DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RESULT PROCESSING AND TRANSCRIPT

GENERATING SYSTEM ( A CASE STUDY OF DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

SCIENCE)

BY

HASSANA SAGIR N21CS006

MUHAMMAD SAHALU N21CS
SAIFULLAHI SADISU N21CS

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER STUDIES

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, HASSAN USMAN KATSINA
POLYTECHNIC, KATSINA

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE

APRIL, 2024

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 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty Allah (SWT) for the life, health, guardians, protection and

support he gave to us throughout our academic career; it is also dedicated to our beloved parents,

brothers, sisters and all our family members for their constant encouragement.

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 APPROVAL PAGE

This research has been certified and approved for meeting the requirement for the award

of National Diploma (ND) in Computer Science from the Department of Computer Science,

College of Science and Technology Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic.

Name of Supervisor: Malam Aliyu Saminu

Signature……………………………………………………….…

Date: ………………………………………………

Name of project Coordinator: Malam Aliyu Saminu

Signature.........……………………………………………..

Date: ……………………………………………..

Name of H.O.D: Dr. Aminu Dau

Signature: ………………………………………………………..

Date: ……………………………………………..

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the most beneficent, the most merciful, all praises are unto him. May the

peace and blesses of Allah be upon his noble prophet Muhammad (SAW). Allah who created

man and though man what he knows. It is by his grace that we have been able to attain this point

in our life.

We wish to express our profound gratitude to our supervisor Malam Muhammad Garzali

Kabasiyyu, whose warm disposition; constructive criticism and thoroughness were very helpful

to the success of this work.

We will not fail to recognize our dear friends and course mates whose role are also worthy to

note for their assistance in our moments of needs, who for one way or the other assisted or had

the intention to assist. May Allah bless you all abundantly ameen.

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 Table of Contents
DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................................ii
APPROVAL PAGE.........................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents.........................................................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................7
INTRODYCTION............................................................................................................................................7
1.0 Background to the Study...................................................................................................................7
1.1 Statement of the Problem.................................................................................................................2
1.2 Research Questions...........................................................................................................................2
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study......................................................................................................2
1.4 Justification of the Study...................................................................................................................2
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study...................................................................................................3
1.6 Definition of Terms............................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Application Software.........................................................................................................................5
2.2.1 Computerized Software System......................................................................................................6
2.3 Information........................................................................................................................................7
2.3.1 Management..................................................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Management Information System..................................................................................................8
2.3.3 Result Processing............................................................................................................................8
2.3.4 Transcript........................................................................................................................................8
2.3.4.1 Problems Facing Transcript System.............................................................................................9
2.4 Chapter Summary............................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................13
METHEDOLOGY.........................................................................................................................................13
3.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................13
3.1 Methodology...................................................................................................................................13

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 3.1.1.1 Waterfall Model.........................................................................................................................13
3.1.1.2 V-Shaped Model........................................................................................................................14
3.1.1.3 Iterative Model..........................................................................................................................14
3.1.1.4 Spiral Model...............................................................................................................................14
3.1.1.5. Big Bang Model.........................................................................................................................14
3.1.1.6. Agile Model...............................................................................................................................15
3.1.2 Adopted Methodology..................................................................................................................15
3.2.2 Justification for the Method Chosen.............................................................................................17
3.3 Method of Data Collection...............................................................................................................17
3.3.1 Primary method of Data Collection..............................................................................................17
3.3.2 Secondary method of Data Collection..........................................................................................18
3.4 Chapter Summary............................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................19
RESULT AND DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................................19
4.1 Restatement of the Problem...........................................................................................................19
4.2 Description of Procedures Used......................................................................................................19
4.3 Major Findings.................................................................................................................................19
4.4 Output and Input of the New System..............................................................................................20
4.4.1 Output of the New System:..........................................................................................................20
4.4.2 Input of the New System..............................................................................................................20
4.5 Database Design..............................................................................................................................20
4.6 System Interface..............................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................23
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...................................................................................................23
5.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................23
5.2 Recommendation............................................................................................................................23
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................24

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 ABSTRACT
In educational institutions, the result processing and transcript generation system plays a crucial
role in efficiently managing and disseminating academic information. With the growing
complexity of educational processes and the increasing volume of data, there is a need for a
streamlined and automated system to handle result processing and transcript generation. The
existing manual methods of result processing and transcript generation are prone to errors and
inconsistencies. Issues such as data entry errors, delays in result publication, and inaccuracies
in transcripts can adversely impact the academic workflow. The study aimed to design and
implement a result processing and transcript generation system that addresses the limitations of
the current manual processes. In conclusion, haven carried out a detailed and comprehensive
research on schools as institution there by laying down the problems that students in the
department faces as regards to information management and dissemination which in essence is
one of the paramount needs of schools, a system was design which encompasses and counteract
many of this problems that was observed on the old system, hence all departments is now been
advice to make use of this valuable tool to improve to a great extent, the information requirement
of this information which in essence will improve efficiency. The study recommended that
academic work to be used by staff and management of Department of Computer Science, Hassan
Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina and indeed any other school with similar structure.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODYCTION

1.0 Background to the Study

In educational institutions, the result processing and transcript generation system plays a crucial
role in efficiently managing and disseminating academic information. With the growing
complexity of educational processes and the increasing volume of data, there is a need for a
streamlined and automated system to handle result processing and transcript generation.
Traditional methods often lead to errors, delays, and inefficiencies. Therefore, the development
and implementation of a robust system can significantly enhance the overall effectiveness of
academic administration (Charles, 2017).
According to Adigwe P.K and Okoye P.V.C (2018) data processing is defined as the entire
process of converging or manipulating data into definite and meaningful data information. The
information obtained at the end of the process is the result. Therefore result processing can be
seen as a continuous process of converting data (which can be scores, grade points, credit units
etc) into definite and meaningful information which can be either be statement of result or
transcripts. The end point of data processing activity by the administrative unit is the product of
basic documents and information (statement of result or transcript) from basic data which can be
(which can be scores, grade points, credit units etc) for managements’ use. In Federal
Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri the result produced informs the management about the performance
of each student in their various courses. These results contained are used to check the students’
level of understanding in the entire subject taught. In the course of research an intensive
investigation was carried out on how all the departments in the School of Engineering of
Technology (SET) performs its result computation, processing and transcript. From my findings
it appears that current method adopted needs improvement. Introduction of computer into the
system will do much required magic in result processing. Structured system analysis and design
methodology will be applied in other to arrive to the development of the new system thereby
introducing the use of Visual Basic dot net for the software development

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1.1 Statement of the Problem
The existing manual methods of result processing and transcript generation are prone to errors
and inconsistencies. Issues such as data entry errors, delays in result publication, and
inaccuracies in transcripts can adversely impact the academic workflow. Additionally, as
educational institutions expand, the manual system becomes increasingly cumbersome and
resource-intensive. The need for a more efficient and accurate system is evident to address these
challenges and improve the overall academic management process.
1.2 Research Questions
1. What are the current challenges and shortcomings of the manual result processing and
transcript generation system?
2. How can technology be effectively utilized to automate and improve the efficiency of
result processing and transcript generation?
3. What features and functionalities should be integrated into the system to meet the diverse
needs of educational institutions?
4. What are the potential benefits and drawbacks of implementing an automated system for
result processing and transcript generation?
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The primary aim of this study is to design and implement a result processing and transcript
generation system that addresses the limitations of the current manual processes. The specific
objectives include:
1. To analyze the existing manual system and identify its weaknesses.
2. To design a user-friendly and efficient result processing and transcript generation system.
3. To implement the system using appropriate technologies and programming languages.
4. To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the implemented system through testing
and user feedback.
5. To provide recommendations for the integration and adoption of the system in
educational institutions.
1.4 Justification of the Study
The study is justified by the pressing need for an automated and error-free system to handle
result processing and transcript generation in educational institutions. The implementation of
such a system is expected to reduce administrative burdens, minimize errors, and expedite the

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dissemination of academic information. The study's outcomes are anticipated to contribute to the
improvement of academic management practices, leading to enhanced overall efficiency and
effectiveness in educational institutions.
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The scope of this study encompasses the design and implementation of a result processing and
transcript generation system for educational institutions. The focus will be on addressing
common challenges such as data entry errors, result publication delays, and inaccuracies in
transcripts. However, the study may have limitations in terms of the specific technologies used,
as well as the adaptability of the system to diverse educational settings. Additionally, external
factors such as budget constraints and institutional policies may influence the implementation
process.
1.6 Definition of Terms
Result: Academic results typically refer to the outcomes of assessments, examinations, or
coursework in an educational setting. This could include grades, scores, or comments reflecting a
student's performance and understanding of a subject.
Transcript: An academic transcript is an official document provided by an educational
institution that outlines a student's academic record. It typically includes information such as
courses taken, grades received, GPA (Grade Point Average), and any honors or awards achieved.
Grading: Academic grading is the systematic evaluation and assessment of a student's
performance in a course or an academic program. It involves assigning scores or grades to
various assignments, examinations, and overall coursework to reflect the student's level of
understanding and proficiency in the subject.
Result Processing System: An automated system designed to handle the computation, storage,
and retrieval of academic results for students.
Transcript Generation System: A system that automates the creation of official academic
transcripts, summarizing a student's academic performance.
Automation Features: Technological functionalities integrated into the system to perform tasks
without manual intervention.
User Interface (UI): The visual elements and navigational design that facilitate user interaction
with the system.

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Data Security: Measures implemented to protect academic records from unauthorized access,
alteration, or loss.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
The evolution of educational institutions’ administrative processes, particularly in result
processing and transcript management, has been significant over the past few decades. The shift
from manual to digital systems has not only streamlined these processes but also enhanced the
accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility of academic records. This literature review delves into the
current state of research on result processing and transcript management systems, highlighting
key some of the related work, findings, methodologies, and technologies employed.
2.2 Application Software
Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related
data that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it (Simon d,
2021).
Methods and systems are described for automatically deactivating application features in
a web-based application environment. A server establishes a communication session with remote
devices in which a web-based application provided by the server is accessed, the web-based
application including an activated application feature that is available to users of the application.
The server captures
i. Computer resource usage data associated with execution of the activated feature by the
remote devices.
ii. Computer transaction volume data associated with execution of the activated feature by
the remote devices, and.
iii. User feedback data associated with use of the activated feature by the users. The server
analyzes the computer resource usage data, the computer transaction volume data, and the
user feedback data to determine whether to deactivate the activated application feature.
The server deactivates the activated application feature for the users based upon the
analysis of the computer resource usage data, the computer transaction volume data, and
the user feedback data (Nayan, P et al. 2019).

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 Application software (also known as an application or an app) is computer software
designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software,
accounting software, office suites, graphic software and media players. Many application
programs deal principally with documents. Apps may be bundled with the computer and its
system software, or may be published separately. Application software is contrasted with system
software and middleware, which manage and integrate a computer’s capabilities, but typically do
not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. The system software
serves the application, which in turn serves the user. (Royce, 2021)
2.2.1 Computerized Software System
A software system is a system on intercommunicating components based on software forming
part of a computer system (a combination of hardware and software). It consists of a number of
separate programs, configuration files, which are used to set up these programs, system
documentation, which describes the structure of the system, and user documentation, which
explains how to use the system (Takang, 2018). Computerized software is viewed as software
that is mainly used by a computer to execute and manipulates computer instructions. In another
view, software written specifically to solve one well defined and highly specific problem e.g.,
control of an industrial application or process such as the production line of an automobile plant,
a nuclear reactor or a fly-by-wire aircraft.
Computerized software is programming code executed on a computer processor. The code can be
machine-level code, or code written for an operating system. An operating system is software
intended to provide a predictable and dependable layer for other programmers to build other
software on, which are known as applications (Leung C, 2019). It also provides a dependable
layer for hardware manufacturers. This standardization creates an efficient environment for
programmers to create smaller programs, which can be run by millions of computers. Software
can also be thought of as an expression that contrasts with hardware. The physical components of
a computer are the hardware; the digital programs running on the hardware are the software.
Software can also be updated or replaced much easier than hardware. Additionally, software can
be distributed to a number of hardware receivers. Basically, software is the computer logic
computer users interact with (Douglas, 2019).

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2.3 Information
Information is data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the
recipient. For example, a student’s grade point average is information. The recipient interprets
the meaning and draws conclusions and implications from the data. Data items typically are
processed into information by means of an application. Such processing represents a more
specific use and a higher value-added than simple retrieval and summarization from a database.
The application might be a Web-based inventory management system, a university online
registration system, or an Internet-based buying and selling system. Creating Information
Processing data is necessary to place them into a meaningful context so that they can be easily
understood by the recipient. Figure 1 illustrates the conversion of data into information. A
number of different data processes can be used to transform data into information. Data
processes are sometimes also known as “transformation processes”. The next section describes a
range of common data processes.

2.3.1 Management
Management is usually defined as planning, organizing, directing, staffing and controlling the
organization's operations. This definition, defines what a manager does, but it is probably more
appropriate to define what management is rather than what management does. Management is
the process of allocating an organization's inputs, including human and resources, by planning,

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organizing, directing, and controlling for the purpose of producing goods or services desired by
customers so that organizational objectives are accomplished. If management has knowledge of
the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of the business, its decisions can be made on
the basis of facts, and decisions are more accurate and timely as a result.
2.3.2 Management Information System
A Management Information System (MIS) is a computerized system that provides managers with
the tools needed to organize, evaluate, and efficiently manage information within an
organization. MIS helps in decision-making processes by providing timely and relevant
information to managers at all levels. It collects data from various sources, processes it into
meaningful information, and presents it in a format that is easy to understand.
MIS typically includes software systems, hardware infrastructure, data resources, procedures,
and people involved in managing information within an organization. It aids in strategic
planning, operational control, decision-making, and performance monitoring by providing
accurate and up-to-date information to managers (Laudon, 2016).
2.3.3 Result Processing
Result processing refers to the systematic procedure of compiling, analyzing, and presenting
outcomes or results obtained from various processes or activities. In an educational context,
result processing involves evaluating students’ performance in exams or assessments and
generating reports based on their scores or grades.
Result processing may include tasks such as data entry, verification of results, calculation of
grades or scores, generation of reports or transcripts, and dissemination of results to stakeholders.
It is essential for maintaining accuracy, transparency, and efficiency in handling results to ensure
fairness and accountability in evaluation processes Ogu, (2022).
2.3.4 Transcript
A transcript is an official record or document that provides a detailed account of a person’s
academic achievements, including courses taken, grades received, credits earned, and degrees
conferred. Transcripts are commonly used by educational institutions for admissions purposes,
transfer credits evaluation, employment verification, professional licensing, or further education
opportunities.
Transcripts typically include information such as the student’s name, identification number,
courses completed with corresponding grades or marks, cumulative grade point average (GPA),

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degree awarded (if applicable), dates of enrollment, and any honors or distinctions received
during the academic tenure (Robbins. 2018).
2.3.4.1 Problems Facing Transcript System
The increase in the number of students in schools has posed great challenges for
administration. These challenges include, delay in computation and issuance of results,
certificates, transcripts and absence of real time services/information dissemination etc.
Commenting on the challenges facing Nigerian schools, education needs reformation for it to
meet the societal needs. Nigerian schools must seek to remove the constraints that prevent them
from responding to the needs of rapidly changing society Ogu, (2022). This can only be achieved
by introducing democratic schools’ structures and management style. Writing on transcript
request from Nigerian schools, if you have ever attempted to secure academic transcripts from
any Nigerian schools, or from other institutions of higher learning, you will know how difficult
and frustrating it can be. And in fact, such difficult experiences are not limited to schools.
Procuring medical records or government documents can also be an uphill task. Although
securing documents and transcripts may be easier if you live in Nigeria, attempting to do so from
abroad can be annoying, traumatic and time consuming. I am inclined to believe that it is easier
to rob a bank than to secure transcripts and other official documents Abidde (2018).
There are administrative problems in the issuance of transcripts in our tertiary institutions
of high learning. According to them, one of the top challenges for institutions and students of
higher learning in Nigeria today is the issuance and collection of transcripts. Students sometimes
apply for transcripts from their respective institutions and it takes several months before such
transcripts could be issued to the applicants. These scenarios do cost the applicant a number of
failures. Admission process is not complete without including the transcripts with the admission
forms especially for students going for higher degrees in other institutions. So, in some cases
students lose admission due to late arrival of transcripts Adekiigbe et al (2019).
Presently, there are great potentials of It’s as tools for enhancing people’s daily lives. It can
act as a facilitator for government development programmes such as cassava and rice initiative
programmes that have been introduced to combat the food problems that are currently facing the
citizens of Nigeria Akinyede et al (2019).

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 It is the belief of the researchers that information technology could be used to change
universities administrative system in terms of result, transcript processing and issuance for the
better.
2.4 Related Works
The advancement of technology has led to the usage of software’s, which aims at
providing solution to some challenges faced in educational sectors. The following works are
purely academics that were carried out, each, by or for a particular academic institution.
Ukem and Ofoegbu (2012) developed a computer software application to facilitate the automated
processing of undergraduate results to eliminate tedious and error prone processes. The software
was developed in Java programming language and PHP while employing MYSQL Relational
Database Management System. The developed software works based on the five point system of
the National Universities Commission (NUC) with user access limited to three roles: Super
Administrator, Staff Administrator and Staff. The software computed Grade Point Average and
Cumulative Grade Point Average for each student based on examination scores entered. The
software is secured by only passwords; not web-based thus access is restricted; requires manual
entry of scores and does not generate reports. The software focused on results processing at the
departmental level only.
In Oyeyinka and Oladipo (2015), the result processing software was re-engineered into a multi-
modal system (data access layer, program logic layer and the user interface) comprising of five
major modules designed for specific user groups with assign privileges. The system operates in
online and offline mode and has ability for forward and backward integration with the student
course registration portal. User feedback was accepted to ensure all requirements were met.
However, the software relies on manual collation of student’s scores for every course taken
before computation.
Akinmosin (2014) developed a single platform to manage the processing of all
examination records within Nasarawa State University, Nigeria. The system has two levels of
design models: physical and logical. The physical model refers to the interfaces between users,
the result system and user devices; while the logical model consists of the database. The data
used for testing was obtained from the Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University. The
performance evaluation showed that the system is still under development and requires
customization to the grading system of the University.

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 In Cadar, (2003) a design of a system that replaces paper transcripts with computerized
records that are secure, safe, convenient and practically impossible to falsify was presented. The
design is based on Authenticated Grade Records (AGRs), which are used to record a grade for a
particular subject/course, record the number of classes taken in a particular term and certify that
a degree was received. These records are computerized and are digitally signed with private
keys, using the RSA algorithm to ensure authenticity. Universities then carry out the verification
process using the public keys received either from the sending University or Educational
institution. This work is applicable to the output of the result processing and transcript system
where a framework of interconnected institutions exist such as that provided by NUC.
Oluwasegun, (2015) provided a biometric-based solution for the security issues affecting
result processing in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The fingerprint authentication system was
developed using VisualBasic.net. Staff fingerprints were enrolled into the system to form a
biometric template which the system validates against at every login attempt on the result
processing software. The result processing software also ensures that all write transactions to the
database are confirmed and identified by forcing another biometric authentication at the point of
making a write request to the web server and associated database. This ensures that the exact
person initiating the transaction was the same user who logged in to the application. The users
identified at login and various confirmation milestones set for write transactions are logged into a
table for future reference and audit trail. The security of data into the system is considered by this
solution.
Iwuagwu (2013) documented issues students face when requesting for transcripts as
evidence of academic performance. Some of the identified issues include misplaced records,
dependence on paper records and limited storage for physical files. A computerized information
system was proposed and demonstrated. The proposed system is not based on any requirements
hence the functionalities are limited.
Ajayi, Lawal and Isheyemi (2015) provided a mobile application for users to request for
transcripts from an educational institution. The mobile application was developed to target the
android mobile platform with Java Android Programming (Native App) as the language of
development. The Hybrid Mobile App with HTML5 and JavaScript was compiled with
Phonegap. ObjectOriented PHP served as the frontend with MySQL database as the backend.

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This mobile app prevented hacking of transferred data by employing md5 checksum for data
encryption.
Ogwuche and Oyerinde (2015) investigated the implementation of information retrieval
and indexing in an academic transcript system. The work sought to reduce the time consumed in
comparing and finding student records saved in different tables. An algorithm that would
optimize data and preserve them in an eco-friendly manner, improving the indexing and retrieval
process of the system was implemented and evaluated.
Pandya (2010) designed and implemented a transcript tracking system for transcripts
submitted at California State University, United States of America. The system accommodates
multiple points of entry and allows staff to efficiently track the acceptance and routing of a
transcript. The system interacts with the existing student portal and provides real time status of
the processing of the transcript turned in and additional reports needed for audit processes.
From the related works reviewed, it will be seen that academic institutions have challenges
handling result processing and transcript systems. The solutions proposed, designed and
implemented have ranged from academic perspectives to mobile users and security. In this work
the aim is to implement a secured result processing and transcript system.
2.4 Chapter Summary
This chapter has presented the overview of the broad context and software application within
which this study is based, and also narrows down to the more specific context of the study. The
chapter has also provided and overview of the computerized software system. The chapter also
presented a review of the related literatures or past related works as well as their shortcomings
upon which this project is trying to improve.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHEDOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter will present the overview of the techniques chosen for this work, the
instruments and tools used for collecting data, the justification of all the choices made, how the
data is analyzed as well as how the conclusion is drawn based on the available data.

3.1 Methodology
A methodology is a system of methods and principles for doing something, for example
for teaching or for carrying out research (Collins, 2014). The methodology is the general
research strategy that outlines the way in which research is to be undertaken and, among other
things, identifies the methods to be used in it. These methods, described in the methodology,
define the means or modes of data collection or, sometimes, how a specific result is to be
calculated. Methodology does not define specific methods, even though much attention is given
to the nature and kinds of processes to be followed in a particular procedure or to attain an
objective (Baskerville R, 2019).

3.1.1 SDLC MODELS

3.1.1.1 Waterfall Model

Waterfall is the oldest and most straightforward of the structured SDLC methodologies finish
one phase, then move on to the next. No going back. Each stage relies on information from the
previous stage and has its own project plan. Waterfall is easy to understand and simple to
manage.

But early delays can throw off the entire project timeline. And since there is little room for
revisions once a stage is completed, problems can’t be fixed until you get to the maintenance
stage. This model doesn’t work well if flexibility is needed or if the project is long term and
ongoing.

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3.1.1.2 V-Shaped Model
Also known as the Verification and Validation model, the V-shaped model grew out of Waterfall
and is characterized by a corresponding testing phase for each development stage. Like
Waterfall, each stage begins only after the previous one has ended. This model is useful when
there are no unknown requirements, as it’s still difficult to go back and make changes.

3.1.1.3 Iterative Model

The Iterative model is repetition incarnate. Instead of starting with fully known requirements,
you implement a set of software requirements, then test, evaluate and pinpoint further
requirements. A new version of the software is produced with each phase, or iteration. Rinse and
repeat until the complete system are ready.

One advantage over other SDLC methodologies: This model gives you a working version early
in the process and makes it less expensive to implement changes. One disadvantage: Resources
can quickly be eaten up by repeating the process again and again.

3.1.1.4 Spiral Model

One of the most flexible SDLC methodologies, the Spiral model takes a cue from the Iterative
model and its repetition; the project passes through four phases over and over in a “spiral” until
completed, allowing for multiple rounds of refinement.

This model allows for the building of a highly customised product, and user feedback can be
incorporated from early on in the project. But the risk you run is creating a never-ending spiral
for a project that goes on and on.

3.1.1.5. Big Bang Model

A bit of an anomaly among SDLC methodologies, the Big Bang model follows no specific
process, and very little time is spent on planning. The majority of resources are thrown toward
development, and even the client may not have a solid grasp of the requirements. This is one of
the SDLC methodologies typically used for small projects with only one or two software
engineers.

14
Big Bang is not recommended for large or complex projects, as it’s a high-risk model; if the
requirements are misunderstood in the beginning, you could get to the end and realise the project
may have to be started all over again.

3.1.1.6. Agile Model

By breaking the product into cycles, the Agile model quickly delivers a working product and is
considered a very realistic development approach. The model produces ongoing releases, each
with small, incremental changes from the previous release. At each iteration, the product is
tested.

This model emphasises interaction, as the customers, developers and testers work together
throughout the project. But since this model depends heavily on customer interaction, the project
can head the wrong way if the customer is not clear on the direction he or she wants to go.

3.1.2 Adopted Methodology

Research methodology (System methodology) can be defined as the methodologies, processes,
and frameworks range from specific proscriptive steps that can be used directly by an
organization in day-to-day works, to provide flexible frame works that an organization uses to
generate a custom set of steps tailored to the needs of a specific project or group (Girish 2015).
There are quite a number of research methods, but choice is strictly dependent on the nature and
type of the research to be carried out. Being this project software based, which is also within the
context computer science, the Waterfall model will be used in developing this project.

Waterfall Model: - The Waterfall Model was the first Process Model to be introduced. It is
also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model. In a waterfall model, each phase must be
completed before the next phase can begin and there is no overlapping in the phases. This
model will be used for this research. The following illustration is a representation of the
different phases of the Waterfall Model (Herbert D, 2013).

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 Fig 3.1 Waterfall Model (Arcisphere technologies, 2012)

The waterfall Model illustrates the software development process in a linear sequential flow.
This means that any phase in the development process begins only if the previous phase is
complete. In this waterfall model, the phases do not overlap (Arcisphere technologies, 2012).

According Douglas. I. (2009). The sequential phases in Waterfall model are −

 Requirement Gathering and analysis − All possible requirements of the system to be

developed are captured in this phase and documented in a requirement specification
document. The source of the data will be the Project Coordinator of the department.

 System Design − the requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase
and the system design is prepared. This system design helps in specifying hardware and
system requirements and helps in defining the overall system architecture.

 Implementation − with inputs from the system design, the system is first developed in
small programs called units. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality, which
is referred to as Unit Testing. The implementation of this system will be using the PHP.

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  Integration and Testing − All the units developed in the implementation phase are
integrated into a system after testing of each unit of the software. Post integration the
entire system is tested for any faults and failures.

 Deployment of system − Once the functional and non-functional testing is done; the
software will be deployed for the university to use.

 Maintenance − finally, there are some issues which come up with software. To fix those
issues, patches are released. Also, to enhance the software some better versions are
released. Maintenance is done to deliver these changes in the software

3.2.2 Justification for the Method Chosen

Waterfall model is the most basic model that is used in software development due to its well
documentation of requirement and easy to arrange tasks to be performed by the software
(project). It also works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood
such as academic software’s. This model will be used in my work to provide a suitable and well
documented project and will be used in the department to search for a particular project and
detect the existence of a duplicate project.

3.3 Method of Data Collection

The success of every project depends squarely on the accuracy of data collected for the purpose
of being used in carrying out the project. The result or the outcome of the project is heavily
dependent on the data supplied, as it is the data that is being used for analysis in order to make
conclusion. Accurately collected would mean accurate and reliable result, and the reverse is the
case for data that is inaccurate. There are generally two methods used for data collection;
primary and secondary methods.

3.3.1 Primary method of Data Collection

In primary source of data collection, data is driven from the feedback received from the people
or source affected by the research or project. This feedback can be obtained via interview,
questionnaire, scientific experiment and a case study.

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3.3.2 Secondary method of Data Collection
This is also another method of data collecting data where secondary sources such books,
journals, internet, dictionaries and other electronic materials, for the purpose of gathering related
data that can be used in the project.

In this project, both the two methods are applied due the nature of the project and the data
required.

3.4 Chapter Summary

This chapter has presented the methodology adopted in conducting this research and
reasons behind the choice of the methodology. It also provided, in advance, the method used in
collecting data as well as the justification for doing so. At the end, it closes with the breakdown
of the project plan.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Restatement of the Problem

An online result processing and transcript generating system aims to address the challenges faced

by educational institutions in managing academic records, processing results, and generating

transcripts manually. The system seeks to improve efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of

academic records, providing students, faculty, and administrators with real-time information and

advanced analytics.

4.2 Description of Procedures Used

The development process involved multiple stages, including requirements gathering, system

design, database design, implementation, testing, and deployment. Agile development

methodologies were employed to ensure continuous stakeholder engagement and iterative

development. User-centered design and software engineering techniques were utilized to create a

robust, scalable, and user-friendly system.

4.3 Major Findings

Several significant findings emerged during the development process:

1. A well-designed interface improves usability and efficiency for all users.

2. Real-time data processing and analytics facilitate informed decision-making and

performance monitoring.

3. Ensuring data security and privacy is crucial in handling sensitive academic records.

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4.4 Output and Input of the New System
4.4.1 Output of the New System:
1. The new system generates various outputs, including:

2. Processed results for courses and examinations

3. Student transcripts with comprehensive academic records

4. Analytics and reports for performance tracking and decision-making

5. Automated alerts and notifications for important events and updates

4.4.2 Input of the New System

The new system accepts various inputs, such as:

1. Student demographics and enrollment information

2. Course and examination details

3. Results and grades for individual assessments

4. System configurations and user access controls

4.5 Database Design

The system employs a relational database management system (RDBMS) for storing and

managing data. The database schema comprises various tables representing entities, such as

students, courses, results, and transcripts. Relationships between tables are established using

primary and foreign keys, ensuring data integrity and efficient querying.

4.6 System Interface

The system features a user-friendly interface with a modern design aesthetic. Key interface

elements include:

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Login

Fig 4.1: Login Page

Dashboards

Fig 4.2: Dashboard

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Add New Course

Fig 4.3: Add Course

User Panel

Fig 4.4: User Panel

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, haven carried out a detailed and comprehensive research on schools as institution
there by laying down the problems that students in the department faces as regards to
information management and dissemination which in essence is one of the paramount needs of
schools, a system was design which encompasses and counteract many of this problems that was
observed on the old system, hence all departments is now been advice to make use of this
valuable tool to improve to a great extent, the information requirement of this information which
in essence will improve efficiency.

5.2 Recommendation
Based on the following findings of this study, the following recommendations are suggested:

 We hereby suggested this Academic work to be used by staff and management of

Department of Computer Science, Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina and

indeed any other school with similar structure.

 They should computerize all the department of the school, to ensure easy flow of

information in the schools.

 They should ensure that all the staff of the user department is adequately trained to ensure

smooth implementation of the new system.

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