuit containing a resistor and capacitor in series to a power
source. Such circuits Find very important applications in various areas of science
and in basic circuits which act as building blocks of modern technological devices.
It should be really helpful if we get comfortable with the terminologies charging
and discharging of capacitors.

1. Charging of Capacitor: - A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical


component used to store energy in an electric field. In the hydraulic
analogy, charge carriers lowing through a wire are analogous to water
flowing through a pipe. A capacitor is like a rubber membrane sealed inside
a pipe. Water molecules cannot pass through the membrane, but some water
can move by stretching the membrane: The analogy clarifies a few aspects
of capacitors:
• The low of current alters the charge on a capacitor, justas the low
of water changes the position of the membrane. More specifically,
the effect of an electric current is to increase the charge of one
plate of the capacitor, and decrease the charge of the other plate by
an equal amount. This is just like how, when water low moves the
rubber membrane, it increases the amount of water on one side of
the membrane, and decreases the amount of water on the other
side.
• The more a capacitor is charged, the larger its voltage drop; 1.e.,
the more it "pushes back" against the charging current. This is
analogous to the fact that the more a membrane is stretched, the
more it pushes back on the water.
• Current can low "through" a capacitor even though no individual
electron can get from one side to the other. This is analogous to the
fact that water can low through the pipe even though no water
molecule can pass through the rubber membrane. Of course, the
low cannot continue the same direction forever; the capacitor will
experience dielectric breakdown, and analogously the membrane
will eventually break.
• The capacitance describes how much charge can be stored on one
plate of a capacitor for a given "push" (voltage drop). A very
stretchy, flexible membrane corresponds to a higher capacitance
than a stiff membrane.
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• A charged-up capacitor is storing potential energy, analogously to
a stretched membrane.
2. Discharging of Capacitor: - Using hydraulic analogy only we can
understand that when the capacitor is charged the membrane 1s stretched,
but now if you allow the water to come out slowly and let the membrane
relax, then it is called discharging of capacitor. In other words, when the
charge on each of the plates becomes zero.and the potential difference
across its terminals drops to zero.

INVESTIGATORY EXPERIMENT
AIM:- To verify that 63% charge is stored in a capacitor in a R-C circuit at its
time constant and 63% charge remains when capacitor is discharged and hence plot
a graph between voltage and time

MATERIALS REQUIRED:- 1. Breadboard 2. 100µF capacitor 3. 1 MΩ


resistor 4. Multi-meter 5. 9V battery 6. Wire stripper, connecting wires, battery
connector 7. Stopwatch

THEORY:- When a capacitor of capacitance C is connected in series with a


resistor of resistance R and then connected to a battery of EMF E it gets charged but
since some resistance has been introduced, this charging process takes some time
and hence the potential difference between the plates of the capacitor varies as an
exponential function of time, i.e. The circuit diagram for this experiment is
given below: -

6
Applying KIRCHHOFF’S LAW in the above circuit during charging i.e. Capacitor
is connected to battery

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Therefore the required expression is:-

[Note: This is the charging equation only, for discharging equation proceed the
same way but only remove E from Kirchhoff law equation]
Thus, equation for discharging

i.e. the voltage on capacitor at time ‘T = RC’ becomes 63% of the max voltage,
which means 63% of total charge has been stored in the capacitor.
This product of R and C has been given a new name, i.e. time constant and is
denoted by τ, which mean for any capacitor in RC circuit 63% of total charge is at
time constant.
In my experiment I have used a 100µF capacitor and 1 MΩ resistor thus,
Time constant(τ) = 100 x 10-6 x 106 = 100 sec

PROCEDURE:-

➢ Connect all the components in breadboard

➢ Now take multimeter leads and place them in the two terminals

➢ Now take the Battery and its terminal across the terminal of the
capacitor and start the stopwatch. Note the readings at 20sec intervals
and write them down: [NOTE: - Reading the previous statement
could be astonishing as it says that measure voltage at 20sec interval
but one could question that current move at very high speed so how
could one measure the changing readings! But believe me it wasn’t an
easy task but since the voltage depends on reciprocal of exponential
function and as time passes by the changing readings will get slowed
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down and even after infinite time the capacitor could not be charged
up to max voltage. Also, since its time constant is 100sec which is
quite practical to measure at and hence this experiment is very much
justified.

➢ Take 10 readings and if required the 20sec gap could be increased


because as the time passes by the change in voltage becomes smaller
and smaller.

➢ Now let the capacitor be charged up to 460 secs because then it will
become 99.99% charged [since we have a limited time and we can’t
wait for infinite time for it to charge completely!] . Now remove the
battery and now attach a wire in place of the battery terminals and
again note the multimeter readings changing and record them.

➢ Plot a graph between voltage and time for charging as well as


discharging

9
OBSERVATION
S Multi-meter reading while Multi-meter Time
No. charging (in V) reading while (in S)
discharging (in
V)
1 0 8.95 0
2 1.65 7.34 20
3 3.02 6.00 40
4 4.11 4.91 60
5 4.90 4.03 80
6 5.69 3.30 100
7 6.72 2.21 140
8 7.00 1.54 180
9 8.12 0.74 250
10 8.40 0.43 300

GRAPH
Plot of voltage vs time

Time on X-axis and Voltage on Y-axis

• For Charging

10
• For Discharging

CALCULATION
At τ =100s, during charging of capacitor the voltage on capacitor is 5.69 volt as itis
observed in the experiment. Now using the charging formula:

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CONCLUSION
Hence it is verified experimentally that 63% charge is there on capacitor
after time constant during charging and 63% charge is lost at time constant
during discharging.

PRECAUTIONS

• Do all the connection carefully


• Do all the connection neat and tight
• Do not connect Led without resistance
• Keep yourself safe from high voltage
• Before doing any experiment please consult to your subject teacher or
lab assistance

BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.Wikipedia.com
• Physics NCERT book for class XII
• Google search engine
• www.youtube.com

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