UNIT I

1. Introduction to Java

 History of Java:
o Developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (released in 1995).
o Initially designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the
digital cable television industry at the time.
o Gained popularity for its "write once, run anywhere" capability, enabled by
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
 Features of Java:
o Object-Oriented: Everything is an object.
o Platform-Independent: Compiled code (bytecode) can run on any platform
with a JVM.
o Simple: Easy to learn and use, with a clean syntax.
o Secure: Features like bytecode verification and a security manager.
o Robust: Strong memory management and exception handling.
o Multithreaded: Built-in support for multithreaded programming.
o High Performance: Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers.
 Java Editions:
o Java SE (Standard Edition): Core functionalities.
o Java EE (Enterprise Edition): For large-scale enterprise applications.
o Java ME (Micro Edition): For mobile and embedded systems.
 Java Development Kit (JDK):
o Components: JRE (Java Runtime Environment), compiler (javac), debugger,
and various tools.
o Installation and setup: Setting up the environment variable (JAVA_HOME).

2. Fundamental Programming Structure



Java is statically typed and also a strongly typed language because, in Java, each
type of data (such as integer, character, hexadecimal, packed decimal, and so
forth) is predefined as part of the programming language and all constants or
variables defined for a given program must be described with one of the Java
data typData Types in Java
Data types in Java are of different sizes and values that can be stored in the
variable that is made as per convenience and circumstances to cover up all test
cases. Java has two categories in which data types are segregated
1. Primitive Data Type: such as boolean, char, int, short, byte, long, float,
and double
 2. Non-Primitive Data Type or Object Data type: such as String, Array,
etc.

Primitive Data Types in Java

Primitive data are only single values and have no special capabilities. There are 8
primitive data types. They are depicted below in tabular format below as follows:
Descriptio Defaul Siz Example
Type n t e Literals Range of values

boolea 8
true or false false true, false true, false
n bits

twos-
8
complement 0 (none) -128 to 127
bits
byte integer
 Descriptio Defaul Siz Example
Type n t e Literals Range of values

‘a’, ‘\u0041’,
Unicode 16 characters representation
\u0000 ‘\101’, ‘\\’, of ASCII values
character bits
char ‘\’, ‘\n’, ‘β’ 0 to 255

twos-
16
complement 0 (none) -32,768 to 32,767
bits
short integer

twos-
32 -2,147,483,648
complement 0 -2,-1,0,1,2 to
bits
int intger 2,147,483,647

-
twos- 9,223,372,036,854,775,8
64 -2L,- 08
complement 0
bits 1L,0L,1L,2L to
integer
long 9,223,372,036,854,775,8
07

1.23e100f , -
IEEE 754
32 1.23e-
floating 0.0 upto 7 decimal digits
bits 100f , .3f ,3.1
point
float 4F

IEEE 754 1.23456e300

64
floating 0.0 d , -123456e- upto 16 decimal digits
bits
double point 300d , 1e1d

1. Boolean Data Type

Boolean data type represents only one bit of information either true or
false which is intended to represent the two truth values of logic and Boolean
algebra, but the size of the boolean data type is virtual machine-dependent.
Values of type boolean are not converted implicitly or explicitly (with casts) to any
other type. But the programmer can easily write conversion code.
Syntax:
boolean booleanVar;
Size: Virtual machine dependent
2. Byte Data Type
The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two’s complement integer. The byte data type
is useful for saving memory in large arrays.
Syntax:
byte byteVar;
Size: 1 byte (8 bits)
3. Short Data Type
The short data type is a 16-bit signed two’s complement integer. Similar to byte,
use a short to save memory in large arrays, in situations where the memory savings
actually matters.
Syntax:
short shortVar;
Size: 2 bytes (16 bits)
4. Integer Data Type
It is a 32-bit signed two’s complement integer.
Syntax:
int intVar;
Size: 4 bytes ( 32 bits )
Remember: In Java SE 8 and later, we can use the int data type to represent an
unsigned 32-bit integer, which has a value in the range [0, 232-1]. Use the Integer
class to use the int data type as an unsigned integer.
5. Long Data Type
The range of a long is quite large. The long data type is a 64-bit two’s complement
integer and is useful for those occasions where an int type is not large enough to
hold the desired value. The size of the Long Datatype is 8 bytes (64 bits).
Syntax:
long longVar;
Remember: In Java SE 8 and later, you can use the long data type to represent an
unsigned 64-bit long, which has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of
264-1. The Long class also contains methods like comparing Unsigned, divide
Unsigned, etc to support arithmetic operations for unsigned long.
6. Float Data Type
The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating-point. Use a float
(instead of double) if you need to save memory in large arrays of floating-point
numbers. The size of the float data type is 4 bytes (32 bits).
Syntax:
float floatVar;
7. Double Data Type
The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating-point. For
decimal values, this data type is generally the default choice. The size of the double
data type is 8 bytes or 64 bits.
Get more about Java Data Types with our Free Java Course. This course provides
comprehensive coverage of Java fundamentals, including data types, syntax,
control structures, and object-oriented programming concepts.
Syntax:
double doubleVar;
Note: Both float and double data types were designed especially for scientific
calculations, where approximation errors are acceptable. If accuracy is the most
prior concern then, it is recommended not to use these data types and use
BigDecimal class instead.
It is recommended to go through rounding off errors in java.
8. Char Data Type
The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character with the size of 2 bytes (16
bits).
Syntax:
char charVar;
// Java Program to Demonstrate Char Primitive Data Type

// Class
class GFG {

// Main driver method

public static void main(String args[])
{

// Creating and initializing custom character

char a = 'G';

// Integer data type is generally

// used for numeric values
int i = 89;

// use byte and short

// if memory is a constraint
byte b = 4;

// this will give error as number is

// larger than byte range
// byte b1 = 7888888955;

short s = 56;

// this will give error as number is

// larger than short range
// short s1 = 87878787878;

// by default fraction value

// is double in java
double d = 4.355453532;
 // for float use 'f' as suffix as standard
float f = 4.7333434f;

// need to hold big range of numbers then we need

// this data type
long l = 12121;

System.out.println("char: " + a);

System.out.println("integer: " + i);
System.out.println("byte: " + b);
System.out.println("short: " + s);
System.out.println("float: " + f);
System.out.println("double: " + d);
System.out.println("long: " + l);
}
}

Output
char: G
integer: 89
byte: 4
short: 56
float: 4.7333436
double: 4.355453532
long: 12121
Non-Primitive Data Type or Reference Data Types
The Reference Data Types will contain a memory address of variable values
because the reference types won’t store the variable value directly in memory.
They are strings, objects, arrays, etc.
1. Strings
Strings are defined as an array of characters. The difference between a character
array and a string in Java is, that the string is designed to hold a sequence of
characters in a single variable whereas, a character array is a collection of separate
char-type entities. Unlike C/C++, Java strings are not terminated with a null
character.
Syntax: Declaring a string
<String_Type> <string_variable> = “<sequence_of_string>”;
Example:
// Declare String without using new operator
String s = "GeeksforGeeks";
// Declare String using new operator
String s1 = new String("GeeksforGeeks");
2. Class
A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It
represents the set of properties or methods that are common to all objects of one
type. In general, class declarations can include these components, in order:
1. Modifiers: A class can be public or has default access. Refer to access
specifiers for classes or interfaces in Java
2. Class name: The name should begin with an initial letter (capitalized by
convention).
3. Superclass(if any): The name of the class’s parent (superclass), if any,
preceded by the keyword extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one
parent.
4. Interfaces(if any): A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by
the class, if any, preceded by the keyword implements. A class can
implement more than one interface.
5. Body: The class body is surrounded by braces, { }.
3. Object
An Object is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming and represents real-life
entities. A typical Java program creates many objects, which as you know, interact
by invoking methods. An object consists of :
1. State: It is represented by the attributes of an object. It also reflects the
properties of an object.
2. Behavior: It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects
the response of an object to other objects.
3. Identity: It gives a unique name to an object and enables one object to
interact with other objects.
4. Interface
Like a class, an interface can have methods and variables, but the methods declared
in an interface are by default abstract (only method signature, no body).
 Interfaces specify what a class must do and not how. It is the blueprint of
the class.
 An Interface is about capabilities like a Player may be an interface and
any class implementing Player must be able to (or must implement)
move(). So it specifies a set of methods that the class has to implement.
 If a class implements an interface and does not provide method bodies
for all functions specified in the interface, then the class must be declared
abstract.
 A Java library example is Comparator Interface. If a class implements
this interface, then it can be used to sort a collection.
5. Array
An Array is a group of like-typed variables that are referred to by a common name.
Arrays in Java work differently than they do in C/C++. The following are some
important points about Java arrays.
 In Java, all arrays are dynamically allocated. (discussed below)
  Since arrays are objects in Java, we can find their length using member
length. This is different from C/C++ where we find length using size.
 A Java array variable can also be declared like other variables with []
after the data type.
 The variables in the array are ordered and each has an index beginning
with 0.
 Java array can also be used as a static field, a local variable, or a method
parameter.
 The size of an array must be specified by an int value and not long or
short.
 The direct superclass of an array type is Object.

Operators

 Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %.
 Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.
 Logical Operators: &&, ||, !.
 Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>.
 Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=.
 Unary Operators: +, -, ++, --, !.

Java Control Statements | Control

Flow in Java
Java compiler executes the code from top to bottom. The statements in the code are
executed according to the order in which they appear. However, Java provides
statements that can be used to control the flow of Java code. Such statements are
called control flow statements. It is one of the fundamental features of Java, which
provides a smooth flow of program.

Java provides three types of control flow statements.

1. Decision Making statements

o if statements
o switch statement
2. Loop statements
o do while loop
o while loop
 o for loop
o for-each loop
3. Jump statements
o break statement
o continue statement

Decision-Making statements:
As the name suggests, decision-making statements decide which statement to
execute and when. Decision-making statements evaluate the Boolean expression and
control the program flow depending upon the result of the condition provided.
There are two types of decision-making statements in Java, i.e., If statement and
switch statement.

1) If Statement:
In Java, the "if" statement is used to evaluate a condition. The control of the program
is diverted depending upon the specific condition. The condition of the If statement
gives a Boolean value, either true or false. In Java, there are four types of if-
statements given below

1. Simple if statement
2. if-else statement
3. if-else-if ladder
4. Nested if-statement

Let's understand the if-statements one by one.

1) Simple if statement:

It is the most basic statement among all control flow statements in Java. It evaluates
a Boolean expression and enables the program to enter a block of code if the
expression evaluates to true.

Syntax of if statement is given below.

1. if(condition) {
2. statement 1; //executes when condition is true
3. }
Consider the following example in which we have used the if statement in the java
code.

Student.java

Student.java

1. public class Student {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int x = 10;
4. int y = 12;
5. if(x+y > 20) {
6. System.out.println("x + y is greater than 20");
7. }
8. }
9. }

Output:

x + y is greater than 20
2) if-else statement

The if-else statement is an extension to the if-statement, which uses another block of
code, i.e., else block. The else block is executed if the condition of the if-block is
evaluated as false.

Syntax:

1. if(condition) {
2. statement 1; //executes when condition is true
3. }
4. else{
5. statement 2; //executes when condition is false
6. }

Consider the following example.

Student.java

1. public class Student {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int x = 10;
 4. int y = 12;
5. if(x+y < 10) {
6. System.out.println("x + y is less than 10");
7. } else {
8. System.out.println("x + y is greater than 20");
9. }
10. }
11. }

Output:

x + y is greater than 20
3) if-else-if ladder:

The if-else-if statement contains the if-statement followed by multiple else-if

statements. In other words, we can say that it is the chain of if-else statements that
create a decision tree where the program may enter in the block of code where the
condition is true. We can also define an else statement at the end of the chain.

Syntax of if-else-if statement is given below.

1. if(condition 1) {
2. statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
3. }
4. else if(condition 2) {
5. statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
6. }
7. else {
8. statement 2; //executes when all the conditions are false
9. }

Consider the following example.

Student.java

1. public class Student {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. String city = "Delhi";
4. if(city == "Meerut") {
5. System.out.println("city is meerut");
 6. }else if (city == "Noida") {
7. System.out.println("city is noida");
8. }else if(city == "Agra") {
9. System.out.println("city is agra");
10. }else {
11. System.out.println(city);
12. }
13. }
14. }

Output:

Delhi
4. Nested if-statement

In nested if-statements, the if statement can contain a if or if-else statement inside

another if or else-if statement.

Syntax of Nested if-statement is given below.

1. if(condition 1) {
2. statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
3. if(condition 2) {
4. statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
5. }
6. else{
7. statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is false
8. }
9. }

Consider the following example.

Student.java

1. public class Student {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. String address = "Delhi, India";
4.
5. if(address.endsWith("India")) {
6. if(address.contains("Meerut")) {
 7. System.out.println("Your city is Meerut");
8. }else if(address.contains("Noida")) {
9. System.out.println("Your city is Noida");
10. }else {
11. System.out.println(address.split(",")[0]);
12. }
13. }else {
14. System.out.println("You are not living in India");
15. }
16. }
17. }

Output:

Delhi

Switch Statement:
In Java, Switch statements are similar to if-else-if statements. The switch statement
contains multiple blocks of code called cases and a single case is executed based on
the variable which is being switched. The switch statement is easier to use instead of
if-else-if statements. It also enhances the readability of the program.

o The case variables can be int, short, byte, char, or enumeration. String type is also
supported since version 7 of Java
o Cases cannot be duplicate
o Default statement is executed when any of the case doesn't match the value of
expression. It is optional.
o Break statement terminates the switch block when the condition is satisfied.
It is optional, if not used, next case is executed.
o While using switch statements, we must notice that the case expression will be of the
same type as the variable. However, it will also be a constant value.

The syntax to use the switch statement is given below.

1. switch (expression){
2. case value1:
3. statement1;
4. break;
5. .
 6. .
7. .
8. case valueN:
9. statementN;
10. break;
11. default:
12. default statement;
13. }

Consider the following example to understand the flow of the switch statement.

Student.java

1. public class Student implements Cloneable {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int num = 2;
4. switch (num){
5. case 0:
6. System.out.println("number is 0");
7. break;
8. case 1:
9. System.out.println("number is 1");
10. break;
11. default:
12. System.out.println(num);
13. }
14. }
15. }

Output:

While using switch statements, we must notice that the case expression will be of the
same type as the variable. However, it will also be a constant value. The switch
permits only int, string, and Enum type variables to be used.
Loop Statements
In programming, sometimes we need to execute the block of code repeatedly while
some condition evaluates to true. However, loop statements are used to execute the
set of instructions in a repeated order. The execution of the set of instructions
depends upon a particular condition.

In Java, we have three types of loops that execute similarly. However, there are
differences in their syntax and condition checking time.

1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do-while loop

Let's understand the loop statements one by one.

Java for loop

In Java, for loop is similar to C and C++. It enables us to initialize the loop variable,
check the condition, and increment/decrement in a single line of code. We use the
for loop only when we exactly know the number of times, we want to execute the
block of code.

1. for(initialization, condition, increment/decrement) {

2. //block of statements
3. }

The flow chart for the for-loop is given below.

Consider the following example to understand the proper functioning of the for loop
in java.

Calculation.java

1. public class Calculattion {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. // TODO Auto-generated method stub
4. int sum = 0;
5. for(int j = 1; j<=10; j++) {
6. sum = sum + j;
7. }
8. System.out.println("The sum of first 10 natural numbers is " + sum);
9. }
10. }

Output:

The sum of first 10 natural numbers is 55

Java for-each loop

Java provides an enhanced for loop to traverse the data structures like array or
collection. In the for-each loop, we don't need to update the loop variable. The
syntax to use the for-each loop in java is given below.

1. for(data_type var : array_name/collection_name){

2. //statements
3. }

Consider the following example to understand the functioning of the for-each loop
in Java.

Calculation.java

1. public class Calculation {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. // TODO Auto-generated method stub
4. String[] names = {"Java","C","C++","Python","JavaScript"};
5. System.out.println("Printing the content of the array names:\n");
6. for(String name:names) {
7. System.out.println(name);
 8. }
9. }
10. }

Output:

Printing the content of the array names:

Java
C
C++
Python
JavaScript

Java while loop

The while loop is also used to iterate over the number of statements multiple times.
However, if we don't know the number of iterations in advance, it is recommended to
use a while loop. Unlike for loop, the initialization and increment/decrement doesn't
take place inside the loop statement in while loop.

It is also known as the entry-controlled loop since the condition is checked at the
start of the loop. If the condition is true, then the loop body will be executed;
otherwise, the statements after the loop will be executed.

The syntax of the while loop is given below.

1. while(condition){
2. //looping statements
3. }

The flow chart for the while loop is given in the following image.
Consider the following example.

Calculation .java

1. public class Calculation {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. // TODO Auto-generated method stub
4. int i = 0;
5. System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 even numbers \n");
6. while(i<=10) {
7. System.out.println(i);
8. i = i + 2;
9. }
10. }
11. }

Output:

Printing the list of first 10 even numbers

0
2
4
6
8
10

Java do-while loop

The do-while loop checks the condition at the end of the loop after executing the
loop statements. When the number of iteration is not known and we have to execute
the loop at least once, we can use do-while loop.

It is also known as the exit-controlled loop since the condition is not checked in
advance. The syntax of the do-while loop is given below.

1. do
2. {
3. //statements
4. } while (condition);

The flow chart of the do-while loop is given in the following image.

Consider the following example to understand the functioning of the do-while loop
in Java.

Calculation.java
 1. public class Calculation {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. // TODO Auto-generated method stub
4. int i = 0;
5. System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 even numbers \n");
6. do {
7. System.out.println(i);
8. i = i + 2;
9. }while(i<=10);
10. }
11. }

Output:

Printing the list of first 10 even numbers

0
2
4
6
8
10

Jump Statements
Jump statements are used to transfer the control of the program to the specific
statements. In other words, jump statements transfer the execution control to the
other part of the program. There are two types of jump statements in Java, i.e., break
and continue.

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Java break statement

As the name suggests, the break statement is used to break the current flow of the
program and transfer the control to the next statement outside a loop or switch
statement. However, it breaks only the inner loop in the case of the nested loop.

The break statement cannot be used independently in the Java program, i.e., it can
only be written inside the loop or switch statement.

The break statement example with for loop

Consider the following example in which we have used the break statement with the
for loop.
BreakExample.java

1. public class BreakExample {

2.
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. // TODO Auto-generated method stub
5. for(int i = 0; i<= 10; i++) {
6. System.out.println(i);
7. if(i==6) {
8. break;
9. }
10. }
11. }
12. }

Output:

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

break statement example with labeled for loop

Calculation.java

1. public class Calculation {

2.
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. // TODO Auto-generated method stub
5. a:
6. for(int i = 0; i<= 10; i++) {
7. b:
8. for(int j = 0; j<=15;j++) {
9. c:
10. for (int k = 0; k<=20; k++) {
11. System.out.println(k);
12. if(k==5) {
13. break a;
 14. }
15. }
16. }
17.
18. }
19. }
20.
21.
22. }

Output:

0
1
2
3
4
5

Java continue statement

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Unlike break statement, the continue statement doesn't break the loop, whereas, it
skips the specific part of the loop and jumps to the next iteration of the loop
immediately.

Consider the following example to understand the functioning of the continue

statement in Java.

1. public class ContinueExample {

2.
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. // TODO Auto-generated method stub
5.
6. for(int i = 0; i<= 2; i++) {
7.
8. for (int j = i; j<=5; j++) {
9.
10. if( j == 4) {
11. continue;
12. }
13. System.out.println(j);
 14. }
15. }
16. }
17.
18. }

Output:

0
1
2
3
5
1
2
3
5
2
3
5

Java Arrays
Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements which has contiguous
memory location.

Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. Additionally,
The elements of an array are stored in a contiguous memory location. It is a data
structure where we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements
in a Java array.

Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the 0th index,
2nd element is stored on 1st index and so on.

Unlike C/C++, we can get the length of the array using the length member. In C/C+
+, we need to use the sizeof operator.

In Java, array is an object of a dynamically generated class. Java array inherits the
Object class, and implements the Serializable as well as Cloneable interfaces. We can
store primitive values or objects in an array in Java. Like C/C++, we can also create
single dimentional or multidimentional arrays in Java.

Moreover, Java provides the feature of anonymous arrays which is not available in
C/C++.
Advantages
o Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or sort the data
efficiently.
o Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.

Disadvantages
o Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It doesn't grow
its size at runtime. To solve this problem, collection framework is used in Java which
grows automatically.

Types of Array in java

There are two types of array.

o Single Dimensional Array

o Multidimensional Array

Single Dimensional Array in Java

Syntax to Declare an Array in Java

1. dataType[] arr; (or)

2. dataType []arr; (or)
3. dataType arr[];

Instantiation of an Array in Java

1. arrayRefVar=new datatype[size];
Example of Java Array
Let's see the simple example of java array, where we are going to declare, instantiate,
initialize and traverse an array.

1. //Java Program to illustrate how to declare, instantiate, initialize

2. //and traverse the Java array.
3. class Testarray{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. int a[]=new int[5];//declaration and instantiation
6. a[0]=10;//initialization
7. a[1]=20;
8. a[2]=70;
9. a[3]=40;
10. a[4]=50;
11. //traversing array
12. for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
13. System.out.println(a[i]);
14. }}

Output:

10
20
70
40
50

Declaration, Instantiation and Initialization

of Java Array
We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java array together by:

1. int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization

Let's see the simple example to print this array.

1. //Java Program to illustrate the use of declaration, instantiation

2. //and initialization of Java array in a single line
3. class Testarray1{
 4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
6. //printing array
7. for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
8. System.out.println(a[i]);
9. }}

Output:

33
3
4
5

For-each Loop for Java Array

We can also print the Java array using for-each loop. The Java for-each loop prints
the array elements one by one. It holds an array element in a variable, then executes
the body of the loop.

The syntax of the for-each loop is given below:

1. for(data_type variable:array){
2. //body of the loop
3. }

Let us see the example of print the elements of Java array using the for-each loop.

1. //Java Program to print the array elements using for-each loop

2. class Testarray1{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. int arr[]={33,3,4,5};
5. //printing array using for-each loop
6. for(int i:arr)
7. System.out.println(i);
8. }}

Output:

33
3
4
5
Passing Array to a Method in Java
We can pass the java array to method so that we can reuse the same logic on any
array.

Let's see the simple example to get the minimum number of an array using a
method.

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1. //Java Program to demonstrate the way of passing an array

2. //to method.
3. class Testarray2{
4. //creating a method which receives an array as a parameter
5. static void min(int arr[]){
6. int min=arr[0];
7. for(int i=1;i<arr.length;i++)
8. if(min>arr[i])
9. min=arr[i];
10.
11. System.out.println(min);
12. }
13.
14. public static void main(String args[]){
15. int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaring and initializing an array
16. min(a);//passing array to method
17. }}

Output:

Anonymous Array in Java

Java supports the feature of an anonymous array, so you don't need to declare the
array while passing an array to the method.

1. //Java Program to demonstrate the way of passing an anonymous array

2. //to method.
3. public class TestAnonymousArray{
4. //creating a method which receives an array as a parameter
 5. static void printArray(int arr[]){
6. for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
7. System.out.println(arr[i]);
8. }
9.
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. printArray(new int[]{10,22,44,66});//passing anonymous array to method
12. }}

Output:

10
22
44
66

Returning Array from the Method

We can also return an array from the method in Java.

1. //Java Program to return an array from the method

2. class TestReturnArray{
3. //creating method which returns an array
4. static int[] get(){
5. return new int[]{10,30,50,90,60};
6. }
7.
8. public static void main(String args[]){
9. //calling method which returns an array
10. int arr[]=get();
11. //printing the values of an array
12. for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
13. System.out.println(arr[i]);
14. }}

Output:

10
30
50
90
60
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ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if length
of the array in negative, equal to the array size or greater than the array size while
traversing the array.

1. //Java Program to demonstrate the case of

2. //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in a Java Array.
3. public class TestArrayException{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. int arr[]={50,60,70,80};
6. for(int i=0;i<=arr.length;i++){
7. System.out.println(arr[i]);
8. }
9. }}

Output:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 4

at TestArrayException.main(TestArrayException.java:5)
50
60
70
80

Multidimensional Array in Java

In such case, data is stored in row and column based index (also known as matrix
form).

Syntax to Declare Multidimensional Array in Java

1. dataType[][] arrayRefVar; (or)

2. dataType [][]arrayRefVar; (or)
3. dataType arrayRefVar[][]; (or)
4. dataType []arrayRefVar[];

Example to instantiate Multidimensional Array in Java

1. int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column

Example to initialize Multidimensional Array in Java

 1. arr[0][0]=1;
2. arr[0][1]=2;
3. arr[0][2]=3;
4. arr[1][0]=4;
5. arr[1][1]=5;
6. arr[1][2]=6;
7. arr[2][0]=7;
8. arr[2][1]=8;
9. arr[2][2]=9;
Example of Multidimensional Java Array
Let's see the simple example to declare, instantiate, initialize and print the
2Dimensional array.

1. //Java Program to illustrate the use of multidimensional array

2. class Testarray3{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. //declaring and initializing 2D array
5. int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
6. //printing 2D array
7. for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
8. for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
9. System.out.print(arr[i][j]+" ");
10. }
11. System.out.println();
12. }
13. }}

Output:

1 2 3
2 4 5
4 4 5