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Module 3 Genetics

The document discusses Mendel's laws of inheritance and his experiments with pea plants. It describes Mendel's three laws: segregation, independent assortment, and dominance. It then explains Mendel's monohybrid and dihybrid cross experiments and some variations on Mendel's rules like multiple alleles, incomplete dominance, and sex linkage.

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Shuvadipta Das
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Module 3 Genetics

The document discusses Mendel's laws of inheritance and his experiments with pea plants. It describes Mendel's three laws: segregation, independent assortment, and dominance. It then explains Mendel's monohybrid and dihybrid cross experiments and some variations on Mendel's rules like multiple alleles, incomplete dominance, and sex linkage.

Uploaded by

Shuvadipta Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mendel’s laws

Mendel is the Father of genetics. By experimenting with pea plant (Pisum sativum)
breeding, Mendel developed three principles of inheritance that described the transmission of
genetic traits. He proposed three laws-

Law of Segregation: The law states that every pair of alleles or genes in parents, divides and a
single gene is transferred from each parent to their offspring.

Law of Independent Assortment: According to this law, discrete pairs of alleles pass onto the
children without being dependent on one another and as a result, the inheritance of genes in a
particular region of the genome has no effect on the inheritance of genes in another region.

Principle of Dominance: The law states that hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant
characteristics in the phenotype.
Mendel’s Monohybrid cross
experiment:

• In this experiment, Mendel took two pea


plants of opposite traits (one short and
one tall) and crossed them.
• He found the first-generation offspring
were tall and called it F1 progeny.
• Then he crossed F1 progeny and
obtained both tall and short plants in the
ratio 3:1.
• Mendel even conducted this experiment
with other contrasting traits like green
peas vs yellow peas, round vs wrinkled,
etc.
Mendel’s Dihybrid cross
experiment:

• In a dihybrid cross experiment,


Mendel considered two traits, each
having two alleles.
• He crossed wrinkled-green seed and
round-yellow seeds and observed
that all the first generation progeny
(F1 progeny) were round-yellow.
• This meant that dominant traits
were the round shape and yellow
colour.
• He then self-pollinated the F1
progeny and obtained 4 different
traits: round-yellow, round-green,
wrinkled-yellow, and wrinkled-green
seeds in the ratio 9:3:3:1.
Backcross
Testcross
Sex
Determination
of Human
Some of the variations on Mendel’s rules :

1. Multiple alleles

2. Incomplete dominance
3. Codominance

4. Pleiotropy
3. Lethal alleles

4. Sex linkage
Epistasis
Epistasis is the interaction between genes that influences a phenotype. Genes can
either mask each other so that one is considered “dominant” or they can combine to
produce a new trait. It is the conditional relationship between two genes that can
determine a single phenotype of some traits.

Types of Epistasis:
Dominant epistasis
Recessive epitasis
Duplicate dominant epistasis
Duplicate recessive epistasis
1. Dominant epistasis
Fruit colour in squash (12:3:1)
2. Recessive epitasis (9:3:4)
3. Duplicate dominant epistasis: kernel colour of wheat (15:1)
4. Duplicate recessive epistasis: Flower colour of sweet pea (9:7)
5. Dominant and recessive (inhibitory) epistasis:
Production of the chemical malvidin in plant Primula (13:3)
Multiple Allele Traits
ABO blood group

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